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+---
+title: Date
+---
+
+Introduction
+============
+
+Joomla's Date class is a helper class, extended from PHP's DateTime class, which allows developers to handle date
+formatting more efficiently. The class allows developers to format dates for readable strings, MySQL interaction, UNIX
+timestamp calculation, and also provides helper methods for working in different time zones.
+
+## Creating a Date Instance
+
+All the date helper methods require an instance of the Date class. To begin, you must create one. A Date object may
+be created in three ways.
+
+### Native Method
+
+The native method is the most straightforward and is shown below:
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Date\Date;
+
+$date = new Date(); // Creates a new Date object equal to the current time.
+```
+
+### Factory::getDate() Method
+
+You may also create an instance using the `Factory::getDate()` method:
+There is no difference between these methods, as `Factory::getDate()` simply creates a new instance of Date exactly like
+the first method shown.
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Factory;
+
+$date = Factory::getDate();
+```
+
+### Static Method (Legacy)
+
+You may also create an instance using the legacy static method defined in Date:
+
+```php
+// Legacy
+use Joomla\CMS\Date\Date;
+
+$date = Date::getInstance(); // Alias of 'new Date();'
+```
+
+:::info Legacy
+
+The static method is only still available for backward compatibility and should no longer be used in new projects.
+
+:::
+
+## Modifying a Date Instance
+
+Since the Joomla! Date class inherits directly from PHP's DateTime class, various native methods of the PHP class are
+available for modification. The full list of methods is available in the PHP documentation, which can be
+found [here](https://www.php.net/manual/en/class.datetime.php). The following is a list of the most commonly used
+methods as well as some examples of their use in Joomla!.
+
+### Adding and Subtracting from Dates
+
+One of the easiest of these methods to modify a date is the modify() method, which accepts any relative modification
+string that
+the PHP [strtotime()](https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.strtotime.php) method would accept as shown below.
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Date\Date;
+
+$date = new Date('2025-12-1 15:20:00');
+$date->modify('+1 year');
+echo $date->toSQL(); // 2026-12-01 15:20:00
+```
+
+There are also separate `add()` and `sub()` methods, for adding or subtracting time from a date object respectively.
+These
+accept PHP-standard DateInterval objects:
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Date\Date;
+
+$interval = new \DateInterval('P1Y1D'); // Interval represents 1 year and 1 day
+
+$date1 = new Date('2025-12-1 15:20:00');
+$date1->add($interval);
+echo $date1->toSQL(); // 2026-12-02 15:20:00
+
+$date2 = new Date('2025-12-1 15:20:00');
+$date2->sub($interval);
+echo $date2->toSQL(); // 2024-11-30 15:20:00
+```
+
+### Set Time on Date Objects
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Factory;
+
+$date = Factory::getDate();
+echo $date->toSql() // 2025-12-01 15:20:00
+
+$date->setTime( 12, 0, 0 );
+echo $date->toSql(); // 2025-12-01 12:00:00
+```
+
+### Set Timestamp on Date Objects
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Factory;
+
+$date = Factory::getDate();
+$date->setTimestamp(1764599400); // Mon Dec 01 2025 14:30:00 UTC+0000
+
+echo $date->format('Y-m-d H:i:s'); // 2025-12-01 14:30:00 
+```
+
+### Get Offset from UTC Time Zone
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Factory;
+
+$date = Factory::getDate();
+$date->setTimezone(new DateTimeZone('Europe/Berlin'));
+
+echo $date->getOffset(); // 3600
+```
+
+### Get the difference between two Dates
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Factory;
+
+$date1 = Factory::getDate('now');
+$date2 = Factory::getDate('+1 year +35 days');
+$interval = $date1->diff($date2);
+
+echo $interval->format('%R%a days'); // +400 days
+```
+
+:::info Nice to know
+
+The `diff()` method returns a DateInterval object, which can be used to get the difference between two dates in a
+human-readable format. The format string used in the example above is a standard PHP format string, more examples can be
+found
+[here](https://www.php.net/manual/en/dateinterval.format.php).
+
+:::
+
+## Arguments
+
+The Date constructor accepts two optional parameters: A date string to format and a
+time zone. Not passing a date string will create a Date object with the current date and time, while not passing a
+time zone will allow the Date object to use the default time zone set. The first argument, if used, should be a string
+that can be parsed using PHP's native DateTime constructor.
+
+### Using the native Method with the default Time Zone
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Date\Date;
+
+$currentTime = new Date('now'); // Current date and time
+$tomorrowTime = new Date('now +1 day'); // Current date and time, + 1 day.
