diff --git a/NuGet.config b/NuGet.config index a24e816570c..9c82ecf3a5e 100644 --- a/NuGet.config +++ b/NuGet.config @@ -14,4 +14,5 @@ + diff --git a/azure-pipelines.yml b/azure-pipelines.yml index 00a9d05e8ac..a30f8c2c7e4 100644 --- a/azure-pipelines.yml +++ b/azure-pipelines.yml @@ -62,10 +62,9 @@ jobs: projectFile: scenarios.proj channels: # for public jobs we want to make sure that the PRs don't break any of the supported frameworks # - release/3.1.3xx - - 3.1 - 3.0 - # Windows x64 Blazor 3.2 scenario benchmarks + # Windows x64 Blazor scenario benchmarks - template: /eng/performance/scenarios.yml parameters: osName: windows @@ -263,7 +262,6 @@ jobs: channels: # for public jobs we want to make sure that the PRs don't break any of the supported channels # - release/3.1.2xx - 3.0 - - 3.1 # Windows x64 micro benchmarks - template: /eng/performance/benchmark_jobs.yml diff --git a/eng/Version.Details.xml b/eng/Version.Details.xml index e36d757bc78..130b55920ad 100644 --- a/eng/Version.Details.xml +++ b/eng/Version.Details.xml @@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ https://github.com/dotnet/arcade 7385e2722b9fa517314aa5db1fa598a8d417b3c7 - + https://github.com/dotnet/installer - b21096b25a04fa09f7b174e43335707842785395 + e4ad1969d346798b74290f298ef4d1f4fd713535 diff --git a/eng/Versions.props b/eng/Versions.props index 74319667505..55068e0d49d 100644 --- a/eng/Versions.props +++ b/eng/Versions.props @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ - 5.0.100-rc.1.20407.13 + 5.0.100-rc.1.20413.9 diff --git a/src/benchmarks/gc/src/exec/GCPerfSim/GCPerfSim.cs b/src/benchmarks/gc/src/exec/GCPerfSim/GCPerfSim.cs index 6ce38c493c5..0e3b3257e18 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/gc/src/exec/GCPerfSim/GCPerfSim.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/gc/src/exec/GCPerfSim/GCPerfSim.cs @@ -1442,6 +1442,8 @@ private static Args ParseFromCommandLine(string[] args) totalMinutesToRun = 1; } + Console.WriteLine(Process.GetCurrentProcess().ProcessName + " " + Environment.CommandLine); + ulong livePerThread = (totalLiveBytes ?? 0) / threadCount; ulong allocPerThread = (totalAllocBytes ?? 0) / threadCount; if (allocPerThread != 0) Console.WriteLine("allocating {0:n0} per thread", allocPerThread); diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/Categories.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/Categories.cs index 20bb89b175f..3e65f944496 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/Categories.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/Categories.cs @@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ public static class Categories public const string Burgers = "Burgers"; public const string SciMark = "SciMark"; public const string CscBench = "CscBench"; + public const string NoWASM = "NoWASM"; public const string JIT = "JIT"; public const string JSON = "JSON"; diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/MicroBenchmarks.csproj b/src/benchmarks/micro/MicroBenchmarks.csproj index f78ffff4631..3ae2d86b386 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/MicroBenchmarks.csproj +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/MicroBenchmarks.csproj @@ -22,27 +22,28 @@ - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - + + + + - - - + + + - + @@ -59,6 +60,9 @@ PreserveNewest + + PreserveNewest + @@ -70,6 +74,7 @@ + @@ -100,10 +105,12 @@ + + diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/Serializers/Binary_FromStream.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/Serializers/Binary_FromStream.cs index 4cb986307cf..d57f0cb7b25 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/Serializers/Binary_FromStream.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/Serializers/Binary_FromStream.cs @@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ namespace MicroBenchmarks.Serializers [GenericTypeArguments(typeof(IndexViewModel))] [GenericTypeArguments(typeof(MyEventsListerViewModel))] [GenericTypeArguments(typeof(CollectionsOfPrimitives))] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.NoWASM)] public class Binary_FromStream { private readonly T value; diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/Serializers/Binary_ToStream.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/Serializers/Binary_ToStream.cs index 669e467e2c2..8fe712e748f 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/Serializers/Binary_ToStream.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/Serializers/Binary_ToStream.cs @@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ namespace MicroBenchmarks.Serializers [GenericTypeArguments(typeof(IndexViewModel))] [GenericTypeArguments(typeof(MyEventsListerViewModel))] [GenericTypeArguments(typeof(CollectionsOfPrimitives))] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.NoWASM)] public class Binary_ToStream { private readonly T value; diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Buffers/ArrayPoolTests.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Buffers/ArrayPoolTests.cs index cb785dbfc20..25c8fccbec9 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Buffers/ArrayPoolTests.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Buffers/ArrayPoolTests.cs @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ namespace System.Buffers.Tests { - [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries)] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries, Categories.NoWASM)] [GenericTypeArguments(typeof(byte))] // value type [GenericTypeArguments(typeof(object))] // reference type public class RentReturnArrayPoolTests diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Console/Perf.Console.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Console/Perf.Console.cs index 9c4542cef0d..7fce8725089 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Console/Perf.Console.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Console/Perf.Console.cs @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ namespace System.ConsoleTests /// - OpenStandardInput, OpenStandardOutput, OpenStandardError /// - ForegroundColor, BackgroundColor, ResetColor /// - [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries)] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries, Categories.NoWASM)] public class Perf_Console { private readonly Consumer consumer = new Consumer(); diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Drawing/Perf_Graphics_DrawBeziers.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Drawing/Perf_Graphics_DrawBeziers.cs index eab208f92c0..475c8d6a439 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Drawing/Perf_Graphics_DrawBeziers.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Drawing/Perf_Graphics_DrawBeziers.cs @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ namespace System.Drawing.Tests { - [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries)] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries, Categories.NoWASM)] public class Perf_Graphics_DrawBeziers { private Bitmap _image; diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Drawing/Perf_Image_Load.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Drawing/Perf_Image_Load.cs index 9061ef5b4af..466caaf4f56 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Drawing/Perf_Image_Load.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Drawing/Perf_Image_Load.cs @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace System.Drawing.Tests { - [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries)] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries, Categories.NoWASM)] public class Perf_Image_Load { // this field is lazy to avoid the exception during static ctor initialization of this type (harder to catch and handle properly) diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Formats.Cbor/CoseKeyHelpers.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Formats.Cbor/CoseKeyHelpers.cs new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..32e7aaf3a82 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Formats.Cbor/CoseKeyHelpers.cs @@ -0,0 +1,345 @@ +// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements. +// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license. + +using System.Collections.Generic; +using System.Diagnostics; +using System.Security.Cryptography; +using Test.Cryptography; + +// Provides a reference implementation for serializing ECDsa public keys to the COSE_Key format +// according to https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8152#section-8.1 + +namespace System.Formats.Cbor.Tests +{ + public class ECDsaCosePublicKey + { + public ECDsaCosePublicKey(string curveFriendlyName, string hexQx, string hexQy, string hashAlgorithmName, string hexEncodedKey) + { + Name = curveFriendlyName; + HashAlgorithmName = new HashAlgorithmName(hashAlgorithmName); + EncodedCoseKey = hexEncodedKey.HexToByteArray(); + ECParameters = new ECParameters() + { + Curve = ECCurve.CreateFromFriendlyName(curveFriendlyName), + Q = new ECPoint() { X = hexQx.HexToByteArray(), Y = hexQy.HexToByteArray() }, + }; + } + + public string Name { get; } + public ECParameters ECParameters { get; } + public HashAlgorithmName HashAlgorithmName { get; } + public byte[] EncodedCoseKey { get; } + + public override string ToString() => Name; + + public static IEnumerable CreatePublicKeys() + { + yield return new ECDsaCosePublicKey( + curveFriendlyName: "ECDSA_P256", + hexQx: "65eda5a12577c2bae829437fe338701a10aaa375e1bb5b5de108de439c08551d", + hexQy: "1e52ed75701163f7f9e40ddf9f341b3dc9ba860af7e0ca7ca7e9eecd0084d19c", + hexEncodedKey: "a501020326200121582065eda5a12577c2bae829437fe338701a10aaa375e1bb5b5de108de439c08551d2258201e52ed75701163f7f9e40ddf9f341b3dc9ba860af7e0ca7ca7e9eecd0084d19c", + hashAlgorithmName: "SHA256"); + + yield return new ECDsaCosePublicKey( + curveFriendlyName: "ECDSA_P384", + hexQx: "ed57d8608c5734a5ed5d22026bad8700636823e45297306479beb61a5bd6b04688c34a2f0de51d91064355eef7548bdd", + hexQy: "24376b4fee60ba65db61de54234575eec5d37e1184fbafa1f49d71e1795bba6bda9cbe2ebb815f9b49b371486b38fa1b", + hexEncodedKey: "a501020338222002215830ed57d8608c5734a5ed5d22026bad8700636823e45297306479beb61a5bd6b04688c34a2f0de51d91064355eef7548bdd22583024376b4fee60ba65db61de54234575eec5d37e1184fbafa1f49d71e1795bba6bda9cbe2ebb815f9b49b371486b38fa1b", + hashAlgorithmName: "SHA384"); + + yield return new ECDsaCosePublicKey( + curveFriendlyName: "ECDSA_P521", + hexQx: "00b03811bef65e330bb974224ec3ab0a5469f038c92177b4171f6f66f91244d4476e016ee77cf7e155a4f73567627b5d72eaf0cb4a6036c6509a6432d7cd6a3b325c", + hexQy: "0114b597b6c271d8435cfa02e890608c93f5bc118ca7f47bf191e9f9e49a22f8a15962315f0729781e1d78b302970c832db2fa8f7f782a33f8e1514950dc7499035f", + hexEncodedKey: "a50102033823200321584200b03811bef65e330bb974224ec3ab0a5469f038c92177b4171f6f66f91244d4476e016ee77cf7e155a4f73567627b5d72eaf0cb4a6036c6509a6432d7cd6a3b325c2258420114b597b6c271d8435cfa02e890608c93f5bc118ca7f47bf191e9f9e49a22f8a15962315f0729781e1d78b302970c832db2fa8f7f782a33f8e1514950dc7499035f", + hashAlgorithmName: "SHA512"); + } + } + + public static class ECDsaCosePublicKeyHelper + { + public static void WriteECParametersAsCosePublicKey(this CborWriter writer, ECParameters ecParams, HashAlgorithmName? algorithmName) + { + Debug.Assert(writer.ConformanceMode == CborConformanceMode.Ctap2Canonical && writer.ConvertIndefiniteLengthEncodings); + + if (ecParams.Q.X is null || ecParams.Q.Y is null) + { + throw new ArgumentException("does not specify a public key point.", nameof(ecParams)); + } + + // run these first to perform necessary validation + (CoseKeyType kty, CoseCrvId crv) = MapECCurveToCoseKtyAndCrv(ecParams.Curve); + CoseKeyAlgorithm? alg = (algorithmName != null) ? MapHashAlgorithmNameToCoseKeyAlg(algorithmName.Value) : (CoseKeyAlgorithm?)null; + + // Begin writing a CBOR object + writer.WriteStartMap(definiteLength: null); + + // NB labels should be sorted according to CTAP2 canonical encoding rules. + // While the CborWriter will attempt to sort the encodings on its own, + // it is generally more efficient if keys are written in sorted order to begin with. + + WriteCoseKeyLabel(writer, CoseKeyLabel.Kty); + writer.WriteInt32((int)kty); + + if (alg != null) + { + WriteCoseKeyLabel(writer, CoseKeyLabel.Alg); + writer.WriteInt32((int)alg); + } + + WriteCoseKeyLabel(writer, CoseKeyLabel.EcCrv); + writer.WriteInt32((int)crv); + + WriteCoseKeyLabel(writer, CoseKeyLabel.EcX); + writer.WriteByteString(ecParams.Q.X); + + WriteCoseKeyLabel(writer, CoseKeyLabel.EcY); + writer.WriteByteString(ecParams.Q.Y); + + writer.WriteEndMap(); + + static (CoseKeyType, CoseCrvId) MapECCurveToCoseKtyAndCrv(ECCurve curve) + { + if (!curve.IsNamed) + { + throw new ArgumentException("EC COSE keys only support named curves.", nameof(curve)); + } + + if (MatchesOid(ECCurve.NamedCurves.nistP256)) + { + return (CoseKeyType.EC2, CoseCrvId.P256); + } + + if (MatchesOid(ECCurve.NamedCurves.nistP384)) + { + return (CoseKeyType.EC2, CoseCrvId.P384); + } + + if (MatchesOid(ECCurve.NamedCurves.nistP521)) + { + return (CoseKeyType.EC2, CoseCrvId.P521); + } + + throw new ArgumentException("Unrecognized named curve", curve.Oid.Value); + + bool MatchesOid(ECCurve namedCurve) => curve.Oid.Value == namedCurve.Oid.Value; + } + + static CoseKeyAlgorithm MapHashAlgorithmNameToCoseKeyAlg(HashAlgorithmName name) + { + if (MatchesName(HashAlgorithmName.SHA256)) + { + return CoseKeyAlgorithm.ES256; + } + + if (MatchesName(HashAlgorithmName.SHA384)) + { + return CoseKeyAlgorithm.ES384; + } + + if (MatchesName(HashAlgorithmName.SHA512)) + { + return CoseKeyAlgorithm.ES512; + } + + throw new ArgumentException("Unrecognized hash algorithm name.", nameof(HashAlgorithmName)); + + bool MatchesName(HashAlgorithmName candidate) => name.Name == candidate.Name; + } + + static void WriteCoseKeyLabel(CborWriter