Normalize Card theme (flutter#151914)

This PR is to make preparations to make `CardTheme` conform to Flutter's conventions for component themes:
* Added a `CardThemeData` class which defines overrides for the defaults for `Card` properties.
* Added 2 `CardTheme` constructor parameters: `CardThemeData? data` and `Widget? child`. This is now the preferred way to configure a `CardTheme`:
```dart
CardTheme(
  data: CardThemeData(color: xxx, elevation: xxx, ...),
  child: Card(...)
)
```

These two properties are made nullable to not break existing apps which has customized `ThemeData.cardTheme`.
* Changed the type of theme defaults from `CardTheme` to `CardThemeData`.

TODO: 
* Fix internal failures that may have breakages.
* Change the type of `ThemeData.cardTheme` from `CardTheme` to `CardThemeData`. This may cause breaking changes, a migration guide will be created.

Addresses the "theme normalization" sub project within flutter#91772

Author: QuncCccccc

dev/tools/gen_defaults/lib/card_template.dart

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class CardTemplate extends TokenTemplate {
 
   @override
   String generate() => '''
-class _${blockName}DefaultsM3 extends CardTheme {
+class _${blockName}DefaultsM3 extends CardThemeData {
   _${blockName}DefaultsM3(this.context)
     : super(
         clipBehavior: Clip.none,

packages/flutter/lib/src/material/card.dart

@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ class Card extends StatelessWidget {
   @override
   Widget build(BuildContext context) {
     final CardTheme cardTheme = CardTheme.of(context);
-    final CardTheme defaults;
+    final CardThemeData defaults;
     if (Theme.of(context).useMaterial3) {
       defaults = switch (_variant) {
         _CardVariant.elevated => _CardDefaultsM3(context),
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ class Card extends StatelessWidget {
 }
 
 // Hand coded defaults based on Material Design 2.
-class _CardDefaultsM2 extends CardTheme {
+class _CardDefaultsM2 extends CardThemeData {
   const _CardDefaultsM2(this.context)
     : super(
         clipBehavior: Clip.none,
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ class _CardDefaultsM2 extends CardTheme {
 // Design token database by the script:
 //   dev/tools/gen_defaults/bin/gen_defaults.dart.
 
-class _CardDefaultsM3 extends CardTheme {
+class _CardDefaultsM3 extends CardThemeData {
   _CardDefaultsM3(this.context)
     : super(
         clipBehavior: Clip.none,
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ class _CardDefaultsM3 extends CardTheme {
 // Design token database by the script:
 //   dev/tools/gen_defaults/bin/gen_defaults.dart.
 
-class _FilledCardDefaultsM3 extends CardTheme {
+class _FilledCardDefaultsM3 extends CardThemeData {
   _FilledCardDefaultsM3(this.context)
     : super(
         clipBehavior: Clip.none,
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ class _FilledCardDefaultsM3 extends CardTheme {
 // Design token database by the script:
 //   dev/tools/gen_defaults/bin/gen_defaults.dart.
 
-class _OutlinedCardDefaultsM3 extends CardTheme {
+class _OutlinedCardDefaultsM3 extends CardThemeData {
   _OutlinedCardDefaultsM3(this.context)
     : super(
         clipBehavior: Clip.none,

packages/flutter/lib/src/material/card_theme.dart

@@ -30,13 +30,197 @@ import 'theme.dart';
 ///
 ///  * [ThemeData], which describes the overall theme information for the
 ///    application.
-@immutable
-class CardTheme with Diagnosticable {
+class CardTheme extends InheritedWidget with Diagnosticable {
 