+$plus1MonthTime = new Date('now +1 month'); // Current date and time, + 1 month.
+$plus1YearTime = new Date('now +1 year'); // Current date and time, + 1 year.
+$plus1YearAnd1MonthTime = new Date('now +1 year +1 month'); // Current date and time, + 1 year and 1 month.
+$plusTimeToTime = new Date('now +1 hour +30 minutes +3 seconds'); // Current date and time, + 1 hour, 30 minutes and 3 seconds
+$plusTimeToTime = new Date('now -1 hour +30 minutes +3 seconds'); // Current date and time, + 1 hour, 30 minutes and 3 seconds
+$combinedTimeToTime = new Date('now -1 hour -30 minutes +23 seconds'); // Current date and time, - 1 hour, +30 minutes and +23 seconds
+
+$date = new Date('2025-12-1 15:20:00'); // 3:20 PM, December 1st, 2025
+$dateFromTimestamp = new Date(1764599400); // 3:30 PM, December 1st, 2025
+```
+
+### Using the native Method with a custom Time Zone
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Date\Date;
+
+$tz = new DateTimeZone('Australia/Melbourne');
+
+$currentTime = new Date('now', $tz); // Current date and time
+$tomorrowTime = new Date('now +1 day', $tz); // Current date and time, + 1 day.
+$plus1MonthTime = new Date('now +1 month', $tz); // Current date and time, + 1 month.
+$plus1YearTime = new Date('now +1 year', $tz); // Current date and time, + 1 year.
+$plus1YearAnd1MonthTime = new Date('now +1 year +1 month', $tz); // Current date and time, + 1 year and 1 month.
+$plusTimeToTime = new Date('now +1 hour +30 minutes +3 seconds', $tz); // Current date and time, + 1 hour, 30 minutes and 3 seconds
+$plusTimeToTime = new Date('now -1 hour +30 minutes +3 seconds', $tz); // Current date and time, + 1 hour, 30 minutes and 3 seconds
+$combinedTimeToTime = new Date('now -1 hour -30 minutes 23 seconds', $tz); // Current date and time, - 1 hour, +30 minutes and +23 seconds
+
+$date = new Date('2025-12-1 15:20:00', $tz); // 3:20 PM, December 1st, 2025
+$dateFromTimestamp = new Date(1764599400, $tz); // 3:30 PM, December 1st, 2025
+```
+
+:::note
+
+See Outputting Dates for more information on time zones.
+
+:::
+
+### Using the Factory Method with the default Time Zone
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Factory;
+
+$currentTime = Factory::getDate('now'); // Current date and time
+$tomorrowTime = Factory::getDate('now +1 day'); // Current date and time, + 1 day.
+$plus1MonthTime = Factory::getDate('now +1 month'); // Current date and time, + 1 month.
+$plus1YearTime = Factory::getDate('now +1 year'); // Current date and time, + 1 year.
+$plus1YearAnd1MonthTime = Factory::getDate('now +1 year +1 month'); // Current date and time, + 1 year and 1 month.
+$plusTimeToTime = Factory::getDate('now +1 hour +30 minutes +3 seconds'); // Current date and time, + 1 hour, 30 minutes and 3 seconds
+$plusTimeToTime = Factory::getDate('now -1 hour +30 minutes +3 seconds'); // Current date and time, + 1 hour, 30 minutes and 3 seconds
+$combinedTimeToTime = Factory::getDate('now -1 hour -30 minutes 23 seconds'); // Current date and time, - 1 hour, +30 minutes and +23 seconds
+
+$date = Factory::getDate('2025-12-1 15:20:00'); // 3:20 PM, December 1st, 2025
+$dateFromTimestamp = Factory::getDate(1764599400); // 3:30 PM, December 1st, 2025
+```
+
+### Using the Factory Method with a custom Time Zone
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Factory;
+
+$tz = new DateTimeZone('Australia/Melbourne');
+
+$currentTime = Factory::getDate('now', $tz); // Current date and time in Melbourne.
+$tomorrowTime = Factory::getDate('now +1 day', $tz); // Current date and time in Melbourne, + 1 day.
+$plus1MonthTime = Factory::getDate('now +1 month', $tz); // Current date and time in Melbourne, + 1 month.
+$plus1YearTime = Factory::getDate('now +1 year', $tz); // Current date and time in Melbourne, + 1 year.
+$plus1YearAnd1MonthTime = Factory::getDate('now +1 year +1 month', $tz); // Current date and time in Melbourne, + 1 year and 1 month.