writer, CoseKeyLabel label) + { + writer.WriteInt32((int)label); + } + } + + public static (ECParameters, HashAlgorithmName?) ReadECParametersAsCosePublicKey(this CborReader reader) + { + Debug.Assert(reader.ConformanceMode == CborConformanceMode.Ctap2Canonical); + + // CTAP2 conformance mode requires that fields are sorted by key encoding. + // We take advantage of this by reading keys in that order. + // NB1. COSE labels are not sorted according to canonical integer ordering, + // negative labels must always follow positive labels. + // NB2. Any unrecognized keys will result in the reader failing. + // NB3. in order to support optional fields, we need to store the latest read label. + CoseKeyLabel? latestReadLabel = null; + + int? remainingKeys = reader.ReadStartMap(); + Debug.Assert(remainingKeys != null); // guaranteed by CTAP2 conformance + + try + { + var ecParams = new ECParameters(); + + ReadCoseKeyLabel(CoseKeyLabel.Kty); + CoseKeyType kty = (CoseKeyType)reader.ReadInt32(); + + HashAlgorithmName? algName = null; + if (TryReadCoseKeyLabel(CoseKeyLabel.Alg)) + { + CoseKeyAlgorithm alg = (CoseKeyAlgorithm)reader.ReadInt32(); + algName = MapCoseKeyAlgToHashAlgorithmName(alg); + } + + if (TryReadCoseKeyLabel(CoseKeyLabel.KeyOps)) + { + // No-op, simply tolerate potential key_ops labels + reader.SkipValue(); + } + + ReadCoseKeyLabel(CoseKeyLabel.EcCrv); + CoseCrvId crv = (CoseCrvId)reader.ReadInt32(); + + if (IsValidKtyCrvCombination(kty, crv)) + { + ecParams.Curve = MapCoseCrvToECCurve(crv); + } + else + { + throw new CborContentException("Invalid kty/crv combination in COSE key."); + } + + ReadCoseKeyLabel(CoseKeyLabel.EcX); + ecParams.Q.X = reader.ReadByteString(); + + ReadCoseKeyLabel(CoseKeyLabel.EcY); + ecParams.Q.Y = reader.ReadByteString(); + + if (TryReadCoseKeyLabel(CoseKeyLabel.EcD)) + { + throw new CborContentException("COSE key encodes a private key."); + } + + if (remainingKeys > 0) + { + throw new CborContentException("COSE_key contains unrecognized trailing data."); + } + + reader.ReadEndMap(); + + return (ecParams, algName); + } + catch (InvalidOperationException e) + { + throw new CborContentException("Invalid COSE_key format in CBOR document", e); + } + + static bool IsValidKtyCrvCombination(CoseKeyType kty, CoseCrvId crv) + { + return kty switch + { + CoseKeyType.EC2 => crv == CoseCrvId.P256 || crv == CoseCrvId.P384 || crv == CoseCrvId.P521, + CoseKeyType.OKP => crv == CoseCrvId.X255519 || crv == CoseCrvId.X448 || crv == CoseCrvId.Ed25519 || crv == CoseCrvId.Ed448, + _ => false, + }; + } + + static ECCurve MapCoseCrvToECCurve(CoseCrvId crv) + { + return crv switch + { + CoseCrvId.P256 => ECCurve.NamedCurves.nistP256, + CoseCrvId.P384 => ECCurve.NamedCurves.nistP384, + CoseCrvId.P521 => ECCurve.NamedCurves.nistP521, + _ => throw new CborContentException("Unrecognized COSE crv value."), + }; + } + + static HashAlgorithmName MapCoseKeyAlgToHashAlgorithmName(CoseKeyAlgorithm alg) + { + return alg switch + { + CoseKeyAlgorithm.ES256 => HashAlgorithmName.SHA256, + CoseKeyAlgorithm.ES384 => HashAlgorithmName.SHA384, + CoseKeyAlgorithm.ES512 => HashAlgorithmName.SHA512, + _ => throw new CborContentException("Unrecognized COSE alg value."), + }; + } + + // Handles optional labels + bool TryReadCoseKeyLabel(CoseKeyLabel expectedLabel) + { + // The `currentLabel` parameter can hold a label that + // was read when handling a previous optional field. + // We only need to read the next label if uninhabited. + if (latestReadLabel == null) + { + // check that we have not reached the end of the COSE key object + if (remainingKeys == 0) + { + return false; + } + + latestReadLabel = (CoseKeyLabel)reader.ReadInt32(); + } + + if (expectedLabel != latestReadLabel.Value) + { + return false; + } + + // read was successful, vacate the `currentLabel` parameter to advance reads. + latestReadLabel = null; + remainingKeys--; + return true; + } + + // Handles required labels + void ReadCoseKeyLabel(CoseKeyLabel expectedLabel) + { + if (!TryReadCoseKeyLabel(expectedLabel)) + { + throw new CborContentException("Unexpected COSE key label."); + } + } + } + + private enum CoseKeyLabel : int + { + // cf. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8152#section-7.1 table 3 + Kty = 1, + Kid = 2, + Alg = 3, + KeyOps = 4, + BaseIv = 5, + + // cf. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8152#section-13.1.1 table 23 + EcCrv = -1, + EcX = -2, + EcY = -3, + EcD = -4, + }; + + private enum CoseCrvId : int + { + // cf. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8152#section-13.1 table 22 + P256 = 1, + P384 = 2, + P521 = 3, + X255519 = 4, + X448 = 5, + Ed25519 = 6, + Ed448 = 7, + } + + private enum CoseKeyType : int + { + // cf. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8152#section-13 table 21 + OKP = 1, + EC2 = 2, + + Symmetric = 4, + Reserved = 0, + } + + private enum CoseKeyAlgorithm : int + { + // cf. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8152#section-8.1 table 5 + ES256 = -7, + ES384 = -35, + ES512 = -36, + } + } +} diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Formats.Cbor/Perf.CborReader.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Formats.Cbor/Perf.CborReader.cs new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..8d6375fcfea --- /dev/null +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Formats.Cbor/Perf.CborReader.cs @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements. +// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license. +// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information. + +using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes; +using MicroBenchmarks; +using System.Collections.Generic; +using Test.Cryptography; + +namespace System.Formats.Cbor.Tests +{ + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries)] + public class Perf_CborReader + { + [Benchmark] + [ArgumentsSource(nameof(ECDSaCosePublicKeys))] + public void ReadCoseKey(ECDsaCosePublicKey publicKey) + { + var reader = new CborReader(publicKey.EncodedCoseKey, CborConformanceMode.Ctap2Canonical); + reader.ReadECParametersAsCosePublicKey(); + } + + public IEnumerable ECDSaCosePublicKeys() => ECDsaCosePublicKey.CreatePublicKeys(); + + [Benchmark] + [ArgumentsSource(nameof(CborEncodings))] + public void SkipValue(CborEncoding encoding) + { + var reader = new CborReader(encoding.Payload, encoding.ConformanceMode); + reader.SkipValue(); + } + + public IEnumerable CborEncodings() => CborEncoding.GetEncodings(); + + public class CborEncoding + { + public CborEncoding(string name, string hexPayload, CborConformanceMode conformanceMode = CborConformanceMode.Strict) + { + Name = name; + Payload = hexPayload.HexToByteArray(); + ConformanceMode = conformanceMode; + } + + public string Name { get; } + public byte[] Payload { get; } + public CborConformanceMode ConformanceMode { get; } + + public override string ToString() => (Name, ConformanceMode).ToString(); + + public static IEnumerable GetEncodings() + { + yield return new CborEncoding("Integer", "1907E4"); + yield return new CborEncoding("Text String", "6B6C6F72656D20697073756D"); + yield return new CborEncoding("Byte String", "49010203040506070809"); + yield return new CborEncoding("Array", "9ff4f6faffc00000fb7ff0000000000000ff"); + yield return new CborEncoding("Map", "a5010002006161006162008261636000", CborConformanceMode.Lax); + yield return new CborEncoding("Map", "a5010002006161006162008261636000", CborConformanceMode.Strict); + yield return new CborEncoding("Map", "a5010002006161006162008261636000", CborConformanceMode.Canonical); + } + } + } +} diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Formats.Cbor/Perf.CborWriter.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Formats.Cbor/Perf.CborWriter.cs new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..f5a045483d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Formats.Cbor/Perf.CborWriter.cs @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements. +// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license. +// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information. + +using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes; +using MicroBenchmarks; +using System.Collections.Generic; + +namespace System.Formats.Cbor.Tests +{ + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries)] + public class Perf_CborWriter + { + private CborWriter _ctap2Writer = new CborWriter(CborConformanceMode.Ctap2Canonical, convertIndefiniteLengthEncodings: true); + private byte[] _writeBuffer = new byte[1024]; + + [Benchmark] + [ArgumentsSource(nameof(ECDSaCosePublicKeys))] + public void WriteCoseKey(ECDsaCosePublicKey publicKey) + { + _ctap2Writer.Reset(); + _ctap2Writer.WriteECParametersAsCosePublicKey(publicKey.ECParameters, publicKey.HashAlgorithmName); + _ctap2Writer.Encode(_writeBuffer); + } + + public IEnumerable ECDSaCosePublicKeys() => ECDsaCosePublicKey.CreatePublicKeys(); + } +} diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Globalization/StringEquality.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Globalization/StringEquality.cs index 2034551a364..c623d1174df 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Globalization/StringEquality.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Globalization/StringEquality.cs @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace System.Globalization.Tests { - [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries, Categories.Runtime)] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries, Categories.Runtime, Categories.NoWASM)] public class StringEquality { private string _value, _same, _sameUpper, _diffAtFirstChar; diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Globalization/StringHash.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Globalization/StringHash.cs index bf524c8dd52..e015c3b7d77 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Globalization/StringHash.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Globalization/StringHash.cs @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace System.Globalization.Tests { - [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries, Categories.Runtime)] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries, Categories.Runtime, Categories.NoWASM)] public class StringHash { public static IEnumerable<(CultureInfo CultureInfo, CompareOptions CompareOptions)> GetOptions() diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.IO.Compression/Brotli.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.IO.Compression/Brotli.cs index 1e2ba64d57a..c4b0287abc2 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.IO.Compression/Brotli.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.IO.Compression/Brotli.cs @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ namespace System.IO.Compression { - [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries)] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries, Categories.NoWASM)] public class Brotli : CompressionStreamPerfTestBase { private const int Window = 22; diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.IO.Compression/CompressionStreamPerfTestBase.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.IO.Compression/CompressionStreamPerfTestBase.cs index cb62c2356f3..ed5ea888f23 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.IO.Compression/CompressionStreamPerfTestBase.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.IO.Compression/CompressionStreamPerfTestBase.cs @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ public class Deflate : CompressionStreamPerfTestBase // Brotli has a dedicated file with more benchmarks - [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries)] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries, Categories.NoWASM)] public abstract class CompressionStreamPerfTestBase { public abstract Stream CreateStream(Stream stream, CompressionMode mode); diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.IO.FileSystem/Perf.FileStream.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.IO.FileSystem/Perf.FileStream.cs index 3a1aff8b5a7..d0360788995 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.IO.FileSystem/Perf.FileStream.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.IO.FileSystem/Perf.FileStream.cs @@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ public int Read() } [Benchmark] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.NoWASM)] public async Task ReadAsync() { byte[] buffer = _buffer; @@ -83,6 +84,7 @@ public async Task ReadAsync() } [Benchmark] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.NoWASM)] public async Task CopyToAsync() { using (var reader = new FileStream(_filePath, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read, DefaultBufferSize, FileOptions.Asynchronous)) @@ -118,6 +120,7 @@ public void Write() } [Benchmark] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.NoWASM)] public async Task WriteAsync() { byte[] bytes = _buffer; diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.IO.Pipelines/PipeThroughputBenchmark.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.IO.Pipelines/PipeThroughputBenchmark.cs index a49c2fc053e..1b5e4ef15ed 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.IO.Pipelines/PipeThroughputBenchmark.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.IO.Pipelines/PipeThroughputBenchmark.cs @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.Server.Kestrel.Performance { - [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries)] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries, Categories.NoWASM)] public class PipeThroughputBenchmark { private const int InnerLoopCount = 512; diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.IO.Pipes/Perf.PipeTest.