   /// Creates a theme that can be used for [ThemeData.cardTheme].
   ///
   /// The [elevation] must be null or non-negative.
   const CardTheme({
+    super.key,
+    Clip? clipBehavior,
+    Color? color,
+    Color? surfaceTintColor,
+    Color? shadowColor,
+    double? elevation,
+    EdgeInsetsGeometry? margin,
+    ShapeBorder? shape,
+    CardThemeData? data,
+    Widget? child,
+  }) : assert(
+        data == null ||
+        (clipBehavior ??
+        color ??
+        surfaceTintColor ??
+        shadowColor ??
+        elevation ??
+        margin ??
+        shape) == null),
+      assert(elevation == null || elevation >= 0.0),
+      _data = data,
+      _clipBehavior = clipBehavior,
+      _color = color,
+      _surfaceTintColor = surfaceTintColor,
+      _shadowColor = shadowColor,
+      _elevation = elevation,
+      _margin = margin,
+      _shape = shape,
+      super(child: child ?? const SizedBox());
+
+  final CardThemeData? _data;
+  final Clip? _clipBehavior;
+  final Color? _color;
+  final Color? _surfaceTintColor;
+  final Color? _shadowColor;
+  final double? _elevation;
+  final EdgeInsetsGeometry? _margin;
+  final ShapeBorder? _shape;
+
+  /// Overrides the default value for [Card.clipBehavior].
+  ///
+  /// This property is obsolete and will be deprecated in a future release:
+  /// please use the [CardThemeData.clipBehavior] property in [data] instead.
+  Clip? get clipBehavior => _data != null ? _data.clipBehavior : _clipBehavior;
+
+  /// Overrides the default value for [Card.color].
+  ///
+  /// This property is obsolete and will be deprecated in a future release:
+  /// please use the [CardThemeData.color] property in [data] instead.
+  Color? get color => _data != null ? _data.color : _color;
+
+  /// Overrides the default value for [Card.surfaceTintColor].
+  ///
+  /// This property is obsolete and will be deprecated in a future release:
+  /// please use the [CardThemeData.surfaceTintColor] property in [data] instead.
+  Color? get surfaceTintColor => _data != null ? _data.surfaceTintColor : _surfaceTintColor;
+
+  /// Overrides the default value for [Card.shadowColor].
+  ///
+  /// This property is obsolete and will be deprecated in a future release:
+  /// please use the [CardThemeData.shadowColor] property in [data] instead.
+  Color? get shadowColor => _data != null ? _data.shadowColor : _shadowColor;
+
+  /// Overrides the default value for [Card.elevation].
+  ///
+  /// This property is obsolete and will be deprecated in a future release:
+  /// please use the [CardThemeData.elevation] property in [data] instead.
+  double? get elevation => _data != null ? _data.elevation : _elevation;
+
+  /// Overrides the default value for [Card.margin].
+  ///
+  /// This property is obsolete and will be deprecated in a future release:
+  /// please use the [CardThemeData.margin] property in [data] instead.
+  EdgeInsetsGeometry? get margin => _data != null ? _data.margin : _margin;
+
+  /// Overrides the default value for [Card.shape].
+  ///
+  /// This property is obsolete and will be deprecated in a future release:
+  /// please use the [CardThemeData.shape] property in [data] instead.
+  ShapeBorder? get shape => _data != null ? _data.shape : _shape;
+
+  /// The properties used for all descendant [Card] widgets.
+  CardThemeData get data {
+    return _data ?? CardThemeData(
+      clipBehavior: _clipBehavior,
+      color: _color,
+      surfaceTintColor: _surfaceTintColor,
+      shadowColor: _shadowColor,
+      elevation: _elevation,
+      margin: _margin,
+      shape: _shape,
+    );
+  }
+
+  /// Creates a copy of this object with the given fields replaced with the
+  /// new values.
+  ///
+  /// This method is obsolete and will be deprecated in a future release:
+  /// please use the [CardThemeData.copyWith] instead.
+  CardTheme copyWith({
+    Clip? clipBehavior,
+    Color? color,
+    Color? shadowColor,
+    Color? surfaceTintColor,
+    double? elevation,
+    EdgeInsetsGeometry? margin,
+    ShapeBorder? shape,
+  }) {
+    return CardTheme(
+      clipBehavior: clipBehavior ?? this.clipBehavior,
+      color: color ?? this.color,
+      shadowColor: shadowColor ?? this.shadowColor,
+      surfaceTintColor: surfaceTintColor ?? this.surfaceTintColor,
+      elevation: elevation ?? this.elevation,
+      margin: margin ?? this.margin,
+      shape: shape ?? this.shape,
+    );
+  }
+
+  /// The [ThemeData.cardTheme] property of the ambient [Theme].
+  static CardTheme of(BuildContext context) {
+    final CardTheme? cardTheme = context.dependOnInheritedWidgetOfExactType<CardTheme>();
+    return cardTheme ?? Theme.of(context).cardTheme;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  bool updateShouldNotify(CardTheme oldWidget) => data != oldWidget.data;
+
+  /// Linearly interpolate between two Card themes.
+  ///
+  /// {@macro dart.ui.shadow.lerp}
+  ///
+  /// This method is obsolete and will be deprecated in a future release:
+  /// please use the [CardThemeData.lerp] instead.
+  static CardTheme lerp(CardTheme? a, CardTheme? b, double t) {
+    if (identical(a, b) && a != null) {
+      return a;
+    }
+    return CardTheme(
+      clipBehavior: t < 0.5 ? a?.clipBehavior : b?.clipBehavior,
+      color: Color.lerp(a?.color, b?.color, t),
+      shadowColor: Color.lerp(a?.shadowColor, b?.shadowColor, t),
+      surfaceTintColor: Color.lerp(a?.surfaceTintColor, b?.surfaceTintColor, t),
+      elevation: lerpDouble(a?.elevation, b?.elevation, t),
+      margin: EdgeInsetsGeometry.lerp(a?.margin, b?.margin, t),
+      shape: ShapeBorder.lerp(a?.shape, b?.shape, t),
+    );
+  }
+
+  @override
+  void debugFillProperties(DiagnosticPropertiesBuilder properties) {
+    super.debugFillProperties(properties);
+    properties.add(DiagnosticsProperty<Clip>('clipBehavior', clipBehavior, defaultValue: null));
+    properties.add(ColorProperty('color', color, defaultValue: null));
+    properties.add(ColorProperty('shadowColor', shadowColor, defaultValue: null));
+    properties.add(ColorProperty('surfaceTintColor', surfaceTintColor, defaultValue: null));
+    properties.add(DiagnosticsProperty<double>('elevation', elevation, defaultValue: null));
+    properties.add(DiagnosticsProperty<EdgeInsetsGeometry>('margin', margin, defaultValue: null));
+    properties.add(DiagnosticsProperty<ShapeBorder>('shape', shape, defaultValue: null));
+  }
+}
+
+/// Defines default property values for descendant [Card] widgets.
+///
+/// Descendant widgets obtain the current [CardThemeData] object using
+/// `CardTheme.of(context)`. Instances of [CardThemeData] can be
+/// customized with [CardThemeData.copyWith].
+///
+/// Typically a [CardThemeData] is specified as part of the overall [Theme]
+/// with [ThemeData.cardTheme].
+///
+/// All [CardThemeData] properties are `null` by default. When null, the [Card]
+/// will use the values from [ThemeData] if they exist, otherwise it will
+/// provide its own defaults. See the individual [Card] properties for details.
+///
+/// See also:
+///
+///  * [ThemeData], which describes the overall theme information for the
+///    application.
+@immutable
+class CardThemeData with Diagnosticable {
+  /// Creates a theme that can be used for [ThemeData.cardTheme].
+  ///
+  /// The [elevation] must be null or non-negative.
+  const CardThemeData({
     this.clipBehavior,
     this.color,
     this.shadowColor,
@@ -47,48 +231,29 @@ class CardTheme with Diagnosticable {
   }) : assert(elevation == null || elevation >= 0.0);
 