+$plusTimeToTime = Factory::getDate('now +1 hour +30 minutes +3 seconds', $tz); // Current date and time in Melbourne, + 1 hour, 30 minutes and 3 seconds
+$plusTimeToTime = Factory::getDate('now -1 hour +30 minutes +3 seconds', $tz); // Current date and time in Melbourne, + 1 hour, 30 minutes and 3 seconds
+$combinedTimeToTime = Factory::getDate('now -1 hour -30 minutes 23 seconds', $tz); // Current date and time in Melbourne, - 1 hour, +30 minutes and +23 seconds
+
+$date = Factory::getDate('2025-12-1 15:20:00', $tz); // 3:20 PM, December 1st, 2025
+$dateFromTimestamp = Factory::getDate(1764599400, $tz); // 3:30 PM, December 1st, 2025
+```
+
+:::note
+
+See Outputting dates for more information on time zones.
+
+:::
+
+## Dynamic Properties
+
+The Date object has a number of dynamic properties that can be used to get information about the date.
+
+### Get count of Days in a Month
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Factory;
+
+$date = new Date();
+// Factory example with different date for example purposes.
+$dateFromFactory = Factory::getDate('now + 1 month');
+
+echo $date->__get('daysinmonth'); // 30
+echo $dateFromFactory->__get('daysinmonth'); // 31
+```
+
+### Get Day of Week
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Factory;
+
+$date = new Date();
+// Factory example with different date for example purposes.
+$dateFromFactory = Factory::getDate('now + 1 month');
+
+echo $date->__get('dayofweek'); // 4
+echo $dateFromFactory->__get('dayofweek'); // 6
+```
+
+### Get Day of Year
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Factory;
+
+$date = new Date();
+// Factory example with different date for example purposes.
+$dateFromFactory = Factory::getDate('now + 1 month');
+
+echo $date->__get('dayofyear'); // 309
+echo $dateFromFactory->__get('dayofyear'); // 339
+```
+
+### Checking for Leap Year
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Factory;
+
+$date = new Date();
+// Factory example with different date for example purposes.
+$dateFromFactory = Factory::getDate('now + 3 years');
+
+// Note: Returns a boolean.
+echo var_export($date->__get('isleapyear'), 1); // false
+echo var_export($dateFromFactory->__get('isleapyear'), 1); // true
+```
+
+### Getting Year / Month / Week / Day / Hour / Minute / Second
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Factory;
+
+$date = new Date();
+// Factory example with different date for example purposes.
+$dateFromFactory = Factory::getDate('now + 2 months + 5 days + 1 hour + 12 minutes + 42 seconds');
+
+echo $date->__get('year'); // 2025
+echo $dateFromFactory->__get('year'); // 2026
+
+echo $date->__get('month'); // 11
+echo $dateFromFactory->__get('month'); // 02
+
+echo $date->__get('week'); // 45
+echo $dateFromFactory->__get('week'); // 02
+
+echo $date->__get('day'); // 06
+echo $dateFromFactory->__get('day'); // 11
+
+echo $date->__get('hour'); // 13
+echo $dateFromFactory->__get('hour'); // 16
+
+echo $date->__get('minute'); // 18
+echo $dateFromFactory->__get('minute'); // 31
+
+echo $date->__get('second'); // 35
+echo $dateFromFactory->__get('second'); // 17
+```
+
+### Get Ordinal Suffix
+
+The ordinal property returns the English suffix for ordinal numbers based on the day of the month. For example, if the
+date is the 4th, it returns “th”, if it’s the 21st, it returns “st”. You can use this to format dates in English like
+“Today is the 4th of November”.
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Factory;
+
+$date = Factory::getDate('01-01-2025');
+echo $date->__get('ordinal'); // st
+
+$date = Factory::getDate('02-01-2025');
+echo $date->__get('ordinal'); // nd
+
+```
+
+## Outputting Dates
+
+One note of caution when outputting Date objects in a user context: do not print them to the screen. The Date
+object's toString() method simply calls its parent's `format() method, without consideration for time zones or
+localised date formatting. This will not result in a good user experience and will lead to inconsistencies between the
+formatting in your extension, and elsewhere in Joomla!. Instead, you should always output Dates using the methods shown
+below.