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.IO.Pipes/Perf.PipeTest.cs index b508aeed565..b0036fbdadb 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.IO.Pipes/Perf.PipeTest.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.IO.Pipes/Perf.PipeTest.cs @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ namespace System.IO.Pipes.Tests { - [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries)] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries, Categories.NoWASM)] public abstract class Perf_PipeTest : PipeTestBase { [Params(1000000)] diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Net.Http/Perf.SocketsHttpHandler.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Net.Http/Perf.SocketsHttpHandler.cs index 15871fb6295..7f71de0d9c3 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Net.Http/Perf.SocketsHttpHandler.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Net.Http/Perf.SocketsHttpHandler.cs @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ namespace System.Net.Http.Tests { - [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries)] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries, Categories.NoWASM)] public class SocketsHttpHandlerPerfTest { // the field names start with lowercase to keep to benchmark ID! do not change it diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Net.Primitives/DnsTests.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Net.Primitives/DnsTests.cs index 25229800919..303f1376c29 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Net.Primitives/DnsTests.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Net.Primitives/DnsTests.cs @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ namespace System.Net.Tests { - [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries)] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries, Categories.NoWASM)] public class DnsTests { [Benchmark] diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Net.Security/SslStreamTests.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Net.Security/SslStreamTests.cs index f460793b482..33867ee04b6 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Net.Security/SslStreamTests.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Net.Security/SslStreamTests.cs @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ namespace System.Net.Security.Tests { - [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries)] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries, Categories.NoWASM)] public class SslStreamTests { private readonly Barrier _twoParticipantBarrier = new Barrier(2); diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Net.Sockets/Perf.Socket.SendReceive.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Net.Sockets/Perf.Socket.SendReceive.cs index 833e76ede34..df6835ea9a9 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Net.Sockets/Perf.Socket.SendReceive.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Net.Sockets/Perf.Socket.SendReceive.cs @@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ public async Task ReceiveAsyncThenSendAsync_Task() } [Benchmark] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.NoWASM)] public async Task SendAsyncThenReceiveAsync_SocketAsyncEventArgs() { Socket client = _client, server = _server; @@ -86,6 +87,7 @@ public async Task SendAsyncThenReceiveAsync_SocketAsyncEventArgs() } [Benchmark] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.NoWASM)] public async Task ReceiveAsyncThenSendAsync_SocketAsyncEventArgs() { Socket client = _client, server = _server; diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters/Perf.BinaryFormatter.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters/Perf.BinaryFormatter.cs index f7ede437d79..75a3b0089bb 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters/Perf.BinaryFormatter.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters/Perf.BinaryFormatter.cs @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Tests { - [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries)] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries, Categories.NoWASM)] public class Perf_BinaryFormatter { private readonly BinaryFormatter _formatter = new BinaryFormatter(); diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Runtime/Perf.HashCode.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Runtime/Perf.HashCode.cs index a214aeb72de..eb97236db72 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Runtime/Perf.HashCode.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Runtime/Perf.HashCode.cs @@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ // The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license. // See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information. -using System.Runtime.CompilerServices; using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes; using MicroBenchmarks; @@ -11,23 +10,6 @@ namespace System.Tests [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries)] public class Perf_HashCode { - private static volatile int _valueStorage; - - // Prevents the jitter from eliminating code that - // we want to test. - - [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)] - private static void DontDiscard(int value) - { - _valueStorage = value; - } - - [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)] - private static int DontFold(int value) - { - return value + _valueStorage; - } - [Benchmark] public int Add() { @@ -41,114 +23,128 @@ public int Add() return hc.ToHashCode(); } - [Benchmark] - public void Combine_1() - { + public int Combine_1() + { + int result = 0; for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) { - DontDiscard(HashCode.Combine( - DontFold(i))); + result = HashCode.Combine( + i + result); } + return result; } - [Benchmark] - public void Combine_2() + public int Combine_2() { + int result = 0; for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) { - DontDiscard(HashCode.Combine( - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i))); + result = HashCode.Combine( + i + result, + i + result); } + return result; } [Benchmark] - public void Combine_3() + public int Combine_3() { + int result = 0; for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) { - DontDiscard(HashCode.Combine( - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i))); + result = HashCode.Combine( + i + result, + i + result, + i + result); } + return result; } [Benchmark] - public void Combine_4() + public int Combine_4() { + int result = 0; for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) { - DontDiscard(HashCode.Combine( - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i))); + result = HashCode.Combine( + i + result, + i + result, + i + result, + i + result); } + return result; } [Benchmark] - public void Combine_5() + public int Combine_5() { + int result = 0; for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) { - DontDiscard(HashCode.Combine( - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i))); + result = HashCode.Combine( + i + result, + i + result, + i + result, + i + result, + i + result); } + return result; } [Benchmark] - public void Combine_6() + public int Combine_6() { + int result = 0; for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) { - DontDiscard(HashCode.Combine( - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i))); + result = HashCode.Combine( + i + result, + i + result, + i + result, + i + result, + i + result, + i + result); } + return result; } [Benchmark] - public void Combine_7() + public int Combine_7() { + int result = 0; for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) { - DontDiscard(HashCode.Combine( - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i))); + result = HashCode.Combine( + i + result, + i + result, + i + result, + i + result, + i + result, + i + result, + i + result); } + return result; } [Benchmark] - public void Combine_8() + public int Combine_8() { + int result = 0; for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) { - DontDiscard(HashCode.Combine( - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i), - DontFold(i))); + result = HashCode.Combine( + i + result, + i + result, + i + result, + i + result, + i + result, + i + result, + i + result, + i + result); } + return result; } } } diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates/X509Certificate2Tests.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates/X509Certificate2Tests.cs index 691d3cb0309..a11f370865b 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates/X509Certificate2Tests.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates/X509Certificate2Tests.cs @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ namespace System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.Tests { - [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries)] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries, Categories.NoWASM)] public class X509Certificate2Tests { private readonly X509Certificate2 _cert = GetMicrosoftComCert(); diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Security.Cryptography/Perf.Hashing.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Security.Cryptography/Perf.Hashing.cs index 0abf7926a50..e2cb9943e64 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Security.Cryptography/Perf.Hashing.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Security.Cryptography/Perf.Hashing.cs @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ namespace System.Security.Cryptography.Tests { - [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries)] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries, Categories.NoWASM)] public class Perf_Hashing { private readonly byte[] _data = ValuesGenerator.Array(100 * 1024 * 1024); diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Security.Cryptography/Perf.Rfc2898DeriveBytes.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Security.Cryptography/Perf.Rfc2898DeriveBytes.cs index ab97c3a26b2..2359968a793 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Security.Cryptography/Perf.Rfc2898DeriveBytes.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Security.Cryptography/Perf.Rfc2898DeriveBytes.cs @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ namespace System.Security.Cryptography.Tests { - [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries)] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries, Categories.NoWASM)] public class Perf_Rfc2898DeriveBytes { private static readonly Rfc2898DeriveBytes s_db = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes("verysafepassword", 32, 10_000, HashAlgorithmName.SHA256); diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Text.Encodings.Web/Perf.Encoders.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Text.Encodings.Web/Perf.Encoders.cs new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..da179f84d10 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Text.Encodings.Web/Perf.Encoders.cs @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements. +// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license. +// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information. + +using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes; +using MicroBenchmarks; +using System.Buffers; +using System.Collections.Generic; + +namespace System.Text.Encodings.Web.Tests +{ + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries)] + public class Perf_Encoders + { + public IEnumerable GetEncoderArguments() + { + foreach (int size in new[] { 16, 512 }) + { + yield return new EncoderArguments("no escaping required", size, JavaScriptEncoder.Default); + yield return new EncoderArguments("&Hello+!", size, JavaScriptEncoder.Default); + yield return new EncoderArguments("no required", size, JavaScriptEncoder.UnsafeRelaxedJsonEscaping); + yield return new EncoderArguments("hello \"there\"", size, JavaScriptEncoder.UnsafeRelaxedJsonEscaping); + yield return new EncoderArguments("&lorem ipsum=dolor sit amet", size, UrlEncoder.Default); + yield return new EncoderArguments("�2020", size, UrlEncoder.Default); + } + } + + [Benchmark] + [ArgumentsSource(nameof(GetEncoderArguments))] + public OperationStatus EncodeUtf8(EncoderArguments arguments) => arguments.EncodeUtf8(); + + [Benchmark] + [ArgumentsSource(nameof(GetEncoderArguments))] + public OperationStatus EncodeUtf16(EncoderArguments arguments) => arguments.EncodeUtf16(); + + public class EncoderArguments + { + private readonly string _sourceString; + // pads the string with a pseudorandom number of non-escapable characters + private readonly int _paddingSize; + private readonly TextEncoder _encoder; + private readonly string _sourceBufferUtf16; + + private readonly char[] _destinationBufferUtf16; + private readonly byte[] _sourceBufferUtf8; + private readonly byte[] _destinationBufferUtf8; + + public EncoderArguments(string sourceString, int paddingSize, TextEncoder encoder) + { + _sourceString = sourceString; + _paddingSize = paddingSize; + _encoder = encoder; + + _sourceBufferUtf16 = BuildSourceString(); + _destinationBufferUtf16 = new char[paddingSize + 10 * sourceString.Length]; + + _sourceBufferUtf8 = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(_sourceBufferUtf16); + _destinationBufferUtf8 = new byte[paddingSize + 10 * sourceString.Length]; + + string BuildSourceString() + { + var sb = new StringBuilder(); + // pad the string with `paddingSize` non-escapable ascii characters + var random = new Random(42); + for (int i = 0; i < paddingSize; i++) + { + sb.Append((char)random.Next('a', 'z' + 1)); + } + sb.Append(sourceString); + return sb.ToString(); + } + } + + public override string ToString() => $"{GetShortEncoderName()},{_sourceString},{_paddingSize}"; + + // the name is displayed in the results in console, we want it as short as possible + private string GetShortEncoderName() + { + if (_encoder.Equals(JavaScriptEncoder.Default)) + return "JavaScript"; + if (_encoder.Equals(JavaScriptEncoder.UnsafeRelaxedJsonEscaping)) + return "UnsafeRelaxed"; + if (_encoder.Equals(UrlEncoder.Default)) + return "Url"; + throw new NotSupportedException("Unknown encoder."); + } + + public OperationStatus EncodeUtf8() => _encoder.EncodeUtf8(_sourceBufferUtf8, _destinationBufferUtf8, out int _, out int _); + + public OperationStatus EncodeUtf16() => _encoder.Encode(_sourceBufferUtf16, _destinationBufferUtf16, out int _, out int _); + } + } +} diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Text.RegularExpressions/Perf.Regex.Cache.