   /// Overrides the default value for [Card.clipBehavior].
-  ///
-  /// If null, [Card] uses [Clip.none].
   final Clip? clipBehavior;
 
   /// Overrides the default value for [Card.color].
-  ///
-  /// If null, [Card] uses [ThemeData.cardColor].
   final Color? color;
 
   /// Overrides the default value for [Card.shadowColor].
-  ///
-  /// If null, [Card] defaults to fully opaque black.
   final Color? shadowColor;
 
   /// Overrides the default value for [Card.surfaceTintColor].
-  ///
-  /// If null, [Card] will not display an overlay color.
-  ///
-  /// See [Material.surfaceTintColor] for more details.
   final Color? surfaceTintColor;
 
   /// Overrides the default value for [Card.elevation].
-  ///
-  /// If null, [Card] uses a default of 1.0.
   final double? elevation;
 
   /// Overrides the default value for [Card.margin].
-  ///
-  /// If null, [Card] uses a default margin of 4.0 logical pixels on all sides:
-  /// `EdgeInsets.all(4.0)`.
   final EdgeInsetsGeometry? margin;
 
   /// Overrides the default value for [Card.shape].
-  ///
-  /// If null, [Card] then uses a [RoundedRectangleBorder] with a circular
-  /// corner radius of 12.0 and if [ThemeData.useMaterial3] is false,
-  /// then the circular corner radius will be 4.0.
   final ShapeBorder? shape;
 
   /// Creates a copy of this object with the given fields replaced with the
   /// new values.
-  CardTheme copyWith({
+  CardThemeData copyWith({
     Clip? clipBehavior,
     Color? color,
     Color? shadowColor,
@@ -97,7 +262,7 @@ class CardTheme with Diagnosticable {
     EdgeInsetsGeometry? margin,
     ShapeBorder? shape,
   }) {
-    return CardTheme(
+    return CardThemeData(
       clipBehavior: clipBehavior ?? this.clipBehavior,
       color: color ?? this.color,
       shadowColor: shadowColor ?? this.shadowColor,
@@ -108,19 +273,14 @@ class CardTheme with Diagnosticable {
     );
   }
 
-  /// The [ThemeData.cardTheme] property of the ambient [Theme].
-  static CardTheme of(BuildContext context) {
-    return Theme.of(context).cardTheme;
-  }
-
   /// Linearly interpolate between two Card themes.
   ///
   /// {@macro dart.ui.shadow.lerp}
-  static CardTheme lerp(CardTheme? a, CardTheme? b, double t) {
+  static CardThemeData lerp(CardThemeData? a, CardThemeData? b, double t) {
     if (identical(a, b) && a != null) {
       return a;
     }
-    return CardTheme(
+    return CardThemeData(
       clipBehavior: t < 0.5 ? a?.clipBehavior : b?.clipBehavior,
       color: Color.lerp(a?.color, b?.color, t),
       shadowColor: Color.lerp(a?.shadowColor, b?.shadowColor, t),
@@ -150,14 +310,14 @@ class CardTheme with Diagnosticable {
     if (other.runtimeType != runtimeType) {
       return false;
     }
-    return other is CardTheme
-        && other.clipBehavior == clipBehavior
-        && other.color == color
-        && other.shadowColor == shadowColor
-        && other.surfaceTintColor == surfaceTintColor
-        && other.elevation == elevation
-        && other.margin == margin
-        && other.shape == shape;
+    return other is CardThemeData
+      && other.clipBehavior == clipBehavior
+      && other.color == color
+      && other.shadowColor == shadowColor
+      && other.surfaceTintColor == surfaceTintColor
+      && other.elevation == elevation
+      && other.margin == margin
+      && other.shape == shape;
   }
 
   @override