+
+### Common Date and Time Format Codes
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Factory;
+$date = Factory::getDate('2025-01-06 15:05:05');
+
+echo $date->format('D'); // Mo
+echo $date->format('l'); // Monday
+echo $date->format('M'); // Jan
+echo $date->format('F'); // January
+echo $date->format('d'); // 06 day of month
+echo $date->format('H'); // 15 hour of day (24-hour clock)
+echo $date->format('h'); // 03 hour of day (12-hour clock)
+echo $date->format('a'); // pm or am based on the hour of day
+echo $date->format('i'); // 05 minutes
+echo $date->format('s'); // 05 seconds
+echo $date->format('u'); // 000000 microseconds
+echo $date->format('Y'); // 2025 year
+echo $date->format('y'); // 25 year
+echo $date->format('Y-m-d'); // 2025-01-06
+echo $date->format('Y-m-d H:i'); // 2025-01-06 15:05
+echo $date->format('Y-m-d H:i:s'); // 2025-01-06 15:05:05
+```
+
+:::info
+
+Check the official [PHP DateTime documentation](https://www.php.net/manual/en/datetime.format.php)
+for a full list of available formats.
+
+:::
+
+### Predefined Common Date Formats
+
+A number of date formats are predefined in Joomla! as part of the base language packs. This is beneficial because it
+means date formats can be easily internationalised. A sample of the available format strings from the
+en-GB language pack is listed below. It is highly recommended to use these formatting strings when outputting dates so
+that your dates will be automatically re-formatted according to a user's locale. They can be retrieved in the same way
+as any language string.
+
+```ini
+DATE_FORMAT_LC = "l, d F Y"
+DATE_FORMAT_LC1 = "l, d F Y"
+DATE_FORMAT_LC2 = "l, d F Y H:i"
+DATE_FORMAT_LC3 = "d F Y"
+DATE_FORMAT_LC4 = "Y-m-d"
+DATE_FORMAT_LC5 = "Y-m-d H:i"
+DATE_FORMAT_LC6 = "Y-m-d H:i:s"
+DATE_FORMAT_JS1 = "y-m-d"
+DATE_FORMAT_CALENDAR_DATE = "%Y-%m-%d"
+DATE_FORMAT_CALENDAR_DATETIME = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"
+DATE_FORMAT_FILTER_DATE = "Y-m-d"
+DATE_FORMAT_FILTER_DATETIME = "Y-m-d H:i:s"
+```
+
+### Using HtmlHelper Method (Recommended)
+
+HtmlHelper's `date()` method will take any date-time string that the Date constructor would accept, along with a
+formatting string, and output the date appropriate for the current user's time zone settings. As such, this is the
+recommended method for outputting dates for the user.
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Html\HtmlHelper;
+use Joomla\CMS\Language\Text;
+
+echo HtmlHelper::date('now', Text::_('DATE_FORMAT_LC6')); // date and time in Melbourne for the given timestamp.
+```
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Html\HtmlHelper;
+use Joomla\CMS\Language\Text;
+
+$date = new Date(1764599400);
+echo HtmlHelper::date($date, Text::_('DATE_FORMAT_LC6')); // 2025-12-1 15:30:00
+echo HtmlHelper::date($date, Text::_('D')); // Mon
+echo HtmlHelper::date($date, Text::_('l')); // Monday
+```
+
+### Using Date::format() Method
+
+Another option is to format the Date manually. If this method is used, you will have to also manually retrieve and set
+the user's time zone. This method is more useful for formatting dates outside the user interface, such as in system
+logs or API calls.
+
+The Date::format() method accepts up to three parameters:
+
+1. Date Formatting string
+2. Boolean that indicating whether to use the configured time zone from the date object (default false)
+3. Boolean to translate localised strings (default true).
+
+The formatting string is the same as the one used by the `HtmlHelper::date()` method.
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Language\Text;
+use Joomla\CMS\Date\Date;
+use Joomla\CMS\Factory;
+
+$myDateString = '2025-12-1 15:20:00';
+$timezone = Factory::getUser()->getTimezone();
+
+$date = new Date($myDateString);
+$date->setTimezone($timezone);
+echo $date->format(Text::_('DATE_FORMAT_LC6'), true, true);
+```
+
+:::caution Using Custom Time Zones
+
+If you are using a custom time zone, you will need to set the second parameter to true. Otherwise, the Date object will
+use the GMT / UTC time zone by default, which may result in the wrong date being output.
+
+:::
+
+### Outputting Dates in ISO 8601 Format
+
+```php
+$date = new Date('2025-12-1 15:20:00');
+$isoDate = $date->toISO8601(); // 20251201T152000Z
+```
+
+### Outputting Dates in RFC 822 Format
+
+```php
+$date = new Date('2025-12-1 15:20:00');
+$rfcDate = $date->toRFC822(); // Mon, 01 Dec 2025 15:20:00 +0000
+```
+
+### Outputting Dates in SQL Date-Time Format
+
+```php
+$date = new Date('20251201T152000Z');
+$sqlDate = $date->toSQL(); // 2025-12-01 15:20:00
+```
+
+### Outputting Dates as Unix Timestamps
+
+```php
+$date = new Date('20251201T153000Z');
+$unixTime = $date->toUnix(); // 1764599400
+```
+
+## Other Useful Code Examples
+
+### Quickly Outputting the Current Time
+
+There are two easy ways of doing this.