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Text.RegularExpressions/Perf.Regex.Cache.cs index 387264ab4b7..ec8b769386b 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Text.RegularExpressions/Perf.Regex.Cache.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Text.RegularExpressions/Perf.Regex.Cache.cs @@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ namespace System.Text.RegularExpressions.Tests public class Perf_Regex_Cache { private const int MaxConcurrency = 4; - private volatile bool _isMatch; private int _cacheSizeOld; private IReadOnlyDictionary<(int total, int unique), string[]> _patterns; @@ -42,23 +41,26 @@ public void Setup() [Arguments(40_000, 1_600, 15)] // default size, to compare when cache used [Arguments(40_000, 1_600, 800)] // larger size, to test cache is not O(n) [Arguments(40_000, 1_600, 3_200)] // larger size, to test cache always hit - public void IsMatch(int total, int unique, int cacheSize) + public bool IsMatch(int total, int unique, int cacheSize) { if (Regex.CacheSize != cacheSize) Regex.CacheSize = cacheSize; string[] patterns = _patterns[(total, unique)]; - RunTest(0, total, patterns); + return RunTest(0, total, patterns); } - private void RunTest(int start, int total, string[] regexps) + private bool RunTest(int start, int total, string[] regexps) { + bool isMatch = false; for (var i = 0; i < total; i++) - _isMatch = Regex.IsMatch("0123456789", regexps[start + i]); + isMatch ^= Regex.IsMatch("0123456789", regexps[start + i]); + return isMatch; } [Benchmark] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.NoWASM)] [Arguments(400_000, 7, 15)] // default size, most common [Arguments(400_000, 1, 15)] // default size, to test MRU [Arguments(40_000, 7, 0)] // cache turned off diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Threading.Tasks.Extensions/Perf.ValueTask.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Threading.Tasks.Extensions/Perf.ValueTask.cs index 6b10ef9cac6..0e7f843e92a 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Threading.Tasks.Extensions/Perf.ValueTask.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Threading.Tasks.Extensions/Perf.ValueTask.cs @@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ public async Task CreateAndAwait_FromCompletedValueTaskSource_ConfigureAwait() } [Benchmark] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.NoWASM)] public async Task CreateAndAwait_FromYieldingAsyncMethod() { await new ValueTask(YieldOnce()); diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Threading.Tasks/Perf.AsyncMethods.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Threading.Tasks/Perf.AsyncMethods.cs index efc6fac81ea..38dbaaccf30 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Threading.Tasks/Perf.AsyncMethods.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Threading.Tasks/Perf.AsyncMethods.cs @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ namespace System.Threading.Tasks.Tests { - [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries)] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries, Categories.NoWASM)] public class Perf_AsyncMethods { [Benchmark(OperationsPerInvoke = 100_000)] diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Threading.ThreadPool/Perf.ThreadPool.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Threading.ThreadPool/Perf.ThreadPool.cs index 0d17f4b1839..51e3c9b21f1 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Threading.ThreadPool/Perf.ThreadPool.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Threading.ThreadPool/Perf.ThreadPool.cs @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ namespace System.Threading.Tests { - [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries)] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries, Categories.NoWASM)] public partial class Perf_ThreadPool { [Params(20_000_000)] diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Threading/Perf.CancellationToken.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Threading/Perf.CancellationToken.cs index 10b47c211fb..4d6d076ee7b 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Threading/Perf.CancellationToken.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Threading/Perf.CancellationToken.cs @@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ public class Perf_CancellationToken public void RegisterAndUnregister_Serial() => _token.Register(() => { }).Dispose(); [Benchmark(OperationsPerInvoke = 1_000_000)] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.NoWASM)] public void RegisterAndUnregister_Parallel() => Parallel.For(0, 1_000_000, i => _token.Register(() => { }).Dispose()); diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Utf8String/Chinese.txt b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Utf8String/Chinese.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..32453455315 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Utf8String/Chinese.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2924 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Jin Si Lu, by Xi Zhu and Tsuch'ien Lu + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Jin Si Lu + +Author: Xi Zhu + Tsuch'ien Lu + +Release Date: April 30, 2008 [EBook #25249] + +Language: Chinese + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JIN SI LU *** + + + + +Produced by I Li + + + + +《近思錄》 + +卷一·道體 + +1 +濂溪曰：無極而太極。太極動而生陽，動極而靜。靜而生陰，陰極複動。一動一靜，互 +爲其根。分陰分陽，兩儀立焉。陽變陰合，而生水火木金土。五氣順布，四時行焉。五 +行，一陰陽也。陰陽，一太極也。太極本無極也。五行之生也，各一其行。無極之真， +二五之真，妙合而凝。乾道成男，坤道成女，二氣交感，化生萬物。萬物生生，而變化 +無窮焉。惟人也得其秀而最靈。形既生矣，神發知矣。五性感動，而善惡分，萬事出矣 +。聖人定之以中正仁義而主靜，立人極焉。故聖人與天地合其德，日月合其明，四時合 +其序，鬼神合其吉凶。君子修之吉，小人悖之凶。故曰："立天之道，曰陰與陽。立地 +之道，曰柔與剛。立人之道，曰仁與義。"又曰："原始反終，故知生死之說。"大哉易 +也，斯其至矣！ + +2 +濂溪曰：誠無爲，幾善惡。德愛曰仁，宜曰義，理曰禮，通曰智，守曰信。性焉安焉之 +謂聖，複焉執焉之謂賢。發微不可見，充周不可窮，之謂神。 + +3 +伊川曰："喜怒哀樂之未發謂之中"，中也者，言"寂然不動"者也，故曰"天下之大本"。 +"發而皆中節謂之和"，和也者，言"感而遂通"者也，故曰"天下之達道"。 + +4 +心一也，有指體而言者，有指用而言者，惟觀其所見何如耳。 + +5 +乾，天也。天者，乾之形體；乾者，天之性情。乾，健也，健而無息之謂乾。夫天，專 +言之則道也，"天且弗違"是也。分而言之，則以形體謂之天，以主宰謂之帝，以功用謂 +之鬼神，以妙用謂之神，以性情謂之乾。 + +6 +四德之元，猶五常之仁。偏言則一事，專言則包四者。 + +7 +天所賦爲命，物所受爲性。 + +8 +鬼神者，造化之迹也。 + +9 +剝之爲卦，諸陽消剝已盡，獨有上九一爻尚存。如碩大之果，不見食，將有複生之理。 +上九亦變，則純陰矣。然陽無可盡之理。變於上則生於下，無間可容息也。聖人發明此 +理，以見陽與君子之道，不可亡也。或曰："剝盡則爲純坤，豈複有陽乎？"曰：以卦配 +月，則坤當十月。以氣消息言，則陽剝爲坤，陽來爲複，陽未嘗盡也。剝盡於上，則複 +生於下矣。故十月謂之陽月，恐疑其無陽也。陰亦然。聖人不言耳。 + +10 +一陽複於下，乃天地生物之心也。先儒皆以靜爲見天地之心，蓋不知動之端乃天地之心 +也。非知道者孰能識之？ + +11 +仁者，天下之公，善之本也。 + +12 +有感必有應。凡有動皆爲感，感則必有應。所應複爲感，所感複有應，所以不已也。感 +通之理，知道者默而觀之可也。 + +13 +天下之理，終而複始，所以恒而不窮。恒，非一定之謂也，一定則不能恒矣。惟隨時變 +異，乃常道也。天地常久之道，天下常久之理。非知道者孰能識之？ + +14 +人性本善，有不可革者，何也？曰：語其性則皆善也，語其才則有下愚之不移。所謂下 +愚有二焉，自暴也，自棄也。人苟以善自治，則無不可移者。雖昏愚之至，皆可漸磨而 +進。惟自暴者拒之以不信，自棄者絕之以不爲，雖聖人與居，不能化而入也，仲尼之所 +謂下愚也。然天下自棄自暴者，非必皆昏愚也。往往強戾而才力有過人者，商辛是也。 +聖人以其自絕於善，謂之下愚。然考其歸，則誠愚也。 + +既曰下愚，其能革面何也？曰：心雖絕於善道，其畏威而寡罪，則與人同也。惟其有與 +人同，所以知其非性之罪也。 + +15 +在物爲理，處物爲義。 + +16、動靜無端，陰陽無始。非知道者，孰能識之？ + +17、仁者，天下之正理，失正理則無序而不和。 + +18、明道先生曰：天地生物，各無不足之理。常思天下君臣父子兄弟夫婦，有多少不盡 +分處。 + +19 +"忠信所以進德"、"終日乾乾"。君子當終日"對越在天"也。蓋"上天之載，無聲無臭"。 +其體則謂之易，其理則謂之道，其用則謂之神，其命於人則謂之性。率性則謂之道，修 +道則謂之教。孟子去其中又發揮出浩然之氣，可謂盡矣。故說神"如在其上，如在其左 +右"。大小大事而只曰"誠之不可掩如此"。夫徹上徹下，不過如此。"形而上爲道，形而 +下爲器。"須著如此說，器亦道，道亦器。但得道在，不系今與後，己與人。 + +20 +醫書言手足痿痹爲不仁，此言最善名狀。仁者以天地萬物爲一體，莫非己也。認得爲己 +，何所不至？若不有諸己，自不與己相干。如手足不仁，氣已不貫，皆不屬己。故博施 +濟衆，乃聖之功用。仁至難言，故止曰"己欲立而立人，己欲達而達人。能近取譬，可 +謂仁之方已。"欲令如是觀仁，可以得仁之體。 + +21 +生之謂性。性即氣，氣即性，生之謂也。人生氣稟，理有善惡。然不是性中元有此兩物 +相對而生也。有自幼而惡，是氣稟有然也。善固性也，然惡亦不可不謂之性也。蓋生之 +謂性，"人生而靜"，以上不容說。才說性時便已不是性也。凡說人性，只是說"繼之者 +善也"。孟子言性善是也。夫所謂"繼之者善也"者，猶水流而就下也。皆水也，有流而 +至海終無所汙，此何煩人力之爲也？有流而未遠固已漸濁，有出而甚遠方有所濁。有濁 +之多者，有濁之少者。清濁雖不同，然不可以濁者不爲水也。如此則人不可以不加澄治 +之功。故用力敏勇則疾清，用力緩怠則遲清。及其清也，則卻只是元初水也。不是將清 +來換卻濁，亦不是取出濁來置在一隅也。水之清，則性善之謂也。故不是善與惡在性中 +爲兩物相對，各自出來。此理，天命也。順而循之，則道也。循此而修之，各得其分則 +教也。自天命以至於教，我無加損焉。此"舜有天下而不與焉"者也。 + +22、觀天地生物氣象。 + +23、萬物之生意最可觀，此"元者善之長也"。斯可謂仁也。 + +24、滿腔子是惻隱之心。 + +25 +天地萬物之理無獨，必有對，皆自然而然，非有安排也。每中夜以思，不知手之舞之足 +之蹈之也。 + +26 +中者天下之大本，天地之間，亭亭當當，直上直下之正理。出則不是。惟"敬而無失"最 +盡。 + +27、伊川先生曰：公則一，私則萬殊。"人心不同如面"，只是私心。 + +28、凡物有本末，不可分本末爲兩斷事。"灑掃應對"，是其然，必有所以然。 + +29 +楊子拔一毛不爲，墨子又摩頂放踵爲之，此皆是不得中。至如子莫執中，欲執此二者之 +中，不知怎麽執得？ 識得則事事物物上皆天然有個中在那上，不待人安排也。安排著 +則不中矣。 + +30 +問時中如何？曰：中字最難識，須是默識心通。且試言一廳，則中央爲中。一家則廳中 +非中而堂爲中。言一國則堂非中而國之中爲中。推此類可見矣。如"三過其門不入"，在 +禹稷之世爲中，若"居陋巷"，則非中也。"居陋巷"在顔子之時爲中，若"三過其門不入" +，則非也。 + +31、無妄之謂誠，不欺其次矣。 + +32 +沖漠無朕，萬象森然已具。未應不是先，已應不是後。如百尺之木，自根本至枝葉，皆 +是一貫。不可道上面一段事，無形無兆卻待人旋安排，引入來教入途轍。既是途轍，卻 +只是一個途轍。 + +33 +近取諸身，百理皆具。屈伸往來之義，只於鼻息之間見之。屈伸往來，只是理不必將既 +屈之氣，複爲方伸之氣。生生之理，自然不息。如複卦言"七日來複"，其間元不斷續， +陽已複生。"物極必返"，其理須如此。有生便有死，有始便有終。 + +34、明道先生曰：天地之間，只有一個感與應而已，更有甚事？ + +35 +問仁。伊川先生曰：此在諸公自思之。將聖賢所言仁處類聚觀之，體認出來。孟子曰： +"惻隱之心，仁也。"後人遂以愛爲仁。愛自是情，仁自是性，豈可專以愛爲仁？孟子言 +："惻隱之心，仁之端也。"既曰仁之端，則不可便謂之仁。退之言："博愛之謂仁。"非 +也。仁者固博愛，然便以博愛爲仁則不可。 + +36、問仁與心何異？曰：心譬如穀種，生之性便是仁。陽氣發處，乃情也。 + +37 +義訓宜，禮訓別，仁當何訓？說者謂訓覺、訓人，皆非也。當合孔孟言仁處，大概研窮 +之，二三歲得之未晚也。 + +38 +性即理也。天下之理，原其所自，未有不善。喜怒哀樂未發，何嘗不善？發而中節，則 +無往而不善。凡言善惡，皆先善而後惡。言吉凶，皆先吉而後凶。言是非，皆先是而後 +非。 + +39 +問心有善惡否？曰：在天爲命，在物爲理，在人爲性，主於身爲心，其實一也。心本善 +，發於思慮則有善有不善。若既發則可謂之情，不可謂之心。譬如水，只可謂之水。至 +如流而爲派，或行於東或行於西，卻謂之流也。 + +40、性出於天，才出於氣。氣清則才清，氣濁則才濁。才則有善有不善，性則無不善。 + +41、性者自然完具。信只是有此者也。故四端不言信。 + +42、心，生道也。有是心，斯具是形以生。惻隱之心，人之生道也。 + +43 +橫渠先生曰：氣塊然太虛，升降飛揚，未嘗止息。此虛實動靜之機，陰陽剛柔之始。浮 +而上者陽之清，降而下者陰之濁。其感遇聚結爲風雨，爲霜雪。萬品之流行，山川之融 +結，糟粕煨燼，無非教也。 + +44、遊氣紛擾，合而成質者，生人物之萬殊。其陰陽兩端，迴圈不已者，立天地之大義 +。 + +45 +天體物不遺，猶仁體事而無不在也。"禮儀三百，威儀三千。"無一物而非仁也。"昊天 +曰明，及爾出王。昊天曰旦，及爾遊衍。"無一物之不體也。 + +46、鬼神者，二氣之良能也。 + +47 +物之初生，氣日至而滋息。物生既盈，氣日反而遊散。至之謂神，以其伸也。反之謂鬼 +，以其歸也。 + +48 +性者，萬物之一源，非有我之得私也。惟大人爲能盡其道，是故立必俱立，知必周知， +愛必兼愛，成不獨成。彼自蔽塞而不知順吾理者，則亦未如之何矣。 + +49 +一故神。譬之人身，四體皆一物，故觸之而無不覺，不待心使至此而後覺也。此所謂" +感而遂通"，"不行而至，不疾而速"也。 + +50、心，統性情者也。 + +51 +凡物莫不有是性。由通蔽開塞，所以有人物之別。由蔽有厚薄，故有知愚之別。塞者牢 +不可開，厚者可以開而開之也難，薄者開之也易，開則達于天道與聖人。 + + +卷二·爲學 + +1 +濂溪先生曰：聖希天，賢希聖，士希賢。伊尹、顔淵，大賢也。伊尹恥其君不爲堯舜， +一夫不得其所，若撻於市。顔淵"不遷怒，不貳過"，"三月不違仁"。志伊尹之所志，學 +顔子之所學，過則聖，及則賢，不及則亦不失於令名。 + +2、聖人之道，入乎耳，存乎心。蘊之爲德行，行之爲事業。彼以文辭而已者陋?矣！ + +3 +或問："聖人之門，其徒三千，獨稱顔子爲好學。夫詩書六藝，三千子非不習而通也， +然則顔子所獨好者，何學也？"伊川先生曰："學以至聖人之道也。" + +"聖人可學而至與？"曰："然。" + +"學之道如何？"曰："天地儲精，得五行之秀者爲人。其本也真而靜，其未發也五性具 +焉，曰仁義禮智信。形既生矣，外物觸其形而動其中矣。其中動而七情出焉，曰喜怒哀 +樂愛惡欲。情既熾而益蕩，其性鑿矣。是故覺者約其情，使合於中，正其心，養其性。 +愚者則不知制之，縱其情而至於邪僻，梏其性而亡之。然學之道，必先明諸心，知所往 +，然後力行以求至，所謂'自明而誠'也。誠之之道，在乎通道篤。通道篤則行之果，行 +之果則守之固。仁義忠信，不離乎心。'造次必於是，顛沛必於是'，出處語默必於是。 +久而弗失，則居之安。動容周旋中禮，而邪僻之心無自生矣。故顔子所事，則曰：'非 +禮勿視，非禮勿聽，非禮勿言，非禮勿動。'仲尼稱之，則曰：'得一善則拳拳服膺而弗 +失之矣。'又曰：'不遷怒，不貳過。''有不善未嘗不知，知之未嘗複行也。'此其好之 +篤，學之道也。然聖人則'不思而得，不勉而中'，顔子則必思而得，必勉而後中。其與 +聖人相去一息，所未至者，守之也，非化之也。以其好學之心，假之以年，則不日而化 +矣。後人不達，以謂聖本生知，非學可至，而爲學之道遂失。不求諸己而求諸外，以博 +聞強記巧文麗辭爲工，榮華其言，鮮有至於道者。則今之學與顔子所好異矣。" + +4、橫渠先生問于明道先生曰：定性未能不動，猶累於外物，何如？ + +明道先生曰：所謂定者，動亦定，靜亦定，無將迎，無內外。苟以外物爲外，牽己而從 +之，是以己性爲有內外也。且以性爲隨物於外，則當其在外時，何者爲在內？是有意於 +絕外誘而不知性之無內外也。既以內外爲二本，則又烏可遽語定哉？夫天地之常，以其 +心普萬物而無心。聖人之常，以其情順萬事而無情。故君子之學， 莫若廓然而大公， +物來而順應。《易》曰："貞吉，悔亡，憧憧往來，朋從爾思。"苟規規於外誘之除，將 +見滅於東而生於西也，非惟日之不足，顧其端無窮，不可得而除也。人之情各有所蔽， +故不能適道，大率患在於自私而用智。自私則不能以有爲爲應迹，用智則不能以明覺爲 +自然。今以惡外物之心，而求照無物之地，是反鑒而索照也。《易》曰："艮其背，不 +獲其身。行其庭，不見其人。"孟氏亦曰："所惡于智者，爲其鑿也。"與其非外而是內 +，不若內外之兩忘也，兩忘則澄然無事矣。無事則定，定則明，明則尚何應物之爲累哉 +？聖人之喜，以物之當喜。聖人之怒，以物之當怒。是聖人之喜怒，不系於心，而系於 +物也。是則聖人豈不應於物哉？烏得以從外者爲非，而更求在內者爲是也？今以自私用 +智之喜怒，而視聖人喜怒之正爲如何哉？夫人之情易發而難制者，惟怒爲甚。第能于怒 +時遽忘其怒，而觀理之是非，亦可見外誘之不足惡，而於道亦思過半矣。 + +5 +伊川先生答朱長文書曰：聖賢之言不得已也。蓋有是言則是理明，無是言則天性之理有 +闕焉。如彼耒耜陶冶之器，一不制則生人之道有不足矣。聖賢之言，雖欲已，得乎？然 +其包涵盡天下之理，亦甚約也。後之人始執卷則以文章爲先，平生所爲動多於聖人。然 +有之無所補，無之靡所闕，乃無用之贅言也。不止贅而已，既不得其要，則離真失正， +反害於道必矣。來書所謂欲使後人見其不忘乎善，此乃世人之私心也。夫子疾沒世而名 +不稱焉者，疾沒身無善可稱雲爾，非謂疾無名也。名者可以厲中人，君子所存，非所汲 +汲。 + +6 +內積忠信，所以進德也。擇言篤志，所以居業也。知至至之，致知也。求知所至而後至 +之，知之在先，故可與幾。所謂"始條理者，智之事也。"知終，終之力行也。既知所終 +，則力進而終之。守之在後，故可與存義。所謂"終條理者，聖之事也。"此學之始終也 +。 + +7 +君子主敬以直所內，守義以方其外。敬立而直內，義形而外方。義形於外，非在外也。 +敬義既立，其德盛矣，不期大而大矣，德不孤也。無所用而不周，無所施而不利，孰爲 +疑乎？ + +8 +動以天爲無妄，動以人欲則妄矣。無妄之意大矣哉！雖無邪心，苟不合正理，則妄也， +乃邪心也。既已無妄，不宜有往，往則妄也。故無妄之彖曰："其匪正有眚，不利有攸 +往。" + +9 +人之蘊蓄，由學而大。在多聞前古聖賢之言與行。考迹以觀其用，察言以求其心。識而 +得之，以蓄成其德。 + +10 +鹹之象曰："君子以虛受人。"傳曰："中無私主，則無感不通。以量而容之，擇合而受 +之，非聖人有感必通之道也。"其九四曰："貞吉，悔亡。憧憧往來，朋從爾思。"傳曰 +："感者，人之動也。故鹹皆就人身取象，四當心位而不言鹹其心，感乃心也。感之道 +無所不通。有所私系，則害於感通，所謂悔也。聖人感天下之心，如寒暑雨暘無不通無 +不應者，亦貞而已矣。貞者，虛中無我之謂也。若往來憧憧然，用其私心以感物，則心 +之所及者，有能感而動，所不及者不能感也。以有系之私心，既主於一隅一事，豈能廓 +然無所不通乎？" + +11 +君子之遇艱阻，必自省於身，有失而致之乎？有所未善則改之，無歉於心則加勉，乃自 +修其德也。 + +12、非明則動無所之，非動則明無所用。 + +13 +習，重習也。時複思繹，浹洽於中，則說也。以善及人而信從者衆，故可樂也。雖樂於 +及人，不見是而無悶，乃所謂君子。 + +14、古之學者爲己，欲得之於己也。今之學者爲人，欲見之於人也。 + +15 +伊川先生謂方道輔曰：聖人之道，坦如大路，學者病不得其門耳。得其門，無遠之不到 +也。求入其門，不由於經乎？今之治經者亦衆矣，然而買匵還珠之蔽，人人皆是。經所 +以載道也，誦其言辭，解其訓詁，而不及道，乃無用之糟粕耳。覬足下由經以求道，勉 +之又勉，異日見卓爾有立於前，然後不知手之舞，足之蹈，不加勉而不能自止矣。 + +16 +明道先生曰：修辭立其誠，不可不子細理會。言能修省言辭，便是要立誠。若只是修飾 +言辭爲心，只是爲僞也。若修其言辭，正爲立己之誠意，乃是體當自家"敬以直內，義 +以方外"之實事。道之浩浩，何處下手？惟立誠才有可居之處。有可居之處，則可以修 +業也。終日乾乾，大小大事，卻只是忠信所以進德，爲實下手處。修辭立其誠，爲實修 +業處。 + +17 +伊川先生曰：志道懇切，固是誠意。若迫切不中理，則反爲不誠。蓋實理中自有緩急， +不容如是之迫。觀天地之化乃可知。 + +18 +孟子才高，學之無可依據。學者當學顔子，入聖人爲近，有用力之處。又曰：學者要學 +得不錯，須是學顔子。 + +19 +明道先生曰：且省外事，但明乎善，惟進誠心。其文章雖不中，不遠矣。所守不約，泛 +濫無功。 + +20、學者識得仁體，實有諸己，只要義理栽培。如求經義，皆栽培之意。 + +21、昔受學于周茂叔，每令尋顔子、仲尼樂處，所樂何事。 + +22、所見所期，不可不遠且大，然行之亦須量力有漸。志大心勞，力小任重，恐終敗事 +。 + +23、朋友講習，更莫如"相觀而善"工夫多。 + +24、須是大其心，使開闊。譬如爲九層之台，須大做腳始得。 + +25、明道先生曰：自"舜發於畎畝之中"，至"百里奚舉於市"。若要熟，也須從這裏過。 + +26、參也，竟以魯得之。 + +27、明道先生以記誦博識爲"玩物喪志"。 + +28、禮樂只在進反之間，便得性情之正。 + +29、父子君臣，天下之定理，無所逃於天地之間。安得天分，不有私心，則行一不義， +殺一不辜，有所不爲。有分毫私，便不是王者事。 + +30、論性不論氣，不備。論氣不論性，不明。二之則不是。 + +31、論學便要明理，論治便須識體。 + +32、曾點、漆雕開已見大意，故聖人與之。 + +33、根本須是先培壅，然後可立趨向也。趨向既正，所造淺深，則由勉與不勉也。 + +34、敬義夾持，直上達天德，自此。 + +35、懈意一生，便是自棄自暴。 + +36、不學便老而衰。 + +37、人之學不進，只是不勇。 + +38、學者爲氣所勝，習所奪，只可責志。 + +39、內重則可以勝外之輕，得深則可以見誘之小。 + +40、董仲舒謂："正其義，不謀其利。明其道，不計其功。"孫思邈曰："膽欲大而心欲 +小，智欲圓而行欲方。" + +41、大抵學不言而自得者，乃自得也。有安排佈置者，皆非自得也。 + +42、視聽思慮動作，皆天也。人但於其中要識得真與妄爾。 + +43 +明道先生曰：學只要鞭辟近裏，著己而已。故"切問而近思，則仁在其中矣"。"言忠信 +，行篤敬，雖蠻貊之邦，行矣。言不忠信，行不篤敬，雖州裏，行乎哉？立則見其參於 +前也，在輿則見其倚於衡也，夫然後行。"只此是學質美者明得盡，查滓便渾化，卻與 +天地同體。其次惟莊敬持養，及其至則一也。 + +44 +"忠信所以進德，修辭立其誠，所以居業"者，乾道也。"敬以直內，義以方外"者，坤道 +也。 + +45、凡人才學，便須知著力處。既學，便須知得力處。 + +46 +有人治園圃，役知力甚勞。先生曰：蠱之象："君子以振民育德"。君子之事，惟有此二 +者，餘無他焉。二者爲己爲人之道也。 + +47"博學而篤志，切問而近思"，何以言"仁在其中矣"？學者要思得之。了此便是徹上徹 +下之道。 + +48、弘而不毅，則難立。毅而不弘，則無以居之。 + +49 +伊川先生曰：古之學者，優柔厭飫，有先後次序。今之學者，卻只做一場話說，務高而 +已。常愛杜元凱語："若江海之浸，膏澤之潤，渙然冰釋，怡然理順，然後爲得也。"今 +之學者，往往以遊夏爲小，不足學。然遊夏一言一事，卻總是實。後之學者好高，如人 +遊心於千里之外，然自身卻只在此。 + +50、修養之所以引年，國祚之所以祈天永命，常人之至於聖賢，皆工夫到這裏則有此應 +。 + +51、忠恕所以公平。造德則自忠恕，其致則公平。 + +52 +仁之道，要之只消道一"公"字。公只是仁之理，不可將公便喚做仁。公而以人體之故爲 +仁。只爲公則物我兼照，故仁所以能恕，所以能愛。恕則仁之施，愛則仁之用也。 + +53 +今之爲學者，如登山麓。方其迤邐，莫不闊步，及到峻處便止。須是要剛決果敢以進。 + +54 +人謂要力行，亦只是淺近語。人既能知，見一切事皆所當爲，不必待著意。才著意便是 +有個私心。這一點意氣，能得幾時了？ + +55 +知之必好之，好之必求之，求之必得之。古人此個學，是終身事。果能顛沛造次必於是 +，豈有不得道理？ + +56 +古之學者一，今之學者三，異端不與焉。一曰文章之學，二曰訓詁之學，三曰儒者之學 +。欲趨道，舍儒者之學不可。 + +57 +問：作文害道否？曰：害也。凡爲文不專意則不工，若專意則志局於此，又安能與天地 +同其大也？《書》曰："玩物喪志。"爲文亦玩物也。呂與叔有詩雲："學如元凱方成 +，文似相如殆類俳。獨立孔門無一事，只輸顔氏得心齋。"此詩甚好。古之學者，惟務 +養情性，其他則不學。今爲文者，專務章句悅人耳目。既務悅人，非俳優而何？ + +曰：古學者爲文否？曰：人見《六經》，便以謂聖人亦作文，不知聖人亦攄發胸中所蘊 +，自成文耳，所謂"有德者必有言"也。 + +曰：遊夏稱文學，何也？曰：遊夏亦何嘗秉筆學爲詞章也？且如"觀乎天文以察時變， +觀乎人文以化成天下"，此豈詞章之文也？ + +58、涵養須用敬，進學則在致知。 + +59 +莫說道將第一等讓與別人，且做第二等。才如此說，便是自棄。雖與不能居仁由義者差 +等不同，其自小一也。言學便以道爲志，言人便以聖爲志。 + +60 +問："必有事焉"，當用敬否？曰：敬是涵養一事。"必有事焉"，須用集義。只知用敬， +不知集義，卻是都無事也。 + +又問：義莫是中理否？曰：中理在事，義在心。 + +61 +問：敬、義何別？曰：敬只是持己之道，義便知有是有非。順理而行，是爲義也。若只 +守一個敬，不知集義，卻是都無事也。且如欲爲孝，不成只守著一個孝字？須是知所以 +爲孝之道，所以侍奉當如何，溫凊當如何，然後能盡孝道也。 + +62 +學者須是務實，不要近名方是。有意近名，則是僞也。大本已失，更學何事？爲名與爲 +利，清濁雖不同，然其利心則一也。 + +63、"回也其心三月不違仁"，只是無纖毫私意。有少私意便是不仁。 + +64、"仁者先難而後獲。"有爲而作，皆先獲也。古人惟知爲仁而已，今人皆先獲也。 + +65 +有求爲聖人之志，然後可與共學。學而善思，然後可與適道。思而有所得，則可與立。 +立而化之，則可與權。 + +66、古之學者爲己，其終至於成物。今之學者爲物，其終至於喪己。 + +67 +君子之學必日新。日新者，日進也。不日進者，必日退，未有不進而不退者。惟聖人之 +道，無所進退，以其所造者極也。 + +68、明道先生曰：行靜者可以爲學。 + +69、弘而不毅則無規矩，毅而不弘則隘陋。 + +70、知性善以忠信爲本，此"先立其大者"。 + +71、伊川先生曰：人安重則學堅固。 + +72、博學之，審問之，慎思之，明辨之，篤行之。五者廢其一，非學也。 + +73、張思叔請問，其論或太高，伊川不答。良久，曰：累高必自下。 + +74、明道先生曰：人之爲學，忌先立標準。若迴圈不已，自有所至矣。 + +75、尹彥明見伊川後，半年方得《大學》、《西銘》看。 + +76、有人說無心。伊川曰：無心便不是，只當雲無私心。 + +77 +謝顯道見伊川，伊川曰：近日事如何？對曰："天下何思何慮？"伊川曰：是則是有此理 +，賢卻發得太早。在伊川直是會鍛煉得人，說了又道：恰好著工夫也。 + +78 +謝顯道雲：昔伯淳教誨，只管著他言語。伯淳曰：與賢說話，卻似扶醉漢。救得一邊， +倒了一邊。只怕人執著一邊。 + +79、橫渠先生曰："精義入神。"事豫吾內，求利吾外也。"利用安身。"素利吾外，致養 +吾內也。"窮神知化。"乃養盛自至，非思勉之能強。故崇德而外，君子未或致知也。 + +80、形而後有氣質之性。善反之，則天地之性存焉。故氣質之性，君子有弗性者焉。 + +81、德不勝氣，性命於氣。德勝其氣，性命於德。窮理盡性，則性天德，命天理。氣之 +不可一變者獨死生修夭而已。 + +82、莫非天也。陽明勝則德性用，陰濁勝則物欲行。"領惡而全好"者，其必由學乎！ + +83 +大其心，則能體天下之物。物有未體，則心爲有外。世人之心，止於見聞之狹。聖人盡 +性，不以見聞梏其心，其視天下無一物非我。孟子謂"盡心則知性知天"，以此。天大無 +外，故有外之心，不足以合天心。 + +84 +仲尼絕四，自始學至成德，竭兩端之教也。意，有思也。必，有待也。固，不化也。我 +，有方也。四者有一焉，則與天地爲不相似矣。 + +85、上達反天理，下達徇人欲者歟！ + +86 +知崇，天也，形而上也。通晝夜而知，其知崇矣。知及之而不以禮性之，非己有也。故 +知禮成性而道義出，如天地位而易行。 + +87、困之進人也，爲德辨，爲感速。孟子謂"人有德慧術智者，常存乎疢疾"，以此。 + +88、言有教，動有法，晝有爲，宵有得，息有養，瞬有存。 + +89 +橫渠先生作《訂頑》曰：乾稱父，坤稱母。予茲藐焉，乃混然中處。故天地之塞，吾其 +體。天地之帥，吾其性。民吾同胞，物吾與也。大君者，吾父母宗子，其大臣，宗子之 +家相也。尊高年，所以長其長。慈孤弱，所以幼其幼。聖其合德，賢其秀也。凡天下疲 +癃殘疾煢獨鰥寡，皆吾兄弟之顛連而無告者也。于時保之，予之翼也。樂且不憂，純乎 +孝者也。違曰悖德，害仁曰賊。濟惡者不才，其踐形惟肖者也。知化則善述其事，窮神 +則善繼其志。不愧屋漏爲無忝，存心養性爲匪懈。惡旨酒，崇伯子之顧養。育英才，潁 +封人之賜類。不弛勞而厎豫，舜其功也。無所逃而待烹，申生其恭也。體其受而歸全者 +，參乎！勇於從而順令者，伯奇也！富貴福澤，將厚吾之生也。貧賤憂戚，庸玉汝于成 +也。存吾順事，沒吾寧也。 + +又作《砭愚》曰：戲言出於思也，戲動作於謀也。發於聲，見乎四支，謂非己心，不明 +也。欲人無己疑，不能也。過言非心也，過動非誠也。失于聲，繆迷其四體，謂己當然 +，自誣也。欲他人己從，誣人也。或謂出於心者，歸咎爲己戲。失於思者，自誣爲己誠 +。不知戒其出汝者，歸咎其不出汝者。長傲且遂非，不智孰甚焉！ + +90 +將修己，必先厚重以自持。厚重知學，德乃進而不固矣。忠信進德，惟尚友而急賢。欲 +勝己者親，無如改過之不吝。 + +91 +橫渠先生謂范巽之曰：吾輩不及古人，病源何在？巽之請問，先生曰：此非難悟。設此 +語者，蓋欲學者存意之不忘，庶遊心浸熟，有一日脫然如大寐之得醒耳。 + +92 +未知立心，惡思多之致疑。既知所立，惡講治之不精。講治之思，莫非術內。雖勤而何 +厭！所以急於可欲者，求立吾心於不疑之地。然後若決江河以利吾往。"遜此志，務時 +敏，厥修乃來。"雖仲尼之才之美，然且敏以求之。今持不逮之資，而欲徐徐以聽其自 +適，非所聞也。 + +93、明善爲本。固執之乃立，擴充之乃大，易視之則小。在人能弘之而已。 + +94 +今且只將尊德性而道問學爲心，日自求于問學者有所背否？於德性有所懈否？此義亦是 +博文約禮，下學上達。以此警策一年，安得不長？每日須求多少爲益。知所亡，改得少 +不善。此德性上之益。讀書求義理。編書須理會有所歸著，勿徒寫過。又多識前言往行 +。此問學上益也。勿使有俄頃間度。逐日似此，三年，庶幾有進。 + +95、爲天地立心，爲生民立道，爲去聖繼絕學，爲萬世開太平。 + +96 +載所以使學者先學禮者，只爲學禮則便除去了世俗一副當。習熟纏繞，譬之延蔓之物， +解纏繞即上去。苟能除去了一副當，世習便自然脫灑也。又學禮則可以守得定。 + +97 +須放心寬快，公平以求之，乃可見道。況德性自廣大。易曰："窮神知化，德之盛也。" +豈淺心可得？ + +98 +人多以老成則不肯下問，故終身不知。又爲人以道義先覺處之，不可複謂有所不知，故 +亦不肯下問。從不肯問，遂生百端欺妄人我，寧終身不知。 + +99 +多聞不足以盡天下之故。苟以多聞而待天下之變，則道足以酬其所嘗知。若劫之不測， +則遂窮矣。 + +100、爲學大益，在自求變化氣質。不爾，皆爲人之弊，卒無所發明，不得見聖人之奧 +。 + +101、文要密察，心要洪放。 + +102、不知疑者，只是不便實作。既實作則須有疑。必有不行處，是疑也。 + +103、心大則百物皆通，心小則百物皆病。 + +104、人雖有功，不及於學，心亦不宜忘。心苟不忘，則雖接人事即是實行，莫非道也 +。心若忘之，則終身由之，則是俗事。 + +105、合內外，平物我，此見道之大端。 + +106 +既學而先有以功業爲意者，於學便相害。既有意，必穿鑿創意作起事端也。德未成而先 +以功業爲事，是代大匠斫，希不傷手也。 + +107 +竊嘗病孔孟既沒，諸儒囂然，不知反約窮源，勇於苟作。持不逮之資，而急知後世。明 +者一覽，如見肺肝然。多見其不知量也。方且創艾其弊，默養吾誠。顧所患日力不足， +而未果他爲也。 + +108、學未至而好語變者，必知終有患。蓋變不可輕議。若驟然語變，則知操術已不正 +。 + +109 +凡事蔽蓋不見底，只是不求益。有人不肯言其道義，所得所至不得見底。又非於"無言 +無所不說"。 + +110、耳目役於外。攬外事者，其實是自墮，不肯自治。只言短長，不能反躬者也。 + +111 +學者大小不宜志小氣輕。志小則易足，易足則無由進。氣輕則以未知爲已知，未學爲已 +學。 + + +卷三·致知 + +1、伊川先生答朱長文書曰：心通乎道，然後能辨是非，如持權衡以較輕重，孟子所謂" +知言"是也。心不通乎道，而較古人之是非，猶不持權衡而酌輕重。竭其目力，勞其心 +智，雖使時中，亦古人所謂"億則屢中"，君子不貴也。 + +2、伊川先生答門人曰：孔孟之門，豈皆賢人，固多衆人。以衆人觀聖賢，弗識者多矣 +！惟其不敢信己而信其師，是故求而後得。今諸君於頤言才不合則置不復思，所以終異 +也。不可便放下，更且思之，致知之方也。 + +3、伊川先生答橫渠先生曰：所論大概，有苦心極力之象，而無寬裕溫厚之氣。非明睿 +所照，而考索至此，故意屢偏，而言多窒，小出入時有之。更願完養思慮，涵泳義理， +他日自當條暢。 + +4、欲知得與不得，於心氣上驗之。思慮有得，心氣勞耗者，實未得也，強揣度耳。嘗 +有人言，比因學道，思慮心虛曰：人之血氣，固有虛實。疾病之來，聖賢所不免。然未 +聞自古聖賢，因學而致心疾者。 + +5、今日雜信鬼怪異說者，只是不先燭理。若于事上一一理會，則有甚盡期。須只于學 +上理會。 + +6、學原於思。 + +7、所謂"日月至焉"，與久而不息者，所見規模雖略相似，其意味氣象迥別。須潛心默 +識，玩索久之，庶幾自得。學者不學聖人則已，欲學之，須熟玩味聖人之氣象，不可只 +于名上理會。如此只是講論文字。 + +8、問：忠信進德之事，固可勉強，然致知甚難。伊川先生曰：學者固當勉強，然須是 +知了方行得。若不知只是覰卻堯，學他行事。無堯許多聰明睿智，怎生得如他動容周旋 +中禮？如子所言，是篤信而固守之，非固有之也。未致知，便欲誠意，是躐等也。勉強 +行者，安能持久？除非燭理明，自然樂循理。性本善，循理而行，是順理事，本亦不難 +，但爲人不知，旋安排著，便道難也。知有多少般數，煞有深淺。學者須是真知，才知 +得是，便泰然行將去也。某年二十時，解釋經義，與今無異，然思今日覺得意味與少時 +自別。 + +9、凡一物上有一理，須是窮致其理。窮理亦多端，或讀書講明義理，或論古今人物， +別其是非，或應接事物而處其當，皆窮理也。 +或問：格物須物物格之，還只格一物而萬理皆知？曰：怎得便會貫通？若只格一物便通 +衆理，雖顔子亦不敢如此道。須是今日格一件，明日又格一件。積習既多，然後脫然自 +有貫通處。 + +10、思曰睿，思慮久後，睿自然生。若於一事上思未得，且別換一事思之不可專守著這 +一事。蓋人之知識，於這裏蔽著，雖強思亦不通也。 + +11、問：人有志於學，然知識蔽固，力量不至，則如之何？曰：只是致知，若知識明， +則力量自進。 + +12、問：觀物察己，還因見物反求諸身否？曰：不必如此說。物我一理，才明彼，即曉 +此，此合內外之道也。 +又問：致知先求諸四端，如何？曰：求之性情，固是切於身，然一草一木皆有理，須是 +察。 + +13、"思曰睿，睿作聖。"致思如掘井，初有渾水，久後稍引動得清者出來。人思慮始皆 +溷濁，久自明快。 + +14、問：如何是近思？曰：以類而推。 + +15、學者先要會疑。 + +16、橫渠先生答范巽之曰：所訪物怪神奸，此非難語，顧語未必信耳。孟子所論"知性 +知天"，學至於知天，則物所從出，當源源自見。知所從出，則物之當有當無，莫不心 +諭，亦不待語而後知。諸公所論，但守之不失，不爲異端所劫，進進不已，則物怪不須 +辨，異端不必攻，不逾期年，吾道勝矣！若欲委之無窮，付之以不可知，則學爲疑擾， +知爲物昏。交來無間，卒無以自存，而溺於怪妄必矣。 + +17、子貢謂"夫子之言性與天道，不可得而聞"，既言夫子之言，則是居常語之矣。聖門 +學者"以仁爲己任"，不以苟知爲得，必以了悟爲聞，因有是說。 + +18、義理之學，亦須深沈方有造，非淺易輕浮之可得也。 + +19、學不能推究事理，只是心粗。至如顔子未至於聖人處，猶是心粗。 + +20、博學于文者，只要得"習坎心亨"。蓋人經歷險阻艱難，然後其心亨通。 + +21、義理有疑，則濯去舊見，以來新意。心中有所開，即便劄記，不思則還塞之矣。更 +須得朋友之助。一日間朋友論著，則一日間意思差別。須日日如此講論，久則自覺進也 +。 + +22、凡致思到說不得處，始復審思明辨，乃爲善學也。若告子則到說不得處遂已，更不 +復求。 + +23、伊川先生曰：凡看文字，先須曉其文義，然後可求其意。未有文義不曉而見意者也 +。 + +24、學者要自得。《六經》浩眇，乍來難盡曉。且見得路徑後，各自立得一個門庭， +歸而求之可矣。 + +25、凡解文字，但易其心，自見理。理只是人理甚分明，如一條平坦底道路。《詩》曰 +："周道如砥，其直如矢。"此之謂也。 +或曰：聖人之言，恐不可以淺近看他。曰：聖人之言，自有近處，自有深遠處。如近處 +怎生強要鑿，教深遠得？揚子曰："聖人之言遠如天，賢人之言近如地。"頤與改之曰： +聖人之言，其遠如天，其近如地。 + +26、學者不泥文義者，又全背卻遠去。理會文義者，又滯泥不通。如子濯孺子爲將之事 +，孟子只取其不背師之意，人須就上面理會事君之道如何也。又如萬章問舜完廩浚井事 +，孟子只答他大意，人須要理會浚井如何出得來，完廩又怎生下得來。若此之學，徒費 +心力。 + +27、凡觀書不可以相類泥其義。不爾，則字字相梗。當觀其文勢上下之意，如"充實之 +謂美"，與《詩》之"美"不同。 + +28、問：瑩中嘗愛文中子："或問學易，子曰：終日乾乾可也。"此語最盡。文王所以聖 +，亦只是個不已。先生曰：凡說經義，如只管節節推上去，可知是盡。夫"終日乾乾"， +未盡得易。據此一句，只做得九三使。若謂乾乾是不已，不已又是道，漸漸推去，自然 +是盡。只是理不如此。 + +29、"子在川上曰：逝者如斯夫。"言道之體如此，這裏須是自見得。張繹曰：此便是無 +窮。先生曰：固是道無窮，然怎生一個無窮，便道了得他？ + +30、今人不會讀書。如"誦詩三百，授之以政，不達。使于四方，不能專對。雖多，亦 +奚以爲？"須是未讀詩時，不達於政，不能專對。既讀詩後，便達於政，能專對四方， +始是讀詩。"人而不爲周南召南，其猶正牆面。"須是未讀詩時如面牆，到讀了後便不面 +牆，方是有驗。大抵讀書只此便是法。如讀《論語》，舊時未讀，是這個人，及讀了， +後來又只是這個人，便是不曾讀也。 + +31、凡看文字，如七年、一世、百年之事，皆當思其如何作爲，乃有益。 + +32、凡解經，不同無害，但緊要處不可不同爾。 + +33、淳處到，問爲學之方。先生曰：公要知爲學，須是讀書。書不必多看，要知其約。 +多看而不知其約，書肆耳。頤緣少時讀書貪多，如今多忘了。須是將聖人言語玩味，入 +心記著，然後力去行之，自有所得。 + +34、初學入德之門，無如《大學》，其他莫如《語》《孟》。 + +35、學者先須讀《論》《孟》。窮得《論》《孟》，自有要約處，以此觀他經甚省力。 +《論》《孟》如丈尺衡量相似，以此去量度事物，自然見得長短輕重。 + +36、讀《論語》者，但將諸弟子問處，便作己問。將聖人答處，便作今日耳聞，自然有 +得。若能于《論》《孟》中深求玩味，將來涵養成，甚生氣質。 + +37、凡看《語》《孟》，且須熟讀玩味，將聖人之言語切己，不可只作一場話說。人只 +看得此二書切己，終身盡多也。 + +38、《論語》有讀了後全無事者，有讀了後其中得一兩句喜者，有讀了後知好之者，有 +讀了後不知手之舞之足之蹈之者。 + +39、學者當以《論語》《孟子》爲本。《論語》《孟子》既治，則《六經》可不治而明 +矣。讀書者，當觀聖人所以作經之意，與聖人所以用心，與聖人所以至聖人。而吾之所 +以未至者，所以未得者，句句而求之，晝誦而味之，中夜而思之。平其心，易其氣，闕 +其疑，則聖人之意見矣。 + +40、讀《論語》《孟子》而不知道，所謂"雖多，亦奚以爲？" + +41、《論語》《孟子》只剩讀著，便自意足。學者須是玩味。若以語言解著，意便不足 +。某始作此二書文字，既而思之，又似剩。只有寫先儒錯會處，卻待與整理過。 + +42、問：且將《語》《孟》緊要處看，如何？伊川曰：固是好，然若有得，終不浹洽。 +蓋吾道非如釋氏，一見了便從空寂去。 + +43、"興於詩"者，吟詠性情，涵暢道德之中而歆動之，有"吾與點"之氣象。 + +44、謝顯道雲：明道先生善言詩，他又渾不曾章解句釋，但優遊玩味，吟哦上下，便使 +人有得處。"瞻彼日月，悠悠我思。道之雲遠，曷雲能來？"思之切矣。終曰："百爾君 +子，不知德行。不忮不求，何用不臧？"歸於正也。 + +45、明道先生曰：學者不可以不看詩，看詩便使人長一格價。 + +46、"不以文害辭"。文，文字之文。舉一字則是文，成句是辭。詩爲解一字不行，卻遷 +就他。如說"有周不顯"，自是作文當如此。 + +47、看書須要見二帝三王之道。如二典，即求堯所以治民，舜所以事君。 + +48、中庸之書，是孔門傳授，成於子思、孟子。其書雖是雜記，更不分精粗，一袞說了 +。今人語道，多說高，便遺卻卑。說本，便遺卻末。 + +49、伊川先生《易傳·序》曰：易，變異也，隨時變異以從道也。其爲書也廣大悉備， +將以順性命之理，通幽明之故，盡事物之情，而示開物成物之道也。聖人之憂患後世， +可謂至矣。去古雖遠，遺經尚存。然而前儒失意以傳言，後學誦言而忘味。自秦而下， +蓋無傳矣。予生千載之後，悼斯文之湮晦，將俾後人沿流而求源，此傳所以作也。"易 +有聖人之道四焉：以言者尚其辭，以動者尚其變，以制器者尚其象，以卜筮者尚其占。 +"吉凶消長之理，進退存亡之道，備於辭。推辭考卦，可以知變，象與占在其中矣。"君 +子居則觀其象而玩其辭，動則觀其變而玩其占。"得于辭，不達其意者有矣，未有不得 +於辭而能通其意者。至微者，理也。至著者，象也。體用一源，顯微無間。"觀會通以 +行其典禮"，則辭無所不備。故善學者求言必自近，易於近者，非知言者也。予所傳者 +辭也，由辭以得意，則在乎人焉。 + +50、伊川先生答張閎中書曰：易傳未傳，自量精力未衰，尚覬有少進爾。來書雲："易 +之義，本起於數。"謂義起於數則非也。有理而後有象，有象而後有數。易因象以明理 +，由象以知數，得其義則象數在其中矣。必欲窮象之隱微，盡數之毫忽，乃尋流逐末。 +數家之所尚，非儒者之所務也。 + +51、知時識勢，學易之大方也。 + +52、大畜初二，乾體剛健，而不足以進。四五陰柔而能止。時之盛衰，勢之強弱，學易 +者所宜深識也。 + +53、諸卦二五，雖不當位，多以中爲美。三四雖當位，或以不中爲過。中常重于正也， +蓋中則不違於正，正不必中也。天下之理末善於中，於九二六五可見。 + +54、問：胡先生解九四作太子，恐不是卦義。先生雲：亦不妨，只看如何用，當儲貳則 +做儲貳使。九四近君，便作儲貳，亦不害。但不要拘一。若執一事，則三百八十四卦， +只作得三百八十四件事便休了。 + +55、看易且要知時。凡六爻人人有用，聖人自有聖人用，賢人自有賢人用，衆人自有衆 +人用，學者自有學者用。君有君用，臣有臣用，無所不通。因問坤卦是臣之事，人君有 +用處否，先生曰：是何無用？如"厚德載物"，人君安可不用？ + +56、易中只是言反復往來上下。 + +57、作易自天地幽明，至於昆蟲草木微物。 + +58、今時人看易，皆不識得易是何物，只就上穿鑿。若念得不熟，與上添一德，亦不覺 +多。就上減一德，亦不覺少。譬如不識此兀子，若減一隻腳，亦不知是少。若添一隻， +亦不知是多。若識，則自添減不得也。 + +59、遊定夫問伊川"陰陽不測之謂神"，伊川曰：賢是疑了問？是揀難底問？ + +60、伊川以《易傳》示門人曰：只說得七分，後人更須自體究。 + +61、伊川先生《春秋傳·序》曰：天之生民，必有出類之才，起而君長之。治之而爭奪 +息，導之而生養遂，教之而倫理明，然後人道立，天道成，地道平。二帝而上，聖賢世 +出，隨時有作。順乎風氣之宜，不先天以開人，各因時而立政。暨乎三王叠興，三重既 +備，子醜寅之建正，忠質文之更尚，人道備矣，天運周矣。聖王既不復作，有天下者， +隨欲仿古之迹，亦私意妄爲而已。事之繆，秦至以建亥爲正；道之悖，漢專以智力持世 +。豈複知先王之道也？夫子當周之末，以聖人不復作也，順天應時之治不復有也，於是 +作《春秋》爲百王不易之大法。所謂"考諸三王而不謬，建諸天地而不悖，質著鬼神而 +無疑，百世以俟聖人而不惑"者也。先儒之傳曰："遊夏不能贊一辭。"辭不待贊也，言 +不能與於斯耳。斯道也，惟顔子嘗聞之矣。"行夏之時，乘殷之輅，服周之冕，樂則韶 +舞。"此其准的也。後世以史視春秋，謂褒善貶惡而已。至於經世之大法，則不知也。 +春秋大義數十，其義雖大，炳如日星，乃易見也。惟其微辭隱義，時措從宜者爲難知也 +。或抑或縱，或與或奪，或進或退，或微或顯，而得乎義理之安，文質之中，寬猛之宜 +，是非之公，乃制事之權衡，揆道之模範也。夫觀百物然後識化工之神，聚衆材然後知 +作室之用。於一事一義而欲窺聖人之用心，非上智不能也。故學《春秋》者，必優遊涵 +泳，默識心通，然後能造其微也。後王知《春秋》之義，則雖德非禹湯，尚可以法三代 +之治，自秦而下，其學不傳。予悼夫聖人之志不明於後世也，故作傳以明之。俾後之人 +，通其文而求其義，得其意而法其用，則三代可複也。是傳也，雖未能極聖人之蘊奧， +庶幾學者得其門而入矣。 + +62、詩書載道之文，春秋聖人之用。詩書如藥方，春秋如用藥治病。聖人之用，全在此 +書，所謂"不如載之行事，深切著明"者也。有重疊言者，如征伐盟會之類。蓋欲成書， +勢須如此。不可事事各求異義，但一字有異，或上下文異，則義須別。 + +63、《五經》之有《春秋》，猶法律之有斷例也。律令唯言其法，至於斷例，則始見其 +法之用也。 + +64、學《春秋》亦善。一句是一事，是非便見於此。此亦窮理之要。然他經豈不可以窮 +理？但他經論其義，《春秋》因其行事是非較著，故窮理爲要。嘗語學者，且先讀《論 +語》《孟子》，更讀一經，然後看《春秋》。先識得個義理，方可看《春秋》。《春秋 +》以何爲准？無如《中庸》。欲知《中庸》，無如"權"，須是時而爲中。若以手足胼胝 +，閉戶不出，二者之間取中，便不是中。若當手足胼胝，則於此爲中。當閉戶不出，則 +於此爲中。權之爲言，秤錘之義也。何物爲權？義也，時也。只是說得到義，義以上更 +難說，在人自看如何。 + +65、《春秋》傳爲按，經爲斷。 + +66、凡讀史不徒要記事迹，須要識其治亂安危興廢存亡之理。且如讀《高帝紀》，便須 +識得漢家四百年終始治亂當如何。是亦學也。 + +67、先生每讀史，到一半，便掩卷思量，料其成敗，然後卻看。有不合處，又更精思。 +其間多有幸而成，不幸而敗。今人只見成者便以爲是，敗者便以爲非。不知成者煞有不 +是，敗者煞有是底。 + +68、讀史須見聖賢所存治亂之機，賢人君子出處進退，便是格物。 + +69、元祐中，客有見伊川者，幾案間無他書，惟印行《唐鑒》一部。先生曰：近方見此 +書，三代以後無此議論。 + +70、橫渠先生曰：序卦不可謂非聖人之緼。今欲安置一物，猶求審處，況聖人之于易？ +其間雖無極至精義，大概皆有意思。觀聖人之書，須遍佈細密如是。大匠豈以一斧可知 +哉！ + +71、天官之職，須襟懷洪大，方得看。蓋其規模至大，若不得此心，欲事事上致曲窮究 +，湊合此心如是之大，必不能得也。釋氏錙銖天地，可謂至大，然不嘗爲大，則爲事不 +得。若畀之一錢，則必亂矣。又曰：太宰之職難看。蓋無許大心胸包羅，記得此，複忘 +彼。其混混天下之事，當如捕龍蛇搏虎豹，用心力看方可。其他五官便易看，止一職也 +。 + +72、古人能知詩者惟孟子，爲其以意逆志也。夫詩人之志至平易，不必爲艱險求之。今 +以艱險求詩，則已喪其本心，何由見詩人之志？ + +73、《尚書》難看，蓋難得胸臆如此之大。只欲解義，則無難也。 + +74、讀書少，則無由考校得精義。蓋書以維持此心，一時放下，則一時德性有懈。讀書 +則此心常在，不讀書則終看義理不見。 + +75、書須成誦。精思多在夜中，或靜坐得之。不記則思不起。但貫通得大原後，書亦易 +記。所以觀書者，釋己之疑，明己之未達。每見每知新益，則學進矣。於不疑處有疑， +方是進矣。 + +76、《六經》須迴圈理會。義理盡無窮，待自家長得一格，則又見得別。 + +77、如《中庸》文字輩，直須句句理會過，使其言互相發明。 + +78、《春秋》之書，在古無有，乃仲尼自作。惟孟子能知之。非理明義精，殆未可學。 +先儒未及此而治之，故其說多鑿。 + + +卷四·存養 + +1、或問：聖可學乎？濂溪先生曰：可。有要乎？曰：有。 + +請問焉，曰：一爲要。一者，無欲也。無欲則靜，虛動直靜。虛則明，明則通。動直則 +公，公則溥。明通公溥庶幾乎！ + +2、伊川先生曰：陽始生甚微，安靜而後能長。故複之象曰："先王以至日閉關。" + +3、動息節宣，以養生也。飲食衣服，以養形也。威儀行義，以養德也。推己及物，以 +養人也。 + +4、慎言語以養其德，皆飲食以養其體。事之至近而所系至大者，莫過於言語飲食也。 + +5、"震驚百里，不喪七鬯。"臨大震懼能安而不自失者，惟誠敬而已。此處震之道也。 + +6、人之所以不能安其止者，動於欲也。欲牽於前而求其止，不可得也。故艮之道，當" +艮之背"。所見者在前而背乃背之，是所不見也。止於所不見，則無欲以亂其心，而止 +乃安。"不獲其身"，不見其身也。謂忘我也，無我則止矣。不能無我，無可止之道。" +行其庭，不見其人。"庭除之間至近也。在背則雖至近不見，謂不交於物也。外物不接 +，內欲不萌，如是而止，乃得止之道。於止爲無咎也。 + +7、明道先生曰：若不能存養，只是說話。 + +8、聖賢千言萬語，只是欲人將已放之心，約之使反復入身來，自能尋向上去，下學而 +上達也。 + +9、李籲問：每常遇事，即能知操存之意，無事時如何存養得熟？曰：古之人，耳之于 +樂，目之於禮，左右起居，盤盂幾杖，有銘有戒，動息皆有所養。今皆廢此，獨有義理 +之養心耳。但存此涵養意，久則自熟矣。"敬以直內"，是涵養意。 + +10、呂與叔嘗言患思慮多，不能驅除。曰：此正如破屋中禦寇，東面一人來未逐得，西 +面又一人至矣。左右前後，驅逐不暇，蓋其四面空疏，盜固易入，無緣作得主定。又如 +虛器入水，水自然入。若以一器實之以水，置之水中，水何能入來？蓋中有主則實，實 +則外患不能入，自然無事。 + +11、邢和叔言吾曹常須愛養精力。精力稍不足則倦，所臨事皆勉強而無誠意。接賓客語 +言尚可見，況臨大事乎！ + +12、明道先生曰：學者全體此心，學雖未盡，若事物之來，不可不應。但隨分限應之， +雖不中不遠矣。 + +13、"居處恭，執事敬，與人忠。"此是徹上徹下語。聖人元無二語。 + +14、伊川先生曰：學者須敬守此心，不可急迫。當栽培深厚，涵泳於其間，然後可以自 +得。但急迫求之，只是私心，終不足以達道。 + +15、明道先生曰："思無邪"，"毋不敬"，只此二句，循而行之，安得有差？有差者皆由 +不敬不正也。 + +16、今學者敬而不見得，又不安者，只是心生，亦是太以敬來做事得重。此"恭而無禮 +則勞"也。恭者，私爲恭之恭也。禮者，非禮之禮，是自然底道理也。只恭而不爲自然 +底道理，故不自在也。須是"恭而安"。今容貌必端，言語必正者，非是道獨善其身，要 +人道如何。只是天理合如此。本無私意，只是個循理而已。 + +17、今志于義理而心不安樂者，何也？此則正是剩一個助之長。雖則心"操之則存，舍 +之則亡"，然而持之太甚，便是"必有事焉而正之"也。亦須且憑去，如此者只是德孤，" +德不孤，必有鄰"。到德盛後，自無窒礙，左右逢其原也。 + +18、敬而無失，便是"喜怒哀樂未發謂之中"。敬不可謂中，但敬而無失，即所以中也。 + +19、司馬子微嘗作《坐忘論》，是所謂"坐馳"也。 + +20、伯淳昔在長安倉中間坐，見長廊柱，以意數之，已尚不疑，再數之不合，不免令人 +一一聲言數之，乃與初數者無差。則知越著心把捉，越不定。 + +21、人心作主不定，正如一個翻車，流轉動搖，無須臾停。所感萬端，若不做一個主， +怎生奈何！張天祺昔嘗言自約數年，自上著床，便不得思量事。不思量事後，須強把他 +這心來制縛。亦須寄寓在一個形象，皆非自然。君實自謂吾得術矣。只管念個中字，此 +又爲中所系縛。且中亦何形象！有人胸中常若有兩人焉。欲爲善，如有惡以爲之間。欲 +爲不善，又若有羞惡之心者。本無二人，此正交戰之驗也。持其志使氣不能亂，此大可 +驗。要之，聖賢必不害心疾。 + +22、明道先生曰：某寫字時甚敬，非是要字好，只此是學。 + +23、伊川先生曰：聖人不記事，所以常記得。今人忘事，以其記事。不能記事，處事不 +精，皆出於養之不完固。 + +24、明道先生在澶州日修橋，少一長梁，曾博求於民間。後因出入，見林木之佳者，必 +起計度之心。因語以戒學者，心不可有一事。 + +25、伊川先生曰：入道莫如敬，未有能致知而不在敬者。今人主心不定，識心如寇賊而 +不可制，不是事累心，乃是心累事。當知天下無一物是合少得者，不可惡也。 + +26、人只有一個天理，卻不能存得，更做甚人也！ + +27、人多思慮，不能自寧。只是做他心主不定。要作得心主定，惟是止於事。爲人君止 +於仁之類。如舜之誅四凶。四凶已作惡，舜從而誅之，舜何與焉？人不止於事，只是攬 +他事，不能使物各付物。物各付物，則是役物。爲五所役，則是役於物。"有五必有則" +，須是止於事。 + +28、不能動人，只是誠不至。於事厭倦，皆是無誠處。 + +29、靜後見萬物自然皆有春意。 + +30、孔子言仁，只說："出門如見大賓，使民如承大祭。"看其氣象，更須"心廣體胖"， +"動容周旋中禮"自然。惟慎獨便是守之之法。 + +31、聖人"修己以敬，以安百姓"，"篤恭而天下平"。惟上下一於恭敬，則天地自位，萬 +物自育。氣無不和，四靈何有不至？此"體信達順"之道。聰明睿智皆由是出，以此事天 +饗地。 + +32、存養熟後，泰然行將去。 + +33、"不愧屋漏"，則心安而體舒。 + +34、心要在腔子裏。只外面有些隙罅，便走了。 + +35、人心常要活，則周流無窮而不滯於一隅。 + +36、明道先生曰："天地設位，而易行乎其中"，只是敬也。敬則無間斷。 + +37、"毋不敬"，可以"對越上帝"。 + +38、敬勝百邪。 + +39、"敬以直內，義以方外"，仁也。若以敬直內，則便不直矣。"必有事焉而勿正"，則 +直也。 + +40、涵養吾一。 + +41、"子在川上曰：逝者如斯夫！不舍晝夜。"自漢以來，儒者皆不識此意。此見聖人之 +心，"純亦不已"也。純亦不已，天德也。有天德便可語王道，其要只在慎獨。 + +42、"不有躬，無攸利。"