+
+1. The HtmlHelper's `date()` method, if no date value is provided, will default to the current time.
+2. `Factory::getDate()` gets the current date as a Date object, which we can then format.
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Factory;
+use Joomla\CMS\HTML\HTMLHelper;
+use Joomla\CMS\Language\Text;
+
+// These two are functionally equivalent
+echo HtmlHelper::date('now', Text::_('DATE_FORMAT_LC6'));
+
+echo Factory::getDate()->format(Text::_('DATE_FORMAT_LC6'));
+
+// Or, if you want to output the current time in a different time zone
+$timezone = new DateTimeZone('Australia/Melbourne');
+$date = Factory::getDate('now', $timezone);
+
+echo HtmlHelper::date($date, Text::_('DATE_FORMAT_LC6'));
+
+echo Factory::getDate()->setTimezone($timezone)->format(Text::_('DATE_FORMAT_LC6'), true);
+```
+
+### Using the Time Zone from Global Configuration
+
+To use the configured time zone of the global configuration, you can use the following (recommended) code:
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Html\HtmlHelper;
+use Joomla\CMS\Language\Text;
+
+// Get Timezone from Global Configuration
+$config = Factory::getApplication()->getConfig();
+$timezoneString = $config->get('offset'); // e.g. 'Australia/Melbourne'
+
+echo HtmlHelper::date('now', Text::_('DATE_FORMAT_LC6'), $timezoneString);
+```
+
+Or using the `Factory::getDate()` method, setting the time zone manually and formatting the date:
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Factory;
+
+// Get Timezone from Global Configuration
+$config = Factory::getApplication()->getConfig();
+$timezoneString = $config->get('offset'); // e.g. 'Australia/Melbourne'
+
+// Catch a potential error and set to UTC as fallback.
+try
+{
+    $siteTimezone = new DateTimeZone($timezoneString);
+}
+catch (DateInvalidTimeZoneException $e)
+{
+    $siteTimezone = new DateTimeZone('UTC');
+}
+
+echo Factory::getDate()->setTimezone($siteTimezone)->format(Text::_('DATE_FORMAT_LC6'), true);
+```
+
+### Using the current User's Time Zone
+
+You can also use the time zone of the current user. By getting the user's time zone from the user object, you can then
+use the time zone name as a string in the HtmlHelper::date method or the Date object's `setTimezone()` method to set the
+time zone of the Date object.
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Factory;
+use Joomla\CMS\Html\HtmlHelper;
+use Joomla\CMS\Language\Text;
+
+// Get Timezone from the current User or Global Configuration as a fallback.
+$user = Factory::getApplication()->getIdentity();
+$timezone = $user->getTimezone(); // Returns DateTimeZone object
+$timezoneString = $timezone->getName(); // e.g. 'Australia/Melbourne'
+
+echo HtmlHelper::date('now', Text::_('DATE_FORMAT_LC6'), $timezoneString);
+```
+
+Using the `Factory::getDate()` method, setting the time zone manually and formatting the date:
+
+```php
+
+use Joomla\CMS\Factory;
+
+// Get Timezone from the current User or Global Configuration as a fallback.
+$user = Factory::getApplication()->getIdentity();
+$timezone = $user->getTimezone(); // Returns DateTimeZone object
+
+echo Factory::getDate()->setTimezone($timezone)->format(Text::_('DATE_FORMAT_LC6'), true);
+```
+
+### Day to String
+
+```php
+use Joomla\CMS\Factory;
+
+$date = Factory::getDate('now');
+echo $date->dayToString(1, false); // Monday
+echo $date->dayToString(2, true); // Tue
+```
+
+## Related external References
+
+- [PHP DateTime](https://www.php.net/manual/en/class.datetime.php)
+- [PHP DateTime Formats](https://www.php.net/manual/en/datetime.format.php)
+- [PHP Time Zones](https://www.php.net/manual/en/timezones.php)
+- [PHP DateInterval::format](https://www.php.net/manual/en/dateinterval.format.php)
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diff --git a/docs/general-concepts/classes/index.md b/docs/general-concepts/classes/index.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a9fab357
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/general-concepts/classes/index.md
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+title: Classes
+---
+
+Classes
+=======
+
+This section provides an overview of the available (helper) classes in Joomla.
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