不立己，後雖向好事，猶爲化物，不得以天下萬物撓己。己立 +後，自能了當得天下萬物。 + +43、伊川先生曰：學者患心慮紛亂，不能寧靜，此則天下公病。學者只要立個心，此上 +頭盡有商量。 + +44、"閑邪則誠自存"，不是外面捉一個誠將來存著。今人外面役役于不善，於不善中尋 +個善來存著，如此則豈有入善之理？只是閑邪則誠自存，故孟子言性善皆由內出。只爲 +誠便存，閑邪更著甚工夫？但惟是動容貌，整思慮，則自然生敬。敬只是主一也，主一 +則既不之東，又不之西，如是則只是中。既不之此，又不之彼，如是則只是內。存此則 +自然天理明。學者須是將"敬以直內"涵養此意，直內是本。 + +45、閑邪則固一矣。然主一則不消言閑邪。有以一爲難見，不可下工夫，如何？一者無 +他，只是整齊嚴肅，則心便一。一則自是無非僻之幹。此意但涵養久之，則天理自然明 +。 + +46、有言未感時知，何所寓？曰："操則存，舍則亡，出入無時，莫知其鄉。"更怎生尋 +所寓？只是有操而已。操之之道，"敬以直內"也。 + +47、敬則自虛靜。不可把虛靜喚做敬。 + +48、學者先務，固在心志，然有謂欲屏去聞見知思，則是"絕聖棄智"。有欲屏去思慮， +患其紛亂，則須坐禪入定。如明鑒在此，萬物畢照，是鑒之常，難爲使之不照。人心不 +能不交感萬物，難爲使之不思慮。若欲免此，惟是心有主。如何爲主？敬而已矣。有主 +則虛，虛謂邪不能入。無主則實，實謂物來奪之。大凡人心不可二用，用於一事，則他 +事更不能入者，事爲之主也。事爲之主，尚無思慮紛擾之患。若主於敬，又焉有此患乎 +？所謂敬者，主一之謂敬。所謂一者，無適之謂一。且欲涵泳主一之義，不一則二三矣 +。至於不敢欺，不敢慢，尚"不愧於屋漏"，皆是敬之事也。 + +49、"嚴威儼恪"，非敬之道。但致敬須自此入。 + +50、舜孳孳爲善。若未接物，如何爲善？只是主於敬，便是爲善也。以此觀之，聖人之 +道，不是但默然無言。 + +51、問：人之燕居，形體怠惰，心不慢，可否？曰：安有箕踞而心不慢者？昔呂與叔六 +月中來緱氏，閒居中某嘗窺之，必見其儼然危坐，可謂敦篤矣。心志須恭敬，但不可令 +拘迫，拘迫則難久。 + +52、思慮雖多，果出於正，亦無害否？曰：且如在宗廟則主敬，朝廷主莊，軍旅主嚴， +此是也。如發不以時，紛然無度，雖正亦邪。 + +53、蘇季明問：喜怒哀樂未發之前求中，可否？曰：不可。既思於喜怒哀樂未發之前求 +之，又卻是思也。既思即是已發。才發便謂之和，不可謂之中也。 + +又問：呂學士言當求於喜怒哀樂未發之前，如何？曰：若曰存養於喜怒哀樂未發之前則 +可，若言求中於喜怒哀樂未發之前則不可。 + +又問：學者于喜怒哀樂發時，固當勉強裁抑。于未發之前當如何用功？曰：於喜怒哀樂 +未發之前，更怎生求？只平日涵養便是。涵養久，則喜怒哀樂發自中節。 + +曰：當中之時，耳無聞，目無見否？曰：雖耳無聞，目無見，然見聞之理在始得。賢且 +說靜時如何。 + +曰：謂之無物則不可，然自有知覺處。 + +曰：既有知覺，卻是動也，怎生言靜？人說複，其見天地之心，皆以謂至敬能見天地之 +心，非也。複之卦下面一畫，便是動也。安得謂之靜？ + +或曰：莫是於動上求靜否？曰：固是。然最難。釋氏多言定，聖人便言止。如"爲人君 +，止於仁。爲人臣，止於敬"之類是也。《易》之艮言止之義，曰："艮其止，止其所也 +。"人多不能止，蓋人萬物皆備，遇事時各因其心之所重者更互而出，才見得這事重， +便有這事出。若能物各付物，便自不出來也。 + +或曰：先生于喜怒哀樂未發之前，下動字，下靜字？曰：謂之靜則可，然靜中須有物始 +得。這裏便是難處。學者莫若且先理會得敬，能敬則知此矣。 + +或曰：敬何以用功？曰：莫若主一。 + +季明曰：昞嘗患思慮不定，或思一事未了，他事如麻又生，如何？曰：不可。此不誠之 +本也。須是習，習能專一時便好。不拘思慮與應事，皆要求一。 + +54、人於夢寐間，亦可以蔔自家所學之深淺。如夢寐顛倒，即是心志不定，操存不固。 + +55、問：人心所系著之事果善，夜夢見之，莫不害否？曰：雖是善事，心亦是動。凡事 +有朕兆入夢者卻無害，舍此皆是妄動。人心須要定，使他思時方思，乃是。今人都由心 +。 + +曰：心誰使之？曰：以心使心則可。人心自由，便放去也。 + +56、持其志，無暴其氣，內外交相養也。 + +57、問："出辭氣"，莫是於言語上用功夫否？曰：須是養乎中，自然言語順理。若是慎 +言語不妄發，此卻可著力。 + +58、先生謂繹曰：吾受氣甚薄，三十而浸盛，四十五十而後完。今生七十二年矣，校其 +筋骨，于盛年無損也。 + +繹曰：先生豈以受氣之薄，而厚爲保生耶？夫子默然曰：吾以忘生徇欲爲深恥。 + +59、大率把捉不定，皆是不仁。 + +60、伊川先生曰：致知在所養，養知莫過於"寡欲"二字。 + +61、心定者，其言重以舒。不定者，其言輕以疾。 + +62、明道先生曰：人有四百四病，皆不由自家。則是心須教由自家。 + +63、謝顯道從明道先生于扶溝，明道一日謂之曰：爾輩在此相從，只是學顥言語，故其 +學心口不相應，盍若行之。 + +請問焉。曰：且靜坐。 + +伊川每見人靜坐，便歎其善學。 + +64、橫渠先生曰：始學之要，當知三月不違，與日月至焉，內外賓主之辨，使心意勉勉 +循循而不能已。過此幾非在我者。 + +65、心清時少，亂時常多。其清時視明聽聰，四體不待羈束而自然恭謹。其亂時反是。 +如此何也？蓋用心未熟，客慮多而常心少也。習俗之心未去，而實心未完也。人又要得 +剛，太柔則入於不立。亦有人生無喜怒者，則又要得剛，剛則守得定不回，進道勇敢。 +載則比他人自是勇處多。 + +66、戲謔不惟害事，志亦爲氣所流。不戲謔亦是持氣之一端。 + +67、正心之始，當以己心爲嚴師。凡所動作，則知所懼。如此一二年守得牢固，則自然 +心正矣。 + +68、定然後始有光明。若常移易不定，何求光明？《易》大抵以艮爲止，止乃光明。故 +《大學》定而至於能慮，人心多則無由光明。 + +69、"動靜不失其時，其道光明。"學者必時其動靜，則其道乃不蔽昧而明白。今人從學 +之久，不見進長，正以莫識動靜。見他人擾擾非關己事，而所修亦廢。由聖學觀之，冥 +冥悠悠，以是終身，謂之光明可乎？ + +70、敦篤虛靜者，仁之本。不輕妄，則是敦厚也。無所系閡昏塞，則是虛靜也。此難以 +頓悟。苟知之，須久於道實體之，方知其味。夫仁亦在乎熟之而已。 + + +卷五·克己 + +1、濂溪先生曰：君子乾乾不息於誠，然必懲忿窒欲遷善改過而後至。乾之用其善是， +損益之大莫是過，聖人之旨深哉！吉凶悔吝生乎動。噫！吉一而已。動可不慎乎？ + +2、濂溪先生曰：孟子曰："養心莫善於寡欲。"予謂養心不止於寡而存耳。蓋寡焉以至 +於無，無則誠立明通。誠立，賢也；明通，聖也。 + +3、伊川先生曰：顔淵問克己複禮之目，夫子曰："非禮勿視，非禮勿聽，非禮勿言，非 +禮勿動。"四者身之用也。由乎中而應乎外，制於外所以養其中也。顔淵事斯語，所以 +進于聖人。後之學聖人者，宜服膺而勿失也。因箴以自警。《視箴》曰："心兮本虛， +應物無迹。操之有要，視爲之則。蔽交於前，其中則遷。制之于外，以安其內。克己複 +禮，久而誠矣。"《聽箴》曰："人有秉彜，本乎天性。知誘物化，遂亡其正。卓彼先覺 +，知止有定。閑邪存誠，非禮勿聽。"《言箴》曰："人心之動，因言以宣。發禁躁安， +內斯靜專。矧是樞機，興戎出好。吉凶榮辱，惟其所召。傷易則誕，傷煩則支。己肆物 +忤，出悖來違。非法不道，欽哉訓辭。"《動箴》曰："哲人知幾，誠之於思。志士厲行 +，守之於爲。順理則裕，從欲惟危。造次克念，戰兢自持。習與性成，聖賢同歸。" + +4、複之初九曰："不遠複無祗悔，元吉。"傳曰：陽，君子之道。故複爲反善之義。初 +，複之最先者也。是不遠而複也。失而後有複，不失則何複之有？惟失之不遠而複，則 +不至於悔，大善而吉也。顔子無形顯之過，夫子謂其庶幾乃無祗悔也。過既未形而改， +何悔之有？既未能不勉而中，所欲不逾矩，是有過也。然其明而剛，故一有不善，未嘗 +不知，既知，未嘗不遽改，故不至於悔，乃不遠複也。學問之道無他也，惟其知不善， +則速蓋以從善而已。 + +5、晉之上九："晉其角，維用伐邑。厲吉，無咎，貞吝。"傳曰：人之自治，剛極則守 +道愈固，進極則遷善愈速。如上九者，以之自治，則雖傷于厲，而吉且無咎也。嚴厲非 +安和之道，而于自治則有功也。雖自治用功，然非中和之德。故於貞正之道爲可吝也。 + +6、損者，損過而就中，損浮末而就本實也。天下之害，無不由未之勝也。峻宇雕牆， +本於宮室。酒池肉林，本於飲食。淫酷殘忍，本於刑罰。窮兵黷武，本於征討。凡人欲 +之過者，皆本於奉養。其流之遠，則爲害矣。先王制其本者，天理也。後人流於未者， +人欲也。損之義，損人欲以複天理而已。 + +7、夬九五曰："莧陸，夬夬，中行無咎。"象曰："中行無咎，中，未光也。"傳曰：夫 +人心正意誠，乃能極中正之道，而充實光輝。若心有所比，以義之不可而決之，雖行於 +外，不失其中正之義，可以無咎。然于中道未得爲光大也。蓋人心一有所欲，則離道矣 +。夫子于此，示人之意深矣。 + +8、方說而止，節之義也。 + +9、節之九二，不正之節也。以剛中正爲節。如懲忿窒欲損過抑有餘是也。不正之節， +如嗇節於用，懦節於行是也。 + +10、人而無克伐怨欲，惟仁者能之。有之而能制其情不行焉，斯亦難能也。謂之仁則未 +可也。此原憲之問，夫子答以知其爲難。而不知其爲仁。此聖人開示之深也。 + +11、明道先生曰：義理與客氣常相勝，只看消長分數多少，爲君子小人之別。義理所得 +漸多，則自然知得客氣消散得漸少。消盡者是大賢。 + +12、或謂人莫不知和柔寬緩，然臨事則反至於暴厲。曰：只是志不勝氣，氣反動其心也 +。 + +13、人不能祛思慮，只是吝。吝故無浩然之氣。 + +14、制怒爲難，制懼亦難。克己可以制怒，明理可以制懼。 + +15、堯夫解"他山之石，可以攻玉"：玉者，溫潤之物，若將兩塊玉來相磨，必磨不成。 +須是得他個粗礪底物，方磨得出。譬如君子與小人處，爲小人侵陵，則修省畏避，動心 +忍性，增益豫防。如此便道理出來。 + +16、目畏尖物。此事不得放過，便與克下。室中率置尖物，須以理勝他。尖必不刺人也 +，何畏之有？ + +17、明道先生曰：責上責下，而中自恕己，豈可任職分？ + +18、"舍己從人"，最爲難事。己者，我之所有，雖痛舍之，猶懼守己者固，而從人者輕 +也。 + +19、九德最好。 + +20、"饑食渴飲，冬裘夏葛。"若致些私吝心在，便是廢天職。 + +21、獵自謂今無此好。周茂叔曰：何言之易也？但此心潛隱未發，一日萌動，複如前矣 +。後十二年因見，果知未也。 + +22、伊川先生曰：大抵人有身，便有自私之理。宜其與道難。 + +23、罪己責躬不可無，然亦不當長留在心胸爲悔。 + +24、所欲不必沈溺，只有所向便是欲。 + +25、明道先生曰：子路亦百世之師。 + +26、人語言緊急，莫是氣不定否？曰：此亦當習，習到言語自然緩時，便是氣質變也。 +學至氣質變，方是有功。 + +27、問："不遷怒，不貳過。"何也？語錄有怒甲不遷乙之說，是否？伊川先生曰：是。 + +曰：若此則甚易，何待顔子而後能？ + +曰：只被說得粗了，諸君便道易，此莫是最難。須是理會得因何不遷怒，如舜之誅四凶 +，怒在四凶，舜何與焉？蓋因是人有可怒之事而怒之，聖人之心本無怒也。譬如明鏡， +好物來時便見是好，惡物來時便見是怒，鏡何嘗有好惡也？世之人固有怒於室而色於市 +，且如怒一人，對那人說話，能無怒色否？有能怒一人，而不怒別人者，能忍得如此， +已是煞知義理。若聖人因物而未嘗有怒，此莫是甚難。君子役物，小人役於物。今見可 +喜可怒之事，自家著一分陪奉他，此亦勞矣。聖人之心如止水。 + +28、人之視最先。非禮而視，則所謂開目便錯了。次聽，次言，次動，有先後之序。人 +能克己，則心廣體胖。仰不愧，俯不怍，其樂可知。有息則餒矣。 + +29、聖人責己感也處多，責人應也處少。 + +30、謝子與伊川別一年，往見之。伊川曰：相別一年，做得甚工夫？謝曰：也只去個矜 +字。曰：何故？曰：子細檢點得來，病痛盡在這裏。若按伏得這個罪過，方有向盡處。 +伊川點頭，因語在坐同志者曰：此人爲學，切問近思者也。 + +31、思叔詬詈仆夫，伊川曰：何不"動心忍性"？思叔慚謝。 + +32、見賢便思齊，有爲者亦若是。見不賢而內自省，蓋莫不在己。 + +33、橫渠先生曰：湛一氣之本，攻取氣之欲。口腹于飲食，鼻口於臭味，皆攻取之性也 +。知德者屬厭而已。不以嗜欲累其心，不以小害大，末喪本焉爾。 + +34、纖惡必除，善斯成性矣。察惡未盡，雖善必粗矣。 + +35、惡不仁，故不善未嘗不知。徒好仁而不惡不仁，則習不察，行不著。是故徒善未必 +盡義，徒是未必盡仁。好仁而惡不仁，然後盡仁義之道。 + +36、責己者當知無天下國家皆非之理。故學至於不尤人，學之至也。 + +37、有潛心於道，怱怱爲他慮引去者，此氣也。舊習纏繞，未能脫灑，畢竟無益，但樂 +於舊習耳。古人欲得朋友，與琴瑟簡編，常使心在於此。惟聖人知朋友之取益爲多，故 +樂得朋友之來。 + +38、矯輕警惰。 + +39、仁之難成久矣。人人失其所好，蓋人人有利欲之心，與學正相背馳。故學者要寡欲 +。 + +40、君子不必避他人之言，以爲太柔太弱。至於瞻視亦有節。視有上下，視高則氣高， +視下則心柔。故視國君者，不離紳帶之中。學者先須去其客氣。其爲人剛行，終不肯進 +。"堂堂乎張也，難與並爲仁矣。"蓋目者人之所常用，且心常托之。視之上下，且試之 +。己之敬傲，必見於視。所以欲下其視者，欲柔其心也。柔其心，則聽言敬且信。人之 +有朋友不爲燕安。所以輔佐其仁。今之朋友，擇其善柔以相與。拍肩執袂以爲氣合。一 +言不合，怒氣相加。朋友之際，欲其相下不倦。故于朋友之間，主其敬者。日相親與， +得效最速。仲尼嘗曰："吾見其居於位也，與先生並行也。非求益者，欲速成者。"則學 +者先須溫柔，溫柔則可以進學。《詩》曰："溫溫恭人，惟德之基。"蓋其所益之多。 + +41、世學不講，男女從幼便驕惰壞了。到長益兇狠，只爲未嘗爲子弟之事，則於其親己 +有物我，不肯屈下。病根常在，又隨所居而長，至死只依舊。爲子弟，則不能安灑掃應 +對。在朋友，則不能下朋友。有官長，則不能下官長。爲宰相，不能下天下之賢。甚則 +至於徇私意，義理都喪。也只爲病根不去，雖所居所接而長。人須一事事消了病，則義 +理常勝。 + + +卷六·家道 + +1、伊川先生曰：弟子之職，力有餘則學文。不修其職而學，非爲己之學也。 + +2、孟子曰："事親若曾子可也。"未嘗以曾子之孝爲有餘也。蓋子之身所能爲者，皆所 +當爲也。 + +3、幹母之蠱不可貞。子之於母，當以柔巽輔導之，使得於義。不順而致敗蠱，則子之 +罪也。從容將順，豈無道乎？若伸己剛陽之道，遽然矯拂，則傷恩，所害大矣，亦安能 +入乎？在乎屈己下意，巽順相承，使之身正事治而已。剛陽之臣，事柔弱之君，義亦相 +近。 + +4、蠱之九三，以陽處剛而不中，剛之過也，故小有悔。然在巽體不爲無順。順，事親 +之本也。又居得正，故無大容。然有小悔，已非善事親也。 + +5、正倫理，篤恩義，家人之道也。 + +6、人之處家，在骨肉父子之間，大率以情勝禮，以恩奪義。惟剛立之人，則能不以私 +愛失其正理。故家人卦大要以剛爲善。 + +7、家人上九爻辭，謂治家當有威嚴。而夫子又複戒雲："當先嚴其身也。"威嚴不先行 +於己，則人怨而不服。 + +8、歸妹九二，守其幽貞，未失夫婦常正之道。世人以媟狎爲常，故以貞靜爲變常，不 +知乃常久之道也。 + +9、世人多慎於擇婿，而忽於擇婦。其實婿易見，婦難知。所系甚重，豈可忽哉！ + +10、人無父母，生日當倍悲痛，更安忍置酒張樂以爲樂？若具慶者可矣。 + +11、問：行狀雲："盡性至命，必本于孝弟。"不識孝弟何以能盡性至命也？曰：後人便 +將性命別作一般事說了。性命孝弟，只是一統底事，就孝弟中便可盡性至命。如灑掃應 +對與盡性至命，亦是一統底事，無有本末，無有精粗，卻被後來人言性命者，別作一般 +高遠說。故舉孝弟，是于人切近者言之。然今時非無孝弟之人，而不能盡性至命者，由 +之而不知也。 + +12、問：第五倫視其子之疾與兄子之疾不同，子謂之私，如何？曰：不待安寢與不安寢 +，只不起與十起，便是私也。父子之愛本是公，才著些心做，便是私也。 + +又問：視己子與兄子有間否？曰：聖人立法，曰："兄弟之子猶子也。"是欲視之猶子也 +。 + +又問：天性自有輕重，疑若有間然。曰：只爲今人以私心看了。孔子曰："父子之道， +天性也。"此只就孝上說，故言父子天性。若君臣兄弟賓主朋友之類，亦豈不是天性？ +只爲今人小看卻，不推其本所由來，故爾。己之子與兄之子所爭幾何？是同出於父者也 +。只爲兄弟異形，故以兄弟爲手足。人多以異形故，親己之子異于兄弟之子，甚不是也 +。 + +又問：孔子以公冶長不及南容，故以兄之子妻南容，以己之子妻公冶長。何也？曰：此 +亦以己之私心看聖人也。凡人避嫌者，皆內不足也。聖人自至公，何更避嫌？凡嫁女， +各量其才而求配。或兄之子不甚美，必擇其相稱者爲之配。己之子美，必擇其才美者爲 +之配。豈更避嫌耶？若孔子事，或是年不相若，或時有先後，皆不可知。以孔子爲避嫌 +，則大不是。如避嫌事，賢者且不爲，況聖人乎？ + +13、問：孀婦於理似不可取，如何？曰：然。凡取，以配身也。若取失節者以配身，是 +已失節也。 + +又問：或有孤孀貧窮無托者，可再嫁否？曰：只是後世怕寒餓死，故有是說。然餓死事 +極小，失節事極大。 + +14、病臥於床，委之庸醫，比之不慈不孝。事親者亦不可不知醫。 + +15、程子葬父，使周恭叔主客。客飲酒，恭叔以告先生。曰：勿陷人於惡。 + +16、買乳婢多不得已，或不能自乳，必使人。然食己子而殺人之子，非道。必不得已， +用二子乳食三子，足備他虞。或乳母病且死，則不爲害，又不爲己子殺人之子。但有所 +費，若不幸致誤其子，害孰大焉？ + +17、先公太中諱珦，字伯溫。前後五得任子，以均諸父子孫。嫁遣孤女，必盡其力。所 +得俸錢，分贍親戚之貧者。伯母劉氏寡居，公奉養甚至。其女之夫死，公迎從女兄以歸 +。教養其子，均于子侄。既而女兄之女又寡，公懼女兄之悲思，又取甥女以歸嫁之。時 +小官祿薄，克己爲義，人以爲難。公慈恕而剛斷，平居與幼賤處，惟恐有傷其意。至於 +犯義理，則不假也。左右使令之人，無日不察其饑飽寒燠。 + +取侯氏，侯夫人事舅姑以孝謹稱，與先公相待如賓客。先公賴其內助，禮敬尤至。而夫 +人謙順自牧，雖小事未嘗專，必稟而後行。仁恕寬厚，撫愛諸庶，不異己出。從叔孤幼 +，夫人存視，常均己子。治家有法，不嚴而整。不喜笞撲奴婢，視小臧獲如兒女。諸子 +或加呵責，必戒之曰："貴賤雖殊，人則一也。汝如是大時，能爲此事否？"先公凡有所 +怒，必爲之寬解。唯諸兒有過，則不掩也。常曰："子之所以不孝者，由母蔽其過，而 +父不知也。"夫人男子六人，所存惟二，其愛慈可謂至矣，然於教之之道，不少假也。 +才數歲，行而或踣，家人走前扶抱，恐其驚啼，夫人未嘗不呵責曰："汝若安徐，寧至 +踣乎？"飲食常置之坐側，常食絮羹，即叱止之曰："幼求稱欲，長當如何？"雖使令輩 +，不得以惡言罵之。故頤兄弟平生，于飲食衣服無所擇，不能惡言罵人，非性然也，教 +之使然也。與人爭忿，雖直不右，曰："患其不能屈，不患其不能伸。"及稍長，常使從 +善師友遊。雖居貧，或欲延客，則喜而爲之具。夫人七八歲時，誦古詩曰："女子不夜 +出，夜出秉明燭。"自是日暮則不復出房閣。既長，好文，而不爲辭章，見世之婦女以 +文章筆劄傳於人者，則深以爲非。 + +18、橫渠先生嘗曰：事親奉祭，豈可使人爲之！ + +19、舜之事親有不悅者，爲父頑母囂，不近人情。若中人之性，其愛惡若無害理，姑必 +順之。親之故舊，所喜者，當極力招致，以悅其親。凡于父母賓客之奉，必極力營辦， +亦不計家之有無。然爲養又須使不知其勉強勞苦，苟使見其爲而不易，則亦不安矣。 + +20、《斯幹》詩言："兄及弟矣，式相好矣，無相猶矣。"言兄弟宜相好，不要相學。猶 +，似也。人情大抵患在施之不見報則輟，故恩不能終。不要相學，己施之而已。 + +21、人"不爲周南召南，其猶正牆面而立"。常深思此言誠是。不從此行，甚隔著事，向 +前推不去。蓋至親至近，莫甚於此。故須從此始。 + +22、婢仆始至者，本懷勉勉敬心，若到所提掇更謹。慢則棄其本心，便習以性成。故仕 +者入治朝則德日進，入亂朝則德日退，只觀在上者有可學無可學爾。 + + +卷七·出處 + +1、伊川先生曰：賢者在下，豈可自進以求於君？苟自求之，必無能信用之理。古之人 +所以必待人君致敬盡禮而後往者，非欲自爲尊大。蓋其尊德樂道之心不如是，不足以有 +爲也。 + +2、君子之需時也，安靜自守。志雖有須而恬然若將終身焉，乃能用常也。雖不進而志 +動者，不能安其常也。 + +3、比吉，原筮元永貞，無咎。傳曰：人相親比，必有其道。苟非其道，則有悔咎。故 +必推原占決其可比者而比之。所比得元永貞則無咎。元，謂有君長之道。永，謂可以常 +久。貞，謂得正道。上之比下，必有此三者。下之從上，必求此三者。則無咎也。 + +4、履之初九曰："素履往，無咎。"傳曰：夫人不能自安於貧賤之素，則其進也，乃貪 +躁而動，求去乎貧賤耳，非欲有爲也。既得其進，驕溢必矣，故往則有咎。賢者則安履 +其素，其處也樂，其進也將有爲也，故得其進則有爲而無不善。若欲貴之心，與行道之 +心交戰於中，豈能安履其素乎？ + +5、大人于否之時，守其正節，不雜亂於小人之群類，身雖否而道之亨也。故曰："大人 +否亨。"不以道而身亨，乃道否也。 + +6、人之所隨，得正則遠邪，從非則失是，無兩從之理。隨之六二，苟系初則失五矣， +故象曰："弗兼與也。"所以戒人從正當專一也。 + +7、君子所貴，世俗所羞。世俗所貴，君子所賤。故曰："賁其趾，舍車而徒。" + +8、蠱之上九曰："不事王侯，高尚其事。"象曰："不事王侯，志可則也。"傳曰：士之 +自高尚，亦非一道。有懷抱道德，不偶于時，而高潔自守者。有知止足之道，退而自保 +者。有量能度分，安于不求知者。有清介自守，不屑天下之事，獨潔其身者。所處雖有 +得失小大之殊，皆自高尚其事者也。象所謂"志可則者，進退合道"者也。 + +9、遁者，陰之始長。君子知微，故當深戒。而聖人之意，未便遽已也。故有"與時行， +小利貞"之教。聖賢之于天下，雖知道之將廢，豈肯坐視其亂而不救？必區區致力於未 +極之間，強此之衰，艱彼之進。圖其暫安，苟得爲之，孔孟之所屑爲也。王允、謝安之 +于漢晉是也。 + +10、明夷初九，事未顯而處甚艱，非見幾之明不能也。如是則世俗孰不疑怪？然君子不 +以世俗之見怪，而遲疑其行也。若俟衆人盡識，則傷已及而不能去矣！ + +11、晉之初六，在下而始進，豈遽能深見信於上？苟上未見信，則當安中自守，雍容寬 +裕，無急於求上之信也。苟欲信之心切，非汲汲以失其守，則悻悻以傷於義矣。故曰： +"晉如摧如，貞吉。罔孚，裕無咎。"然聖人又恐後之人不達寬裕之義，居位者廢職失守 +以爲裕。故特雲"初六，裕則無咎"者，始進未受命當職任故也。若有官守，不信於上而 +失其職，一日不可居也。然事非一概，久速唯時，亦容有爲之兆者。 + +12、不正而合，未有久而不離者也。合以正道，自無終揆之理。故賢者順理而安行，智 +者知幾而固守。 + +13、君子當困窮之時，既盡其防慮之道而不得免，則命也，當推致其命以遂其志。知命 +之當然也，則窮塞禍患，不以動其心，行吾義而已。苟不知命，則恐懼於險難，隕獲於 +窮厄，所守亡矣。安能遂其爲善之志乎？ + +14、寒士之妻，弱國之臣，各安其正而已。苟擇勢而從，則惡之大者，不容於世矣。 + +15、井之九三，渫治而不見食，乃人有才智而不見用，以不得行爲憂惻也。蓋剛而不中 +，故切于施爲。異乎"用之則行，舍之則藏"者矣。 + +16、革之六二，中正則無偏蔽，文明則盡事理。應上則得權勢，體順則無違悖。時可矣 +，位得矣，才足矣，處革之至善者也。必待上下之信，故"已日乃革之"也。如二之才德 +，當進行其道，則吉而無咎也。不進則失可爲之時，爲有咎也。 + +17、鼎之有實，乃人之有才業也。當慎所趨向。不慎所往，則亦陷於非義。故曰："鼎 +有實，慎所之也。" + +18、士之處高位，則有拯而無隨。在下位，則有當拯，有當隨，有拯之不得而後隨。 + +19、"君子思不出其位。"位者，所處之分也。萬事各有其所，得其所則止而安。若當行 +而止，當速而久，或過或不及，皆出其位也，況逾分非據乎？ + +20、人之止難於久終，故節或移於晚，守或失於終，事或廢於久，人之所同患也。艮之 +上九，敦厚於終，止道之至善也。故曰："敦艮吉。" + +21、中孚之初九曰："虞吉。"象曰："志未變也。"傳曰：當信之始，志未有所從，而虞 +度所信，則得其正，是以吉也。志有所從，則是變動，虞之不得其正矣。 + +22、賢者惟知義而已，命在其中。中人以下，乃以命處義，如言"求之有道，得之有命" +，是求無益於得。知命之不可求，故自處以不求。若賢者則求之以道，得之以義，不必 +言命。 + +23、人之於患難，只有一個處置。盡人謀之後，卻須泰然處之。有人遇一事，則心心念 +念不肯舍，畢竟何益？若不會處置了放下，便是"無義無命"也。 + +24、門人有居太學而欲歸應鄉舉者，問其故，曰：蔡人鮮習《戴記》，決科之利也。先 +生曰：汝之是心，已不可入於堯舜之道矣！夫子貢之高職，曷嘗規規於貨利哉？持于豐 +約之間，不能無留情耳。且貧富有命，彼乃留情於其間，多見其不通道也。故聖人謂之 +"不受命"。有志於道者，要當去此心而後可語也。 + +25、人苟有"朝聞道，夕死可矣"之志，則不肯一日安於所不安也。何止一日，須臾不能 +。如曾子易簀，須要如此乃安。人不能若此者，只爲不見實理。實理者，實見得是，實 +見得非。凡實理得之於心自別。若耳聞口道者，心實不見。若見得，必不肯安於所不安 +。人之一身，盡有所不肯爲。及至他事又不然。若士者，雖殺之，使爲穿窬必不爲，其 +他事未必然。至如執卷者，莫不知說禮義。又如王公大人，皆能言軒冕外物，及其臨利 +害，則不知就義理，卻就富貴。如此者只是說得不實見。及其蹈水火，則人皆避之。是 +實見得。須是有"見不善如探湯"之心，則自然別。昔曾經傷於虎者，他人語虎，則雖三 +尺童子，皆知虎之可畏，終不似曾經傷者，神色懾懼，至誠畏之。是實見得也。得之於 +心，是謂有德，不待勉強。然學者則須勉強。古人有損軀隕命者，若不實見得，則烏能 +如此？須是實見得。生不重於義，生不安於死也。故有"殺身成仁"，只是成就一個是而 +已。 + +26、孟子辨舜蹠之分，只在義利之間。言間者，謂相去不甚遠，所爭毫末爾。義與利只 +是個公與私也。才出義，便以利言也。只那計較，便是爲有利害。若無利害，何用計較 +？利害者，天下之常情也。人皆知趨利而避害。聖人則更不論利害，惟看義當爲不當爲 +，便是命在其中也。 + +27、大凡儒者未敢望深造於道。且只得所存正，分別善惡，識廉恥。如此等人多，亦須 +漸好。 + +28、趙景平問："子罕言利"，所謂利者，何利？曰：不獨財利之利，凡有利心，便不可 +。如作一事，須尋自家穩便處，皆利心也。聖人以義爲利，矣安處便爲利。如釋氏之學 +，皆本於利，故便不是。 + +29、問：邢七久從先生，想都無知識，後來極狼狽。先生曰：謂之全無知則不可，只是 +義利不能勝利欲之心，便至如此也。 + +30、謝湜是自蜀之京師，過洛而見程子。子曰：爾將何之？曰：將試教官。子弗答。湜 +曰：如何？子曰：吾嘗買婢，欲試之，其母怒而弗許，曰："吾女非可試者也。"今爾求 +爲人師而試之，必爲此媼笑也。湜遂不行。 + +31、先生在講筵，不曾請俸。諸公遂牒戶部，問不支俸錢，戶部索前任曆子。先生雲： +某起自草萊，無前任曆子。遂令戶部自爲出券曆。又不爲妻求封，范純甫文其故，先生 +曰：某當時起自草萊，三辭然後受命，豈有今日乃爲妻求封之理？ + +問：今人陳乞恩例，義當然否？人皆以爲本分，不爲害。先生曰：只爲而今士大夫道得 +個乞字慣，卻動不動又是乞也。 + +因問陳乞封父祖如何？先生曰：此事體又別。再三請益，但雲其說甚長，待別時說。 + +32、漢策賢良，猶是人舉之。如公孫弘者，猶強起之乃就對。至如後世賢良，乃自求舉 +爾。若果有日，我心只望廷對，欲直言天下事，則亦可尚矣。若志在富貴，則得志便驕 +縱，失志則便放曠與悲愁而已。 + +33、伊川先生曰：人多說某不教人習舉業，某何嘗不教人習舉業也？人若不習舉業而望 +及第，卻是責天理而不修人事。但舉業既可以及第即已，若更去上面盡力，求必得之道 +，是惑也。 + +34、問：家貧親老，應舉求仕，不免有得失之累，何修可以免此？伊川先生曰：此只是 +志不勝氣。若志勝，自無此累。家貧親老，須用祿仕，然"得之不得爲有命"。 + +曰：在己固可，爲親奈何？曰：爲己爲親，也只是一事。若不得，其如命何？孔子曰： +"不知命，無以爲君子。"人苟不知命，見患難必避，遇得喪必動，見利必趨，其何以爲 +君子！ + +35、或謂科舉事業，奪人之功，是不然。且一月之中，十日爲舉業，餘日足可爲學。然 +人不志此，必志於彼。故科舉之事，不患妨功，惟患奪志。 + +36、橫渠先生曰：世祿之榮，王者所以錄有功，尊有德。愛之厚之，示恩遇之不窮也。 +爲人後者，所宜樂職勸功，以服勤事任。長廉遠利，以似述世風。而近代公卿子孫，方 +且下比布衣，工聲病，售有司。不知求仕非義，而反羞循理爲無能。不知蔭襲爲榮，而 +反以虛名爲善繼。誠何心哉！ + +37、不資其力而利其有，則能忘人之勢。 + +38、人多言安于貧賤，其實只是計窮力屈，才短不能營畫耳。若稍動得，恐未肯安之。 +須是誠知義理之樂於利欲也，乃能。 + +39、天下事大患只是畏人非笑。不養車馬，食粗衣惡，居貧賤，皆恐人非笑。不知當生 +則生，當死則死。今日萬鍾，明日棄之。今日富貴，明日饑餓。亦不恤。"惟義所在。" + + +卷八·治體 + +1、濂溪先生曰：治天下有本，身之謂也。治天下有則，家之謂也。本必端，端本，誠 +心而已矣。則必善，善則，和親而已矣。家難而天下易，家親而天下疏也。家人離必起 +於婦人，故睽次家人，以"二女同居而志不同行"也。堯所以釐降二女於嬀汭，舜可禪乎 +吾茲試矣。是治天下觀於家，治家觀身而已矣。身端，心誠之謂也。誠心，複其不善之 +動而已矣。不善之動，妄也。妄複則無妄矣。無妄則誠焉。故無妄次複而曰："先王以 +茂對時育萬物。"深哉！ + +2、明道先生言于神宗曰：得天理之正，極人倫之至者，堯舜之道也。用其私心，依仁 +義之偏者，霸者之事也。"王道如砥。"本乎人情，出乎禮義，若履大路而行，無複回曲 +。霸者崎嶇反側於曲徑之中，而卒不可與入堯舜之道。故誠心而王，則王矣。假之而霸 +，則霸矣。二者，其道不同，在審其初而已。《易》所謂"差若毫釐，謬以千里"者，其 +初不可不審也。惟陛下稽先聖之言，察人事之理，知堯舜之道備於己，反身而誠之，推 +之以及四海，則萬世幸甚！ + +3、伊川先生曰：當世之務，所尤先者有三。一曰立志，二曰責任，三曰求賢。今雖納 +嘉謀，陳善算，非君志先立，其能聽而用之乎？君欲用之，非責任宰輔，其孰承而行之 +乎？君相協心，非賢者任職，其能施於天下乎？此三者，本也，制於事者用之。三者之 +中，複以立志爲本。所謂立志者，至誠一心，以道自任，以聖人之訓爲可必信，先王之 +治爲可必行。不狃滯於近規，不遷惑於衆口。必期致天下如三代之世也。 + +4、比之九五曰："顯比，王用三驅，失前禽。"傳曰：人君比天下之道，當顯明其比道 +而已。如誠意以待物，恕己以及人。發政施仁，使天下蒙其惠澤，是人君親比天下之道 +也。如是天下孰不親比於上？若乃暴其小仁，違道幹譽，欲以求下之比，其道亦已狹矣 +，其能得天下之比乎？王者顯明其比道，天下自然來比。來者撫之，固不熙熙然求比於 +物。若田之三驅，禽之去者從而不追，來者則取之也。此王道之大，所以其民暤暤，而 +莫知爲之者也。非惟人君比天下之道如此，大率人之相比莫不然。以臣於君言之，竭其 +忠誠，致其才力，乃顯其比君之道也。用之與否，在君而已。不可阿諛奉迎，求其比己 +也。在朋友亦然，修身誠意以待之，親己與否，在人而已。不可巧言令色，曲從苟合， +以求人之比己也。于鄉党親戚，于衆人，莫不皆然。三驅失前禽之義也。 + +5、古之時，公卿大夫而下，位各稱其德，終身居之，得其分也。位未稱德，則君舉而 +進之。士修其學，學至而君求之。皆非有預於己也。農工商賈，勤其事而所享有限，故 +皆有定志，而天下之心可一。後世自庶士至於公卿，日誌于尊榮。農工商賈，日誌于富 +侈，億兆之心，交騖於利，天下紛然，如之何其可也？欲其不亂難矣！ + +6、泰之九二曰："包荒，用馮河。"傳曰：人情安肆，則政舒緩，而法度廢馳，庶事無 +節。治之之道，必有包含荒穢之量，則其施爲寬裕詳密，弊革事理，而人安之。若無含 +弘之度，有忿疾之心，則無深遠之慮，有暴擾之患。深弊未去，而近患已生矣，故在包 +荒也。自古泰治之世，必漸至於衰替，蓋由狃習安逸，因循而然。自非剛斷之君，英烈 +之輔，不能挺特奮發以革其弊也。故曰："用馮河。"或疑上雲"包荒"，則是包含寬容， +此雲"用馮河"，則是奮發改革，似相反也。不知以含容之量，施剛果之用，乃聖賢之爲 +也。 + +7、"觀，盥而不薦。有孚禹若。"傳曰：君子居上，爲天下之表儀，必極其莊敬。如始 +盥之初，勿使誠意少散，如既薦之後。則天下莫不盡其孚誠，禹然瞻仰之矣。 + +8、凡天下至於一國一家，至於萬事，所以不和合者，皆由有間也，無間則合矣。以至 +天地之生，萬物之成，皆合而後能遂。凡未合者，皆有間也。若君臣父子親戚朋友之間 +，有離貳怨隙者，蓋讒邪間於其間也。去其間隔而合之，則無不和且洽矣。噬嗑者，治 +天下之大用也。 + +9、大畜之六五曰："豶豕之牙，吉。"傳曰：物有總攝，事有機會。聖人操得其要，則 +視億兆之心猶一心。道之斯行，止之則戢，故不勞而治。其用若豶豕之牙也。豕，剛躁 +之物，若強制其牙，則用力勞而不能止。若豶去其勢，則牙雖存而剛躁自止。君子法豶 +豕之義，知天下之惡不可以力制也，則察其機，持其要，塞絕其本原。故不假刑法嚴峻 +，而惡自止也。且如止盜，民有欲心，見利而動，苟不知教，而迫於饑寒，雖刑殺日施 +，其能勝億兆利欲之心乎？聖人則知所以止之之道，不尚威刑，而修政教。使之有農桑 +之業，知廉恥之道，"雖賞之不竊"矣。 + +10、"解利西南，無所往，其來複吉。有攸往，夙吉。"傳曰：西南，坤方。坤之體，廣 +大平易。當天下之難方解，人始離艱苦，不可複以煩苛嚴急治之。當濟以寬大簡易，乃 +其宜也。既解其難而安平無事矣，是"無所往"也。則當修復治道，正紀剛，明法度，進 +複先代明王之治，是"來複"也，謂反正理也。自古聖王救難定亂，其始未暇遽爲也。既 +安定則爲可久可繼之治。自漢以下，亂既除，則不復有爲。姑隨時維持而已，故不能成 +善治，蓋不知"來複"之義也。"有攸往，夙吉。"謂尚有當解之事，則早爲之乃吉也。當 +解而未盡者，不早去，則將複盛。事之複生者，不早爲，則將漸大，故"夙則吉"也。 + +11、夫有物必有則。父止于慈，子止於孝，君止於仁，臣止於敬。萬物庶事，莫不各有 +其所。得其所則安，失其所則悖。聖人所以能使天下順治，非能爲物作則也，惟止之各 +於其所而已。 + +12、兌說而能貞，是以上順天理，下應人心，說道之至正至善者也。若夫"違道以幹百 +姓之譽"者，苟說之道，違道不順天，幹譽非應人，苟取一時之說耳，非君子之正道。 +君子之道，其說於民如天地之施，感之於心而說服無斁。 + +13、天下之事，不進則退，無一定之理。濟之終不進而止矣，無常止也。衰亂至矣，蓋 +其道已窮極也。聖人至此奈何？曰：惟聖人爲能通其變於未窮，不使至於極也。堯舜是 +也。故有終而無亂。 + +14、爲民立君，所以養之也。養民之道，在愛其力。民力足則生養遂，生養遂則教化行 +而風俗美。故爲政以民力爲重也。春秋凡用民力必書，其所興作，不時害義，固爲罪也 +。雖時且義必書，見勞民爲重事也。後之人君知此義，則知慎重於用民力矣。然有用民 +力之大而不書者，爲教之義深矣。僖公修泮宮，複閟宮，非不用民力也。然而不書，二 +者復古興廢之大事，爲國之先務，如是而用民力，乃所當用也。人君知此義，知爲政之 +先後輕重矣。 + +15、治身齊家以至平天下者，治之道也。建立治綱，分正百職，順天時以制事。至於創 +制立度，盡天下之事者，治之法也。聖人治天下之道，唯此二端而已。 + +16、明道先生曰：先王之世，以道治天下。後世只是以法把持天下。 + +17、爲政須要有綱紀文章。"先有司"，鄉官讀法，平價，謹權衡，皆不可闕也。人各親 +其親，然後能不獨親其親。仲弓曰："焉知賢才而舉之？"子曰："舉爾所知，爾所不知 +，人其舍諸？"便見仲弓與聖人用心之大小。推此義，則一心可以喪邦，一心可以興邦 +，只在公私之間爾。 + +18、治道亦有從本而言，亦有從事而言。從本而言，惟從格君心之非，"正心以正朝廷 +，正朝廷以正百官。"若從事而言，不救則已，若須救之，必須變。大變則大益，小變 +則小益。 + +19、唐有天下，雖號治平，然亦有夷狄之風。三綱不正，無君臣父子夫婦。其原始于太 +宗也，故其後世子弟皆不可使。君不君，臣不臣，故藩鎮不賓，權臣跋扈，陵夷有五代 +之亂。漢之治過於唐。漢大綱正，唐萬目舉。本朝大綱正，萬目亦未盡舉。 + +20、教人者，養其善心而惡自消。治民者，導之敬讓而爭自息。 + +21、明道先生曰：必有關雎麟趾之意，然後可行周官之法度。 + +22、"君仁莫不仁，君義莫不義。"天下之治亂，系乎人君仁不仁耳。離是而非，則"生 +於其心，必害於其政"，豈待乎作之於外哉？昔者孟子三見齊王而不言事，門人疑之。 +孟子曰："我先攻其邪心。"心既正，然後天下之事可從而理也。夫政事之失，用人之非 +，知者能更之，直者能諫之。然非心存焉，則一事之失，救而正之，後之失者，將不勝 +救矣。"格其非心"，使無不正，非大人其孰能之？ + +23、橫渠先生曰：道千乘之國，不及禮樂刑政，而雲"節用而愛人，使民以時"。言能如 +是，則法行。不能如是，則法不徒行。禮樂刑政，亦制數而已耳。 + +24、法立而能守，則德可久，業可大。鄭聲佞人，能使爲邦者喪所以守，故放遠之。 + +25、橫渠先生答范巽之書曰：朝廷以道學政術爲二事，此正自古之可憂者。巽之謂孔孟 +可作，將推其所得而施諸天下耶？將以其所不爲而強施之於天下與？大都君相以父母天 +下爲王道，不能推父母之心于百姓，謂之王道可乎？所謂父母之心，非徒見於言，必須 +視四海之民如己之子。設使四海之內皆爲己之子，則講治之術，必不爲秦漢之少恩，必 +不爲五伯之假名。巽之爲朝廷言："人不足以適，政不足以間。"能使吾君愛天下之人如 +赤子，則治德必日新，人之進者必良士，帝王之道，不必改途而成，學與政不殊心而得 +矣。 + + +卷九·制度 + +1、濂溪先生曰：古者聖王制禮法，修教化，三綱正，九疇敘，百姓大和，萬物鹹若。 +乃作樂以宣八風之氣，以平天下之情。故樂聲淡而不傷，和而不淫。入其耳，感其心， +莫不淡且和焉。淡則欲心平，和則躁心釋。優柔平中，德之盛也。天下化中，治之至也 +。是謂道配天地，古之極也。後世禮法不修，政刑苛紊，縱欲敗度，下民困苦。謂古樂 +不足聽也，代變新聲，妖淫愁怨，道欲增悲，不能自止。故有賊君棄父，輕生敗倫，不 +可禁者矣。嗚呼！樂者，古以平心，今以助欲；故以宣化，今以長怨。不復古禮，不變 +今樂，而欲至治者，遠矣！ + +2、明道先生言于朝曰：治天下，以正風俗、得賢才爲本。宜先禮命近侍賢儒及百執事 +，悉心推訪有德業充備足爲師表者，其次有篤志好學材良行修者，延聘敦遣，萃于京師 +，俾朝夕相與講明正學。其道必本於人倫，明乎物理。其教自小學灑掃應對以往，修其 +孝弟忠信，周旋禮樂。其所以誘掖激厲漸摩成就之之道，皆有節序。其要在於擇善修身 +，至於化成天下。自鄉人而可至於聖人之道，其學行皆中於是者爲成德。取材識明達可 +進於善者，使日受其業。擇其學明德尊者爲太學之師。次以分教天下之學，擇士入學， +縣升之州，州賓升於太學，太學聚而教之，歲論其賢者能者於朝。凡選士之法，皆以性 +行端潔，居家孝悌，有廉恥禮遜，通明學業，曉達治道者。 + +3、明道先生論十事：一曰師傅，二曰六官，三曰經界，四曰鄉黨，五曰貢士，六曰兵 +役，七曰民食，八曰四民，九曰山澤，十曰分數。其言曰：無古今，無治亂，如生民之 +理有窮，在聖王之法可改。後世能盡其道則大治，或用其偏則小康，此歷代彰灼著明之 +效也。苟或徒知泥古而不能施之於今，姑欲徇名而遂廢其實，此則陋儒之見，何足以論 +治道哉？然倘謂今人之情，皆已異于古。先王之迹，不可複於今。趣便目前，不務高遠 +，則亦恐非大有爲之論，而未足以濟當今之極弊也。 + +4、伊川先生上疏曰：三代之時，人君必有師、傅、保之官。師，道之教訓。傅，傅之 +德義。保，保其身體。後世作事無本，知求治而不知正君，知規過而不知養德，傅德義 +之道，固已疏矣。保身體之法，複無聞焉。臣以爲傅德義者，在乎防見聞之非，節嗜好 +之過。保身體者，在乎適起居之宜，存畏慎之心。今既不設保傅之官，則此責皆在經筵 +。欲乞皇帝在宮中，言動服食，皆使經筵官知之。有翦桐之戲，則隨事箴規。違持養之 +方，則應時諫止。 + +5、伊川先生看詳三學條制雲：舊制公私試補，蓋無虛月。學校，禮義相先之地，而月 +使之爭，殊非教養之道。請改試爲課，有所未至，則學官召而教之，更不考定高下。制 +尊賢堂以延天下道德之士，及置待賓吏師齋，立檢察士人行檢等法。 + +又雲：自元豐後設利誘之法，增國學解額至五百人，來者奔湊。舍父母之養，忘骨肉之 +愛，往來道路，旅寓他土，人心日偷，士風日薄。今欲量留一百人，餘四百人，分在州 +郡解額窄處，自然士人各安鄉土。養其孝愛之心，息其奔趨流浪之志，風俗亦當稍厚。 + +又雲：三舍升補之法，皆案文責迹。有司之事，非庠序育材論秀之道。蓋朝廷授法，必 +達乎下，長官守法而不得有爲，是以事成於下，而下得以制其上。此後世所以不治也。 +或曰："長貳得人則善矣，或非其人，不若防閑詳密可循守也。"殊不知先王制法，待人 +而行，未聞立不得人之法也。苟長貳非人，不知教育之道，徒守虛文密法，果足以成人 +才乎？ + +6、明道先生行狀雲：先生爲澤州晉城令，民以事至邑者，必告之以孝悌忠信，入所以 +事父兄出所以事長上。度鄉村遠近爲伍保，使之力役相助，患難相恤，而奸僞無所容。 +凡孤煢殘廢者，責之親戚鄉党，使無失所。行旅出於其途者，疾病皆有所養。諸鄉皆有 +校，暇時親至，召父老與之語，兒童所讀書，親爲正句讀，教者不善，則爲易置。擇子 +弟之秀者，聚而教之。鄉民爲社會，爲立科條，旌別善惡，使有勸有恥。 + +7、萃，"王假有廟"。傳曰：群生至衆也，而可一其歸仰。人心莫知其鄉也，而能致其 +誠敬。鬼神之不可度也，而能致其來格。天下萃合人心，總攝衆志之道非一，其至大莫 +過於宗廟。故王者萃天下之道至於有廟，則萃道之至也。祭祀之報，本于人心，聖人制 +禮以成其德耳。故豺獺能祭，其性然也。 + +8、古者戍役，再期而還。今年春暮行，明年夏代者至，複留備秋，至過十一月而歸。 +又明年中春遣次戍者。每秋與冬初，兩番戍者皆在疆圉，乃今之防秋也。 + +9、聖人無一事不順天時，故至日閉關。 + +10、韓信多多益辦，只是分數明。 + +11、伊川先生雲：管轄人亦須有法，徒嚴不濟事。今帥千人，能使千人依時及節得飯吃 +，只如此者亦能有幾人？嘗謂軍中夜驚，亞夫堅臥不起。不起善矣，然猶夜驚何也？亦 +是未盡善。 + +12、管攝天下人心，收宗族，厚風俗，使人不忘本，須是明譜系，收世族，立宗子法。 + +13、宗子法壞，則人不自知來處，以至流轉四方，往往親未絕不相識。今且試以一二巨 +公之家行之，其術要得拘守得，須是且如唐時立廟院。仍不得分割了祖業，使一人主之 +。 + +14、凡人家法，須月爲一會以合族。古人有花樹韋家宗會法，可取也。每有族人遠來， +亦一爲之。吉凶嫁娶之類，更須相與爲禮，使骨肉之意常相通。骨肉日疏者，只爲不相 +見，情不相接爾。 + +15、冠昏喪祭，禮之大者，今人都不理會。豺獺皆知報本，今士大夫家多忽此。厚于奉 +養而薄于先祖，甚不可也。某嘗修六禮，大略家必有廟，廟必有主，月朔必薦新，時祭 +用仲月。冬至祭始祖，立春祭先祖，秋季祭禰，忌日遷主祭于正寢。凡事死之禮，當厚 +於奉生者。人家能存得此等事數件，雖幼者可使漸知禮義。 + +16、蔔其宅兆，蔔其地之美惡也。地美則其神靈安，其子孫盛。然則曷謂地之美者？土 +色之光潤，草木之茂盛，乃其驗也。而拘忌者惑以擇地之方位，決日之吉凶，甚者不以 +奉先爲計，而專以利後爲慮，尤非孝子安厝之用心也。惟五患者不得不慎：須使異日不 +爲道路，不爲城郭，不爲溝池，不爲貴勢所奪，不爲耕犁所及。 + +17、正叔雲：某家治喪，不用浮圖。在洛亦有一二人家化之。 + +18、今無宗子，故朝廷無世臣。若立宗子法，則人知尊祖重本。人既重本，則朝廷之勢 +自尊。古者子弟從父兄，今父兄從子弟，由不知本也。且如漢高祖欲下沛時，只是以帛 +書與沛父老，其父兄便能率子弟從之。又如相如使蜀，亦移書責父老，然後子弟皆聽其 +命而從之。只有一個尊卑上下之分，然後從順而不亂也。若無法以聯屬之，安可？且立 +宗子法，亦是天理。譬如木必有從根直上一條，亦必有旁枝。又如水，雖遠必有正源， +亦必有分派處，自然之勢也。然又有旁枝達而爲幹者，故曰："古者天子建國，諸侯奪 +宗"雲。 + +19、邢和叔敘明道先生事雲：堯舜三代帝王之治所以博大悠遠，上下與天地同流者，先 +生固已默而識之。至於興造禮樂，制度文爲，下至行帥用兵戰陣之法，無所不講，皆造 +其極。外之夷狄情狀，山川道路之險易，邊鄙防戍城寨斥候控帶之要，靡不究知。其吏 +事操決，文法簿書，又皆精密詳練。若先生可謂通儒全才矣。 + +20、介甫言："律是八分書。"是他見得。 + +21、橫渠先生曰：兵謀師律，聖人不得已而用之，其術見三王方策，歷代簡書。惟志士 +仁人，爲能識其遠者大者，素求預備，而不敢忽忘。 + +22、肉辟於今世死刑中取之，亦足寬民之死。過此當念其散之之久。 + +23、呂與叔撰橫渠先生行狀雲：先生慨然有意三代之治，論治人先務，未始不以經界爲 +急。嘗曰：仁政必自經界始。貧富不均，教養無法，雖欲言治，皆苟而已。世之病難行 +者，未始不以急奪富人之田爲辭，然茲法之行，悅之者衆。苟處之有術，期以數年，不 +刑一人而可複。所病者，特上之未行耳。乃言曰："縱不能行之天下，猶可驗之一鄉。" +方與學者議古之法，共買田一方，畫爲數井，上不失公家之賦役，退以其私正經界，分 +宅裏，立斂法，廣儲蓄，興學校，成禮俗。救災恤患，敦本抑末。足以推先王之遺法， +明當今之可行。此皆有志未就。 + +24、橫渠先生爲雲岩令，政事大抵以敦本善俗爲先。每以月吉具酒食，召鄉人高年會縣 +庭，親爲勸酬，使人知養老事長之義。因問民疾苦，及告所以訓戒弟子之意。 + +25、橫渠先生曰：古者"有東宮，有西宮，有南宮，有北宮，異宮而同財"。此禮亦可行 +。古人慮遠。目下雖似相疏，其實如此乃能久相親。蓋數十百口之家，自是飲食衣服難 +爲得一，又異宮乃容子得伸其私，所以"避子之私也，子不私其父，則不成爲子"。古之 +人曲盡人情，必也同宮。有叔父伯父，則爲子者何以獨厚于其父？爲父者又烏得而當之 +？父子異宮，爲命士以上，愈貴則愈嚴。故異宮，猶今世有逐位，非如異居也。 + +26、治天下不由井地，終無由得平。周道止是均平。 + +27、井田卒歸於封建乃定。 + + +卷十·政事 + +1、伊川先生上疏曰："夫鍾怒而擊之則武，悲而擊之則哀。"誠意之感而入也，告於人 +亦如是，古人所以齋戒而告君也。臣前後兩得進講，未嘗敢不宿齋預戒，潛思存誠，覬 +感動於上心。若使營營於職事，紛紛其思慮，待至上前，然後善其辭說，徒以頰舌感人 +，不亦淺乎？ + +2、伊川答人示奏稿書雲：觀公之意，專以畏亂爲主。頤欲公以愛民爲先。力言百姓饑 +且死，丐朝廷哀憐，因懼將爲寇亂可也。不惟告君之體當如是，事勢亦宜爾。公方求財 +以活人，祈之以仁愛，則當輕財而重民。懼之以利害，則將恃財以自保。古之時，得丘 +民則得天下。後世以兵制民，以財聚衆。聚財者能守，保民者爲迂。惟當以誠意感動， +覬其有不忍之心而已。 + +3、明道爲邑，及民之事，多衆人所謂法所拘者，然爲之未嘗大戾於法，衆亦不甚駭。 +謂之得伸其志則不可，求小補，則過今之爲政者遠矣。人雖異之，不至指爲狂也。至謂之狂，則大駭矣。盡誠爲之，不容而後去，又何嫌乎？ + +4、明道先生曰：一命之士，苟存心於愛物，於人必有所濟。 + +5、伊川先生曰：君子觀天水違行之象，知人情有爭訟之道。故凡所作事，必謀其始。 +絕訟端於事之始，則訟無由生矣。謀始之義廣矣！若慎交結，明契券之類是也。 + +6、師之九二，爲師之主。將專則失爲下之道，不專則無成功之理，故得中爲吉。凡師 +之道，威和並至，則吉也。 + +7、世儒有論魯祀周公以天子禮樂，以爲周公能爲人臣不能爲之功，則可用人臣不得用 +之禮樂，是不知人臣之道也。夫居周公之位，則爲周公之事，由其位而能爲者，皆所當 +爲也。周公乃盡其職耳。 + +8、大有之九三曰："公用享于天子，小人弗克。"傳曰：三當大有之時，居諸侯之位， +有其富盛，必用享通于天子。謂以其有爲天子之有也，乃人臣之常義也。若小人處之， +則專其富有以爲私，不知公己奉上之道。故曰"小人弗克"也。 + +9、人心所從，多所親愛者也。常人之情，愛之則見其是，惡之則見其非。故妻孥之言 +，雖失而多從。所憎之言，雖善爲惡也。苟以親愛而隨之，則是私情所與，豈合正理？ +故隨之初九"出門而交，則有功"也。 + +10、隨九五之象曰："孚于嘉吉，位正中也。"傳曰：隨以得中爲善。隨之所防者，過也 +。蓋心所說隨，則不知其過矣。 + +11、坎之六四曰："樽酒簋貳用缶，納約自牖，終無咎。"傳曰：此言人臣以忠信善道， +結於君心，必自其所明處乃能入也。人心有所蔽，有所通。通者明處也，當就其明處而 +告之，求信則易也。故曰："納約自牖。"能如是則雖艱險之時，終得無咎也。且如君心 +蔽于荒樂，唯其蔽也，故爾雖力詆其荒樂之非，如其不省何？必於所不蔽之事推而及之 +，則能悟其心矣。自古能諫其君者，未有不因其所明者也。故訐直強勁者，率多取忤， +而溫厚明辨者，其說多行。非唯告於君者如此，爲教者亦然。夫教必因人之所長，所長 +者，心之所明也。從其心之所明而入，然後推及其餘，孟子所謂成德達才是也。 + +12、恒之初六曰："浚恒貞吉。"象曰："浚恒之凶，始求深也。"傳曰：初六居下，而四 +爲正應。四以剛居高，又爲二三所隔，應初之志，異乎常矣。而初乃求望之深，是知常 +而不知變也。世之責望故素，而至悔咎者，皆浚恒者也。 + +13、遁之九三曰："系遁，有疾厲。畜臣妾吉。"傳曰：系戀之私恩，壞小人女子之道也 +。故以畜養臣妾則吉。然君子之待小人，亦不如是也。 + +14、睽之象曰："君子以同而異。"傳曰：聖賢之處世在人理之常，莫不大同。於世俗所 +同者，則有時而獨異。不能大同者，亂常拂理之人也。不能獨異者，隨俗習非之人也。 +要在同而能異耳。 + +15、睽之初九，當睽之時，雖同德者相與，然小人乖異者至衆，若棄絕之，不幾近天下 +以仇君子乎？如此則失含弘之義，致凶咎之道也，又安能化不善而使之合乎？故必見惡 +人，則無咎也。古之聖王，所以能化奸凶爲善良，革仇敵爲臣民者，由弗絕也。 + +16、睽之九二，當睽之時，君心未合，賢臣在下，竭力盡誠，期使之信合而已。至誠以 +感動之，盡力以扶持之。明義理以致其知，杜蔽惑以誠其意，如是宛轉，以求其合也。 +遇非枉道逢迎也。巷非邪僻由徑也。故象曰："遇主於巷，未失道也。" + +17、損之九二曰："弗損益之。"傳曰：不自損其剛貞，則能益其上，乃益之也。若失其 +剛貞而用柔說，適足以損之而已。世之愚者，有雖無邪心，而惟知竭力順上爲忠者，蓋 +不知弗損益之之義也。 + +18、益之初九曰："利用爲大作，元吉無咎。"象曰："元吉無咎，下不厚事也。"傳曰： +在下者本小當處厚事，厚事，重大之事也，以爲在上所任。所以當大事，必能濟大事， +而致元吉，乃爲無咎。能致元吉，則在上者任之爲知人，己當之爲勝任。不然，則上下 +皆有咎也。 + +19、革而無甚益，猶可悔也，況反害乎？古人所以重改作也。 + +20、漸之九三曰："利禦寇。"傳曰：君子之與小人比也，自守以正。豈唯君子自完其己 +而已乎？亦使小人得不陷於非義。是以順道相保，禦止其惡也。 + +21、旅之初六曰："旅瑣瑣，斯其所取災。"傳曰：志卑之人，既處旅困，鄙猥瑣細，無 +所不至。乃其所以致悔辱，取災咎也。 + +22、在旅而過剛自高，致困災之道也。 + +23、兌之上六曰："引兌。"象曰："未光也。"傳曰：說既極矣，又引而長之，雖說之之 +心不已，而事理已過，實無所說。事之盛則有光輝，既極而強引之長，其無意味甚矣， +豈有光也？ + +24、中孚之象曰："君子以議獄緩死。"傳曰：君子之于議獄，盡其忠而已。于決死，極 +於惻而已。天下之事，無所不盡其忠，而議獄緩死，最其大者也。 + +25、事有時而當過，所以從宜。然豈可甚過也？如過恭過哀過儉，大過則不可。所以小 +過爲順乎宜也。能順乎宜，所以大吉。 + +26、防小人之道，正己爲先。 + +27、周公至公不私，進退以道，無利欲之蔽。其處己也，夔夔然存恭畏之心。其存誠也 +，蕩蕩焉無顧慮之意。所以雖在危疑之地，而不失其聖也。詩曰："公孫碩膚，赤舄幾 +幾。" + +28、采察求訪，使臣之大務。 + +29、明道先生與吳師禮談介甫之學錯處，謂師禮曰：爲我盡達諸介甫，我亦未敢自以爲 +是，如有說，願往復。此天下公理，無彼我。果能明辨，不有益於介甫，則必有益於我 +。 + +30、天祺在司竹常愛用一卒長，及將代，自見其人盜筍皮，遂治之無少貸。罪己正，待 +之複如初，略不介意。其德量如此。 + +31、因論口將言而囁嚅曰：若合開口時，要他頭也須開口。須是"聽其言也厲"。 + +32、須是就事上學蠱。"振民育德"然，有所知後，方能如此。何必讀書然後爲學。 + +33、先生見一學者忙迫，問其故，曰："欲了幾處人事。"曰：某非不願周旋人事者，曷 +嘗似賢急迫？ + +34、安定之門人往往知稽古愛民矣，則"於爲政者何有"。 + +35、門人有曰："吾與人居，視其有過而不告，則於心有所不安。告之而人不受，則奈 +何？"曰：與之處而不告其過，非忠也。要使誠意之交通，在於未言之前，則言出而人 +信矣。 + +又曰：責善之道，要使誠有餘而言不足，則于人有益，而在我者無自辱矣。 + +36、職事不可以巧免。 + +37、"居是邦，不非其大夫。"此理最好。 + +38、克勤小物最難。 + +39、欲當大任，須是篤實。 + +40、凡爲人言者，理勝則事明，氣忿則招拂。 + +41、居今之時，不安今之法令，非義也。若論爲治，不爲則已，如複爲之，須於今之法 +度，內處得其當，方爲合義。若須更改而後爲，則何義之有？ + +42、今之監司，多不與州縣一體。監司專欲伺察，州縣專欲掩蔽。不若推誠心與之共治 +。有所不逮，可教者教之，可督者督之。至於不聽，擇其甚者去一二，使足以警衆可也 +。 + +43、伊川先生曰：人惡多事，或人憫之，世事雖多，儘是人事。人事不教人做，更責誰 +做？ + +44、感慨殺身者易，從容就義者難。 + +45、人或勸先生以加禮近貴。先生曰：何不見責以盡禮，而責之以加禮？禮盡則已，豈 +有加也？ + +46、或問："簿，佐令者也。簿所欲爲，令或不從，奈何？"曰：當以誠意動之。今令與 +簿不和，只是爭私意。令是邑之長，若能以事父兄之道事之，過則歸己，善則惟恐不歸 +於令，積此誠意，豈有不動得人？ + +47、問："人於議論多欲直己，無含容之氣，是氣不平否？"曰：固是氣不平，亦是量狹 +。人量隨識長，亦有人識高而量不長者，是識實未至也。大凡別事，人都強得，惟識量 +不可強。今人有鬥筲之量，有釜斛之量，有鍾鼎之量，有江河之量。江河之量亦大矣， +然有涯。有涯亦有時而滿，惟天地之量則無滿。故聖人者，天地之量也。聖人之量，道 +也。常人之有量者，他資也。天資有量須有限。大抵六尺之軀，力量只如此。雖欲不滿 +，不可得也。如鄧艾位三公，年七十，處得甚好。及因下蜀有功，便動了。謝安聞謝玄 +破苻堅，對客圍棋，報至不喜，及歸折屐齒，強終不得也。更如人大醉後益恭謹者，只 +益恭謹，便是動了。雖與放肆者不同，其爲酒所動一也。又如貴公子位益高，益卑謙。 +只卑謙便是動了。雖與驕傲者不同，其爲位所動一也。然惟知道者量自然宏大，不勉強 +而成。今人有所見卑下者，無他，亦是識量不足也。 + +48、人才有意於爲公，便是私心。昔有人典選其子弟系磨勘，皆不爲理。此乃是私心。 +人多言古時用直，不避嫌得。後世用此不得，自是無人，豈是無時？ + +49、君實嘗問先生曰："欲除一人給事中，誰可爲者？"先生曰：初若泛論人才，卻可。 +今既如此，頤雖有其人，何可言？君實曰："出於公口，入於光耳，又何害？"先生終不 +言。 + +50、先生雲：韓持國服義最不可得。一日，頤與持國、范夷叟於潁昌西湖。須臾，客將 +雲，有一官員上書，謁見大資。頤將謂有甚急切公事。乃是求知幾。頤雲大資，居位卻 +不求人，乃使人倒來求己，是甚道理？夷叟雲："只爲正叔太直。求薦章，常事也。"頤 +雲：不然。只爲曾有不求者不與，來求者與之，遂致人如此。持國便服。 + +51、先生因言今日供職，只第一件便做他底不得。吏人押申轉運司狀，頤不曾簽。國子 +監自系台省，台省系朝廷官。外司有事，合行申狀。豈有台省倒申外司之理？只爲從前 +人只計較利害，不計較事體，直得憑地。須看聖人欲正名處，見得道名不正時，便至禮 +樂不與。是自然住不得。 + +52、學者不可不通世務。天下事，譬如一家。非我爲則彼爲，非甲爲則乙爲。 + +53、"人無遠慮，必有近憂。"思慮當在事外。 + +54、聖人之責人也常緩。便見只欲事正，無顯人過惡之意。 + +55、伊川先生曰：今之守令，唯制民之産。一事不得爲。其他在法度中，甚有可爲者， +患人不爲耳。 + +56、明道先生作縣，凡坐處皆書"視民如傷"四字。常曰："顥常愧此四字。" + +57、伊川每見人論前輩之短，則曰：汝輩且取他長處。 + +58、劉安禮雲，王荊公執政，議法改令，言者攻之甚力。明道先生嘗被旨赴中堂議事。 +荊公方怒言者，厲色待之。先生徐曰：天下之事，非一家私議。願公平氣以聽。荊公爲 +之醜屈。 + +59、劉安禮問臨民。明道先生曰：使民各得輸其情。 + +問禦吏。曰：正己以格物。 + +60、橫渠先生曰：凡人爲上則易，爲下則難。然不能爲下，亦未能使下。不盡其情，僞 +也。大抵使人常在其前，己嘗爲之，則能使人。 + +61、坎維心亨，故行有尚。外雖積險，苟處之心亨不疑，則雖難必濟，而往有功也。今 +水臨萬仞之山，要下即下，無複疑滯。險在前，惟知一義理而已，則複何回避？所以心 +通。 + +62、人所以不能行己者，於其所難者則惰。其異俗者，雖易而羞縮。惟心弘，則不顧人 +之非笑，所趨義理耳，視天下莫能移其道。然爲之，人亦未必怪。正以在己者義理不勝 +，惰與羞縮之病，消則有長，不消則病常在。意思齷齪，無由作事。在古氣節之士，冒 +死以有爲。於義未必中，然非有志概者莫能。況吾于義理已明，何爲不可？ + +63、姤初六："羸豕孚謫躅。"豕方羸時，力未能動。然至誠在於躑躅，得伸則伸矣。如 +李德裕處置閹宦，徒知其帖息威伏，而忽於志不忘逞。照察少不至，則失其幾也。 + +64、人教小童，亦可取益。絆己不出入，一益也。授人數數，己亦了此文義，二益也。 +對之必正衣冠，尊瞻視，三益也。常以因己而壞人之才爲憂，則不敢惰，四益也。 + + +卷十一·教學 + +1、濂溪先生曰：剛善爲義，爲直，爲斷，爲嚴毅，爲幹固。惡爲猛，爲隘，爲強梁。 +柔善爲慈，爲順，爲巽。惡爲懦弱，爲無斷，爲邪佞。惟中也者，和也，中節也，天下 +之達道也，聖人之事也。故聖人立教，俾人自易其惡，自至其中而止矣。 + +2、伊川先生曰：古人生子，能食能言而教之大學之法，以豫爲先。人之幼也，知思未 +有所主，便當以格言至論日陳於前，雖未知曉，且當薰聒，使盈耳充腹，久自安習，若 +固有之。雖以他言惑之，不能入也。若爲之不豫，及乎稍長，私意偏好生於內，衆口辯 +言鑠於外，欲其純完，不可得也。 + +3、觀之上九曰："觀其生，君子無咎。"象曰："觀其生，志未平也。"傳曰：君子雖不 +在位，然以人觀其德，用爲儀法，故當自慎省。觀其所生，常不失于君子，則人不失所 +望而化之矣。不可以不在於位，故安然放意無所事也。 + +4、聖人之道如天然，與衆人之識甚殊邈也。門人弟子既親炙，而後益知其高遠。既若 +不可以及，則趨望之心怠矣。故聖人之教，常俯而就之。事上臨喪，不敢不勉。君子之 +常行，不困於酒尤其近也。而以己處之者，不獨使夫資之下者，勉思企及，而才之高者 +，亦不敢易乎近矣。 + +5、明道先生曰：憂子弟之輕俊者，只教以經學念書，不得令作文字。子弟凡百玩好皆 +奪志。至於書劄，於儒者事最近，然一向好者，亦自喪志。如王虞顔柳輩，誠爲好人則 +有之，曾見有善書者知道否？平生精力用於此，非惟徒廢時日，於道便有妨處，足以喪 +志也。 + +6、胡安定在湖州置治道齋，學者有欲明治道者，講之於中，如治民治兵水利算數之類 +。嘗言劉彜善治水利，後累爲政，皆興水利有功。 + +7、凡立言欲涵蓄意思，不使知德者厭，無德者惑。 + +8、教人未見意趣，必不樂學。欲且教之歌舞，如古詩三百篇，皆古人作之。如關雎之 +類，正家之始。故用之鄉人，用之邦國，日使人聞之。此等詩，其言簡奧，今人未易曉 +。別欲作詩，略言教童子灑掃應對事長之節，令朝夕歌之，似當有助。 + +9、子厚以禮教學者最善，使學者先有所據守。 + +10、語學者以所見未到之理，不惟所聞不深澈，反將理低看了。 + +11、舞射便見人誠。古之教人，莫非使之成己。自灑掃應對上，便可到使人事。 + +12、自"幼子常視無誑"以上，便是教以使人事。 + +13、"先傳後倦"，君子教人有序，先傳以小者近者，而後教以大者遠者。非是先傳以近 +小而後不教以遠大者。 + +14、伊川先生曰：說書必非古意，轉使人薄。學者須是潛心積慮，優遊涵養，使之自得 +。今一日說盡，只是教得薄。至如漢時說，下帷講誦，猶未必說書。 + +15、古者八歲入小學，十五入大學。擇其才可教者聚之，不肖者複之農畝。蓋士農不易 +業，既入學則不治農，然後士農判。在學之養，若士大夫之子，則不慮無養。雖庶人之 +子，既入學則亦必有養。古之士者，自十五入學，至四十方仕，中間自有二十五年學， +又無利可趨，則所志可知。須去趨善，便自此成德。後之人，自童稚間已有汲汲趨利之 +意，何由得向善？故古人必使四十而仕，然後志定。只營衣食，卻無害。惟利祿之誘最 +害人。 + +16、天下有多少才，只爲道不明於天下，故不得有所成就。且古者"興於詩，立于禮， +成于樂"。如今人怎生會得？古人于詩，如今人歌曲一般，雖閭巷童稚，皆習聞其說而 +曉其義，故能興起於詩。後世老師宿儒，尚不能曉其義，怎生責得學者？是不得興於詩 +也。古禮既廢，人倫不明，以至治家，皆無法度，是不得立於禮也。古人有歌詠以養其 +性情，聲音以養其耳目，舞蹈以養其血脈，今皆無之，是不得成于樂也。古之成才也易 +，今之成才也難。 + +17、孔子教人，不憤不啓，不悱不發。蓋不待憤悱而發，則知之不固。待憤悱而後發， +則沛然矣。學者須是深思之。思而不得，然後爲他說便好。初學者須是且爲他說，不然 +，非獨他不曉，亦止人好問之心也。 + +18、橫渠先生曰："恭敬撙節退讓以明禮"，仁之至也，愛道之極也。己不勉明，則人無 +從倡，道無從弘，教無從成矣。 + +19、學記曰："進而不顧其安，使人不由其誠，教人不盡其材。"人未安之，又進之，未 +喻之，又告之，徒使人生此節目。不盡材，不顧安，不由誠，皆是施之妄也。教人至難 +，必盡人之材，乃不誤人。觀可及處，然後告之。聖人之教，直若庖丁之解牛，皆知其 +隙，刃投餘地無全牛矣。人之才足以有爲，但以其不由於誠，則不盡其才。若曰勉率而 +爲之，則豈有由誠哉？ + +20、古之小兒便能敬事。長者與之提攜，則兩手奉長者之手，問之，掩口而對。蓋稍不 +敬事，便不忠信。故教小兒，且先安祥恭敬。 + +21、孟子曰："人不足與適也，政不足與間也。唯大人爲能格君子之非。"非惟君心，至 +於朋遊學者之際，彼雖議論異同，未欲深較。惟整理其心，使歸之正，豈小補哉？ + + +卷十二·警戒 + +1、濂溪先生曰：仲由喜聞過，令名無窮焉。今人有過，不喜人規。如護疾而忌醫，寧 +滅其身而無悟也。噫！ + +2、伊川先生曰：德善日積，則福祿日臻。德逾於祿，則雖盛而非滿。自古隆盛，未有 +不失道而喪敗者。 + +3、人之于豫樂，心說之故遲遲，遂至於耽戀不能已也。豫之六二，以中正自守。其介 +如石，其去之速，不俟終日，故貞正而吉也。處豫不可安而久也，久則溺矣。如二，可 +謂見幾而作者也。蓋中正，故其守堅，而能辨之早，去之速也。 + +4、大君致危亡之道非一，而以豫爲多。 + +5、聖人爲戒，必于方盛之時。方其盛而不知戒，故狃安富則驕侈生，樂舒肆則綱紀壞 +，忘禍亂則釁孽萌。是以浸淫，不知亂之至也。 + +6、複之六三，以陰躁處動之極，複之頻數，而不能固者也。複貴安固。頻複頻失，不 +安於複也。複善而屢失，危之道也。聖人開遷善之道。與其複而危其屢失，故雲"厲無 +咎"。不可以頻失而戒其複也。頻失則爲危。屢複何咎？過在失而不在複也。 + +7、睽極則弗戾而難合，剛極則躁暴而不詳，明極則過察而多疑。睽之上九，有六三之 +正應，實不孤。而其才性如此，自睽孤也。如人雖有親黨，而多自猜疑，妄生乖離，雖 +處骨肉親黨之間，而常孤獨也。 + +8、解之六三曰："負且乘，致寇至，貞吝。"傳曰：小人而竊盛位，雖勉爲正事，而氣 +質卑下，本非在上之物，終可吝也。若能大正，則如何？曰：大正非陰柔所能爲也。若 +能之，則是化爲君子矣。 + +9、益之上九曰："莫益之，或擊之。"傳曰：理者天下之至公，利者衆人所同欲。苟公 +其心，不失其正理，則與衆同利。無侵於人，人亦欲與之。若切於好利，蔽於自私，求 +自益以損於人，則人亦與之力爭，故莫肯益之而有擊奪之者矣。 + +10、艮之九三曰："艮其限，列其夤，厲薰心。"傳曰：夫止道貴乎得宜。行止不能以時 +，而定於一。其堅強如此，則處世乖戾，與物睽絕，其危甚矣。人之固止一隅，而舉世 +莫與宜者，則艱蹇忿畏，焚擾其中，豈有安裕之理？"厲薰心"，謂不安之勢，薰爍其中 +也。 + +11、大率以說而動，安有不失正者？ + +12、男女有尊卑之序，夫婦有倡隨之理，此常理也。若徇情肆欲，唯說是動，男牽欲而 +失其剛，婦狃說而忘其順，則凶而無所利矣。 + +13、雖舜之聖，且畏巧言令色。說之惑人易入而可懼也如此。 + +14、治水，天下之大任也。非其至公之心，能舍己從人，盡天下之議，則不能成其功， +豈方命圯族者所能乎？鯀雖九年而功弗成，然其所治，固非他人所及也。惟其功有敘， +故其自任益強，弗戾圯類益甚。公議隔而人心離矣。是其惡益顯，而功卒不可成也。 + +15、君子"敬以直內"。微生高所枉雖小，而害則大。 + +16、人有欲則無剛，剛則不屈於欲。 + +17、"人之過也，各於其類。"君子常失于厚，小人常失于薄。君子過於愛，小人傷於忍 +。 + +18、明道先生曰：富貴驕人，固不善。學問驕人，害亦不細。 + +19、人以料事爲明，便侵侵入逆詐億不信去也。 + +20、人於外物奉身者，事事要好。只有自家一個身與心，卻不要好。苟得外面物好時， +卻不知道自家身與心，卻已先不好了。 + +21、人于天理昏者，是只爲嗜欲亂著他。莊子言"其嗜欲深者，其天機淺"，此言卻最是 +。 + +22、伊川先生曰：閱機事之久，機心必生。蓋方其閱時，心必喜。既喜則如種下種子。 + +23、疑病者，未有事至時，先有疑端在心。周羅事者，先有周事之端在心。皆病也。 + +24、較事大小，其弊爲枉尺直尋之病。 + +25、小人小丈夫。不合小了他。本不是惡。 + +26、雖公天下事，若用私意爲之，便是私。 + +27、做官奪人志。 + +28、驕是氣盈，吝是氣歉。人若吝時，於財上亦不足，於事上亦不足。凡百事皆不足， +必有歉歉之色也。 + +29、未知道者如醉人，方其醉時，無所不至，及其醒也，莫不愧恥。人之未知學者，自 +視有爲無缺，及既知學，反思前日所爲，則駭且懼矣。 + +30、刑恕雲："一日三檢點。"明道先生曰：可哀也哉！其餘時理會甚事？蓋仿三省之說 +錯了，可見不曾用功，又多逐人面上說一般話。明道責之，刑曰："無可說。"明道曰： +無可說，便不得不說。 + +31、橫渠先生曰：學者舍禮義，則飽食終日，無所猷爲。與下民一致，所事不逾衣食之 +間，燕遊之樂爾。 + +32、鄭衛之音悲哀，令人意思留連，又生怠惰之意，從而致驕淫之心。雖珍玩奇貨，其 +始感人也，亦不如是切，從而生無限嗜好。故孔子曰："必放之。"亦是聖人經歷過，但 +聖人能不爲物所移耳。 + +33、孟子言反經，特于鄉原之後者。以鄉原大者不先立，心中初無主，惟是左右看，順 +人情，不欲違。一生如此。 + + +卷十三·異端 + +1、明道先生曰：楊墨之害，甚于申韓。佛老之害，甚于楊墨。楊氏爲我，疑於義。墨 +氏兼愛，疑於仁。申韓則淺陋易見，故孟子只闢楊墨，爲其惑世之甚也。佛老其言近理 +，又非楊墨之比，此所以爲害尤甚。楊墨之害，亦經孟子闢之，所以廓如也。 + +2、伊川先生曰：儒者潛心正道，不容有差。其始甚微，其終則不可救。如"師也過，商 +也不及"，于聖人中道，師只是過於厚些，商只是不及些。然而厚則漸至於兼愛，不及 +則便至於爲我。其過不及同出於儒者，其末遂至楊墨。至如楊墨，亦未至於無父無君。 +孟子推之便至於此，蓋其查必至於是也。 + +3、明道先生曰：道之外無物，物之外無道。是天地之間，無適而非道也。即父子而父 +子在所親，即君臣而君臣在所嚴，以至爲夫婦，爲長幼，爲朋友，無所爲而非道。此道 +所以不可須臾離也。然則毀人倫，去四大者，其外於道也遠矣。故"君子之于天下也， +無適也，無莫也，義之與比"。若有適有莫，則於道爲有間，非天地之全也。彼釋氏之 +學，於"敬以直內"則有之矣，"義以方外"則未之有也。故滯固者入於枯槁，疏通者歸於 +恣肆。此佛之教所以爲隘也。吾道則不然，率性而已。斯理也，聖人于易備言之。 + +4、釋氏本怖死生，爲利豈是公道？唯務上達而無下學，然則其上達處，豈有是也？元 +不相連屬，但有間斷，非道也。孟子曰："盡其心者，知其性也。"彼所謂識心見性是也 +。若存心養性一段事，則無矣。彼固曰出家獨善，便於道體自不足。或曰："釋氏地獄 +之類，皆是爲下根之人設此怖，令爲善。"先生曰：至誠貫天地。人尚有不化，豈有立 +僞教而人可化？ + +5、學者于釋氏之說，直須如淫聲美色以遠之。不爾，則駸駸然入其中矣。顔淵問爲邦 +，孔子既告之以二帝三王之事，而複戒以放鄭聲，遠佞人，曰："鄭聲淫，佞人殆。"彼 +佞人者，是他一邊佞耳，然而于己則危。只是能使人移，故危也。至於禹之言曰："何 +畏乎巧言令色？"巧言令色，直消言畏，只是須著如此戒慎，猶恐不免。釋氏之學，更 +不消言常戒。到自家自信後，便不能亂得。 + +6、所以謂萬物一體者，皆有此理。只爲從那裏來，"生生之謂易。"生則一時生，皆完 +此理。人則能推，物則氣昏，推不得。不可道他物不與有也。人只爲自私，將自家軀殼 +上頭起意，故看得道理小了他底。放這身來，都在萬物中一例看。大小大快活。釋氏以 +不知此，去他身上起意思。奈何那身不得，故卻厭惡。要得去盡根塵，爲心源不定。故 +要得如枯木死灰。然沒此理。要有此理，除是死也。釋氏其實是愛身，放不得，故說許 +多。譬如負版之蟲，已載不起，猶自更取物在身。又如抱石投河，以其重愈沈，終不道 +放下石頭，惟嫌重也。 + +7、人有語導氣者，問先生曰："君亦有術乎？"曰：吾嘗"夏葛而冬裘，饑食而渴飲"，" +節嗜欲，定心氣"，如斯而已矣。 + +8、佛氏不識陰陽晝夜死生古今，安得謂形而上者，與聖人同乎？ + +9、釋氏之說，若欲窮其說而去取之，則其說未能窮，固已化而爲佛矣。只且於迹上考 +之。其設教如是，則其心果如何？固難爲取其心，不取其迹。有是心則有是迹。王通言 +心迹之判，便是亂說。故不若且於迹上斷定不與聖人合。其言有合處，則吾道固已有。 +有不合者，固所不取。如是立定，卻省易。 + +10、問：神仙之說有諸？曰：若說白日飛升之類，則無。若言居山林間，保形煉氣，以 +延年益壽，則有之。譬如一爐火，置之風中則易過，置之密室則難過。有此理也。 + +又問："揚子言聖人不師仙，厥術異也。聖人能爲此等事否？"曰：此是天地間一賊。若 +非竊造化之機，安能延年？使聖人肯爲，周孔爲之矣。 + +11、謝顯道曆舉佛說與吾儒同處，問伊川先生。先生曰：憑地同處雖多，只是本領不是 +，一齊差卻。 + +12、橫渠先生曰：釋氏妄意天性，而不知範圍天用，反以六根之微，因緣天地明不能盡 +，則誣天地日月爲幻妄。蔽其用於一身之小，溺其志於虛空之大。此所以語大語小，流 +遁失中。其過於大也，塵芥六合。其蔽於小也，夢幻人世。謂之窮理可乎？不知窮理而 +謂之盡性可乎？謂之無不知可乎？塵芥六合，謂天地爲有窮也。夢幻人世，明不能究其 +所從也。 + +13、大易不言有無。言有無，諸子之陋也。 + +14、浮圖明鬼，謂有識之死，受生迴圈。遂厭苦求免，可謂知鬼乎？以人生爲妄，可謂 +知人乎？天人一物，輒生取捨，可謂知天乎？孔孟所謂天，彼所謂道。惑者指"遊魂爲 +變"爲輪回，未之思也。大學當先知天德，知天德則知聖人，知鬼神。今浮圖極論要歸 +，必謂死生流轉，非得道不免。謂之悟道可乎？自其說熾傳中國，儒者未容窺聖學門牆 +，已爲引取。淪胥其間，指爲大道。乃其俗達之天下，致善惡知愚。男女臧獲，人人著 +信。使英才間氣，生則溺耳目恬習之事，長則師世儒崇尚之言。遂冥然被驅，因謂聖人 +可不修而至，大道可不學而知。故未識聖人心，已謂不必求其迹。未見君子志，已謂不 +必事其文。此人倫所以不察，庶物所以不明，治所以忽，德所以亂。異言滿耳，上無禮 +以防其僞，下無學以稽其蔽。自古詖淫邪遁之辭，翕然並興。一出於佛氏之門者，千五 +百年。向非獨立不懼，精一自信，有大過人之才，何以正立其間，與之較是非計得失哉 +！ + + +卷十四·聖賢 + +1、明道先生曰：堯與舜更無優劣。及至湯武便別，孟子言性之反也。自古無人如此說 +，只孟子分別出來。便知得堯舜是生而知之，湯武是學而能之。文王之德則似堯舜，禹 +之德則似湯武。要之皆是聖人。 + +2、仲尼，元氣也。顔子，春生也。孟子並秋殺盡見。仲尼無所不包，顔子視不違如愚 +之學於後世，有自然之和氣，不言而化者也。孟子則露其材，蓋亦時然而已。仲尼，天 +地也。顔子，和風慶雲也。孟子，泰山岩岩之氣象也。觀其言皆可見之矣。仲尼無迹， +顔子微有迹，孟子其迹著。孔子儘是明快人，顔子盡豈弟，孟子盡雄辯。 + +3、曾子傳聖人學，其德後來不可測，安知其不至聖人？如言"吾得正而斃"，且休理會文字，只看他氣象極好，被他所見處大。後人雖有好言語，只被氣象卑，終不類道。 + +4、傳經爲難。如聖人之後，才百年，傳之已差。聖人之學，若非子思孟子，則幾乎息 +矣。道何嘗息，只是人不由之，道非亡也，幽厲不由也。 + +5、荀卿才高，其過多。揚雄才短，其過少。 + +6、荀子極偏駁，只一句性惡，大本已失。揚子雖少過，然已自不識性，更說甚道？ + +7、董仲舒曰："正其義，不謀其利。明其道，不計其功。"此董子所以度越諸子。 + +8、漢儒如毛萇董仲舒最得聖賢之意，然見道不甚分明。下此即至揚雄，規模又窄狹矣 +。 + +9、林希謂揚雄爲祿隱，揚雄後人只爲見他著書，便須要做他是，怎生做得是？ + +10、孔明有王佐之心，道則未盡。王者如天地之無私心焉，行一不義而得天下不爲。孔 +明必求有成而取劉璋。聖人甯無成耳，此不可爲也。若劉表子琮將爲曹公所並，取而興 +劉氏可也。 + +11、諸葛武侯有儒者氣象。 + +12、孔明庶幾禮樂。 + +13、文中子本是一隱君子，世人往往得其議論，附會成書。其間極有格言，荀揚道不到 +處。 + +14、韓愈亦近世豪傑之士。如原道中言語雖有病，然自孟子而後，能將許大見識尋求者 +，才見此人。至如斷曰："孟子醇乎醇。"又曰："荀與揚，擇焉而不精，語焉而不詳。" +若不是他見得，豈千餘年後，便能斷得如此分明？ + +15、學本是修德，有德然後有言。退之卻倒學了。因學文日求所未至，遂有所得。如曰 +："軻之死，不得其傳。"似此言語，非是蹈襲前人，又非鑿空撰得出。必有所見，若無 +所見，不知言所傳者何事。 + +16、周茂叔胸中灑落，如光風霽月。其爲政，精密嚴恕，務盡道理。 + +17、伊川先生撰明道先生行狀曰：先生資稟既異，而充養有道。純粹如精金，溫潤如良 +玉。寬而有制，和而不流。忠誠貫于金石，孝悌通於神明。視其色，其接物也，如春陽 +之溫。聽其言，其入人也，如時雨之潤。胸懷洞然，徹視無間。測其蘊，則潔乎若滄溟 +之無際。極其德，美言蓋不足以形容。 + +先生行己，內主於敬，而行之以恕。見善若出諸己，不欲弗施於人。居廣居而行大道， +言有物而動有常。先生爲學，自十五六時，聞汝南周茂叔論道，遂厭科舉之業，慨然有 +求道之志。未知其要，泛濫于諸家，出入於老釋者，幾十年。返求諸六經，而後得之。 +明于庶物，察於人倫。知盡性至命，必本於孝悌。窮神知化，由通于禮樂。辨異端似是 +之非，開百代未明之惑。秦漢而下，未有臻斯理也。 + +謂孟子沒而聖學不傳，以興起斯文爲己任。其言曰："道之不明，異端害之也。昔之害 +近而易知，今之害深而難辨。昔之惑人也乘其迷暗，今之入人也因其高明。自謂之窮神 +知化，而不足以開物成物。言爲無不周遍，實則外於倫理。窮深極微，而不可以入堯舜 +之道。天下之學，非淺陋固滯，則必入於此。自道之不明也，邪誕妖異之說競起，塗生 +民之耳目，溺天下於污濁。雖高才明智，膠於見聞，醉生夢死，不自覺也。是皆正路之 +蓁蕪，聖門之蔽塞，闢之而後可以入道。" + +先生進將覺斯人，退將明之書。不幸早世，皆未及也。其辨析精微，稍見於世者，學者 +之所傳耳。先生之門，學者多矣。先生之言平易易知，賢愚皆獲其益。如群飲於河，各 +充其量。先生教人，自致知至於知止，誠意至於平天下，灑掃應對至於窮理盡性，循循 +有序。病世之學者舍近而趨遠，處下而窺高，所以輕自大而卒無得也。 + +先生接物，辨而不問，感而能通。教人而人易從，怒人而人不怨。賢愚善惡，鹹得其心 +。狡僞者獻其誠，暴慢者致其恭。聞風者誠服，覿德者心醉。雖小人以趨向之異，顧于 +利害，時見排斥，推而省其私，未有不以先生爲君子也。 + +先生爲政，治惡以寬，處煩以裕。當法令繁密之際，未嘗從衆爲應文逃責之事。人皆病 +於拘礙，而先生處之綽然。衆憂以爲甚難，而先生爲之沛然。雖當倉卒，不動聲色。方 +監司競爲嚴急之時，其待先生率皆寬厚。設施之際，有所賴焉。先生所爲綱條法度，人 +可效而爲也。至其道之而從，動之而和。不求物而物應，未施信而民信，則人不可及也 +。 + +18、明道先生曰：周茂叔窗前草不除去，問之，雲："與自家意思一般。" + +19、張子厚聞生皇子，甚喜。見餓莩者，食便不美。 + +20、伯淳嘗與子厚在興國寺講論終日，而曰不知舊日曾有甚人於此處講此事。 + +21、謝顯道雲："明道先生坐如泥塑人，接人則渾是一團和氣。" + +22、侯師聖雲： "朱公掞見明道於汝，歸謂人曰：'光庭在春風中坐了一個月。'" + +遊楊初見伊川，伊川瞑目而坐。二子侍立，既覺，顧謂曰："賢輩尚在此乎？日既晚， +且休矣。"及出門，門外之雪深一尺。 + +23、劉安禮雲："明道先生德性充完，粹和之氣，盎於面背。樂易多恕，終日怡悅。立 +之從先生三十年，未嘗見其忿厲之容。 + +24、呂與叔撰明道先生哀辭雲：先生負特立之才，知大學之要。博文強識，躬行力究。 +察倫明物，極其所止。渙然心釋，洞見道體。其造於約也，雖事變之感不一，知應以是 +心而不窮。雖天下之理至衆，知反之吾身而自足。其致於一也，異端並立而不能移，聖 +人複起而不與易。其養之成也，和氣充浹，見於聲容。然望之崇深，不可慢也。遇事優 +爲，從容不迫。然誠心懇惻，弗之措也。其自任之重也，甯學聖人而未至，不欲以一善 +而成名。寧以一物不被澤爲己病，不欲以一時之利爲己功。其自信之篤也，吾志可行， +不苟潔其去就。吾義所安，雖小官有所不屑。 + +25、呂與叔撰橫渠先生行狀雲：康定用兵時，先生年十八，慨然以功名自許。上書謁範 +文正公，公知其遠器，欲成就之，乃責之曰："儒者自有名教，何事於兵？"因勸讀《中 +庸》。先生讀其書，雖愛之，猶以爲未足。於是又訪諸釋老之書，累年，盡究其說。知 +無所得，反而求之六經。嘉佑初，見程伯淳正叔于京師，共語道學之要。先生渙然自信 +，曰："吾道自足，何事旁求？"於是盡棄異學，淳如也。晚自崇文移疾西歸。 + +橫渠終日危坐一室，左右簡編，俯而讀，仰而思，有得則識之。或中夜起坐，取燭以書 +。其志道精思，未始須臾息，亦未嘗須臾忘也。學者有問，多告以知禮成性，變化氣質 +之道。學必如聖人而後已，聞者莫不動心有進。嘗謂門人曰："吾學既得於心，則修其 +辭。命辭無差，然後斷事。斷事無失，吾乃沛然。精義入神者，豫而已矣。" + +先生氣質剛毅，德成貌嚴，然與人居久而日親。其治家接物，大要正己以感人。人未之 +信，反躬自治，不以語人。雖有未諭，安行而無悔。故識與不識，聞風而畏。非其義也 +，不敢以一毫及之。 + +26、橫渠先生曰：二程從十四五時，便脫然欲學聖人。 + + +後序·提要 + +朱熹後序 + +淳熙乙未之夏，東萊呂伯恭來自東陽，過予寒泉精舍，留止旬日。相與讀周子程子張子 +之書，歎其廣大閎博，若無津涯，而懼夫初學者不知所入也。因共掇取其關於大體而切 +於日用者，以爲此編，總六百二十二條，分十四卷。蓋凡學者所以求端用力，處己治人 +之要，與所以夫辨異端，觀聖賢之大略，皆粗見其梗概。以爲窮鄉晚進有志於學，而無 +明師良友以先後之者，誠得此而玩心焉，亦足以得其門而入矣。如此然後求諸四君子之 +全書，沈潛反復，優柔厭飫，以至其博而反諸約焉，則其宗廟之美，百官之富，庶乎其 +有以盡得之。若憚煩勞，安簡便，以爲取足於此而可，則非今日所以纂集此書之意也。 + +新安朱熹謹識 + +呂祖謙後序 + +《近思錄》既成，或疑首卷陰陽變化性命之說，大抵非始學者之事。祖謙竊嘗與聞次緝 +之意。後出晚進于義理之本原，雖未容驟語，苟茫然不識其梗概，則亦何所底止？列之 +篇端，特使之知其名義，有所向望而已。至於餘卷所載講學之方，日用躬行之實，具有 +科級。循是而進，自卑升高，自近及遠，庶幾不失纂集之指。若乃厭卑近而騖高遠，躐 +等陵節流於空虛，迄無所依據，則豈所謂近思者耶？覽者宜詳之。 + +淳熙三年四月四日東萊呂祖謙謹書 + +清《四庫全書總目提要》三種 + +其一：朱熹《近思錄》十四卷提要 + +（直隸總督采進本） + +宋朱子與呂祖謙同撰。案年譜，是書成於淳熙二年，朱子年四十六矣。書前有朱子題詞 +曰，淳熙乙未之夏，東萊呂伯恭來自東陽，過餘寒泉精舍，留止旬日。相與讀周子、程 +子、張子之書，歎其廣大宏博，若無津涯，而懼夫初學者不知所入也。因共掇取其關於 +大體，而切於日用者，以爲此編云云。是其書與呂祖謙同定，朱子固自著之，且並載祖 +謙題詞。又《晦庵集》中有乙未八月與祖謙一書，又有丙申與祖謙一書，戊戌與祖謙一 +書，皆商榷改定《近思錄》，灼然可證。《宋史·藝文志》尚並題朱熹呂祖謙編，後來 +講學家力爭門戶，務黜說而定一尊，遂沒祖謙之名，但稱朱子《近思錄》，非其實也。 + +書凡六百六十二條，分十四門。實爲後來性理諸書之祖。然朱子之學，大旨主於格物窮 +理，由博反約。根株六經，而參觀百氏，原未暖暖姝姝守一先生之言。故題詞有曰，窮 +鄉晚進，有志於學，誠得此而玩心焉，亦足以得其門而入矣。然後求諸四君子之全書， +以致其博而反諸約焉，庶乎其有以盡得之。若憚煩勞，安簡便，以爲取足於此而止，則 +非纂集此書之意。然則四子之言且不以此十四卷爲限，亦豈教人株守是編，而一切聖經 +賢傅束之高閣哉。又呂祖謙題詞，論首列陰陽性命之故曰，後出晚進，于義理之本原雖 +未容驟語，苟茫然不識其梗概，則亦何所底。列之篇端，特使知其名義，有所向往而已 +。至於餘卷所載講學之方，日用躬行之實，自有科級。循是而進，自卑升高，自近及遠 +，庶不失纂集之旨。若乃厭卑近而騖高遠，躐等淩節，流於空虛，迄無所依據，則豈所 +謂近思者耶。其言著明深切，尤足藥連篇累牘，動談未有天地以前者矣。 + +其集解則朱子歿後葉采所補作。淳祐十二年，采官朝奉郎，監登聞鼓院，兼景獻府教授 +時，嘗齋進於朝。前有進表及自序。采字仲圭，號平嚴，建安人。其序謂悉本朱子舊注 +，參以《升堂紀聞》及諸儒辨論。有略闕者，乃出臆說。又舉其大旨，著於各卷之下， +凡閱三十年而後成雲。 + +其二：江永《近思錄集注》十四卷提要 + +（安徽巡撫采進本） + +國朝江永撰。永有《周禮疑義舉要》，已著錄。《近思錄》雖成於淳熙二年，其後又數 +經刪補，故傳本頗有異同，至各卷之中，惟以所引之書爲先後，而未及標立篇名，則諸 +本不殊。至淳祐間，葉采纂爲集解，尚無所竄亂於其間。明代有周公恕者，始妄加分析 +，各立細目，移置篇章。或漏落正文，或淆混注語，謬誤幾不可讀。永以其貽誤後學， +因仍原本次第，爲之集注。凡朱子《文集》、《或問》、《語類》中，其言有相發明者 +，悉行采入分注。或朱子說有未備，始取葉采及他家之說以補之。間亦附以己意，引據 +頗爲詳治。蓋永邃于經學，究心古義，穿穴於典籍者深，雖以餘力而爲此書，亦具有體 +例，與空談尊朱子者異也。 + +其三：茅星來《近思錄集注》十四卷提要 + +（編修徐天柱家藏本） + +國朝茅星來撰。星來字豈宿，烏程人，康熙間諸生。按，朱子《近思錄》，宋以來注者 +數家，惟葉採集解至今盛行。星來病其粗率膚淺，解所不必解，而稍費擬議者則闕。又 +多彼此錯亂，字句訛舛。因取周張二程全書及宋元《近思錄》刊本，參校同異。凡近刻 +舛錯者，悉從朱子考正錯簡之例，各注本條之下。又薈萃衆說，參以己見，爲之支分節 +解。于名物訓詁，考證尤詳。更以《伊洛淵源錄》所載四子事迹，具爲箋釋，冠于簡端 +，謂之附說。 + +書成于康熙辛醜，有星來自序，又有後序一篇，作於乾隆丙辰，去書成十五年，蓋殫一 +生之精力爲之也。其後序有曰："自《宋史》分道學、儒林爲二，而言程朱之學者，但 +求之身心性命之間，不復以通經學古爲事。蓋嘗竊論之，馬鄭賈孔之說經，譬則百貨之 +所聚也；程朱諸先生之說經，譬則操權度以平百貨之輕重長短者也。微權度，則貨之輕 +重長短不見；而非百貨所聚，則雖有權度亦無所用之。故欲求程朱之學者，其必自馬鄭 +諸傳疏始。愚於是編，備註漢唐諸家之說，以見程朱諸先生學之有本。俾彼空疏寡學者 +無得以藉口云云。"其持論光明洞達，無黨同伐異，爭名求勝之私，可謂能正其心術矣 +。 + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Jin Si Lu, by Xi Zhu and Tsuch'ien Lu + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JIN SI LU *** + +***** This file should be named 25249-0.txt or 25249-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/2/4/25249/ + +Produced 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Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Utf8String/Cyrillic.txt b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Utf8String/Cyrillic.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..034d73df472 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Utf8String/Cyrillic.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1391 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Moscovia v predstavlenii inostrantsev +XVI-XVII v., by Pavel Nikolayevich Apostol + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net + + +Title: Moscovia v predstavlenii inostrantsev XVI-XVII v. + Ocherki P. N. Apostola + +Author: Pavel Nikolayevich Apostol + +Editor: Georgy Kresentyevich Lukomsky + +Illustrator: Aleksandr Martinovich Arnshtam + +Release Date: December 28, 2009 [EBook #30774] + +Language: Russian + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MOSCOVIA V PREDSTAVLENII XVI-XVII *** + + + + +Produced by David Starner, cinnabar and the Online +Distributed Proofreaders Europe at http://dp.rastko.net + + + + + +Г.К. ЛУКОМСКІЙ + +МОСКОВІЯ ВЪ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНІИ ИНОСТРАНЦЕВЪ ХVI-ХVII в. + +ОЧЕРКИ П.Н. АПОСТОЛА + +[Illustration] + + +Художественное издательство +ACADEMIA + + +Настоящая книга отпечатана въ сентябрѣ 1922 года въ Берлинѣ въ +типографіи Куммеръ и Ко для художественнаго издательства «ACADEMIA» + +въ количествѣ одной тысячи экземпляровъ. + + +МОСКОВІЯ по ГЕРБЕРШТЕЙНУ, ОЛЕАРІЮ, КОРБУ + +очерки П.Н. АПОСТОЛА подъ редакціей Г.К. ЛУКОМСКАГО + + +Надписи, заглавныя буквы и украшенія исполнилъ Ал. Арнштамъ. + + + +ПРЕДИСЛОВІЕ + +I + + +Московія! Въ понятіи иностранцевъ, отправлявшихся въ этотъ далекій, +загадочный, снѣжный край — центральная ли только Россія? Или и Югъ +съ златоглавымъ Кіевомъ, и Архангельскъ рыбный, и Каспій мутноводный, +и Сибирь съ пушнымъ звѣремъ, и Кавказъ? + +Все это, вмѣстѣ взятое. + +Границы не были четко очерчены. Гдѣ кончалась Московія въ представленіи +даже ученыхъ географовъ того времени, а тѣмъ болѣе въ воображеніи +художниковъ, просто туристовъ, искателей приключеній, составителей +мемуаровъ? + +Границы страны, по которой бродятъ бѣлые медвѣди, гдѣ снѣгъ лежитъ +толстой пеленой, гдѣ люди питаются сырымъ мясомъ и даже поѣдаютъ другъ +друга! + +Но туда ѣдутъ любознательные и пытливые путешественники: Олеарій, +Корбъ, Герберштейнъ и другіе, и понемногу проливается свѣтъ на невѣдомую +страну. Захватывая и всѣ окраины Россіи (Сибирь, Кавказъ), путешественники, +однако, смѣшиваютъ свои представленія о людяхъ, обычаяхъ, костюмахъ, +почти отождествляя, напримѣръ, татарина съ великороссомъ; они искажаютъ +и архитектурныя формы: на ихъ рисункахъ главки Василія Блаженнаго и +русскихъ монастырей пріобрѣтаютъ формы куполовъ персидскихъ дворцовъ +и самаркандскихъ мечетей. + +Но отъ этого экзотическій интересъ ихъ живописныхъ показаній не +ослабляется, а напротивъ усиливается. Явно восточнаго типа халаты, +мѣховыя шапки, длинные рукава — и тутъ же великорусскія кольчуги и +чисто русскіе уборы коней. + +Бытъ, жизнь Московіи кажется имъ суровой. Сколько наказаній тѣлесныхъ — +висѣлицъ! Лѣсомъ цѣлымъ стоятъ висѣлицы на площадяхъ, людей живьемъ +зарываютъ въ могилы, а тутъ же пышные кортежи, пріемы пословъ, +засѣданія Думы Боярской — вотъ картины, проходящія передъ зрителемъ +этихъ изображеній. Заѣзжія экспедиціи и труды отдѣльныхъ современниковъ +иностранцевъ даютъ богатѣйшій матеріалъ, являющійся основой разысканій +о Россіи былыхъ временъ. + + +II + +Интересъ къ Россіи, къ ея исторіи, быту, культурѣ, всюду нарастаетъ; +онъ неизбѣжно станетъ еще большимъ. Уже и сейчасъ въ Англіи, въ Германіи, +въ Чехіи издаются книги о старомъ и новомъ русскомъ искусствѣ. + +То же наблюдается и въ Парижѣ, гдѣ усиленно коллекціонируются гравюры +и книги, относящіяся къ Россіи. + +Изъ числа коллекцій, содержащихъ богатый подборъ книгъ, упомянемъ +собранія Апостола, Катенева, Нелидова, Тищенко, Трубецкой, Гревса, +Шуваловой и др. Гравюры, изображающія русскую жизнь и русскій бытъ, +собираютъ всѣ, кто можетъ. + +Особенно цѣннымъ для вопроса, насъ занимающаго нынѣ, является собраніе +П. Н. Апостола, заключающее въ себѣ рѣдкія изданія Олеарія, Корба, +Герберштейна и др. Старательно подобранныя, эти изданія представляютъ +собою особую рѣдкость за границей, ибо многихъ изъ нихъ не имѣетъ даже +Парижская Національная Библіотека. + +Обзоръ хотя бы трехъ-четырехъ авторовъ изъ собранія Апостола даетъ уже +такой богатый матеріалъ для характеристики Россіи XVI-XVII вѣковъ, что +мы и ограничимся пока репродукціями гравюръ изъ этихъ книгъ. Когда я +пересматривалъ чудесныя in quarto и in folio, въ одинъ изъ уютныхъ +вечеровъ, проведенныхъ мною въ Парижѣ, въ квартирѣ П.Н. Апостола, +у меня явилась мысль подобрать такіе наиболѣе интересные моменты изъ +русской жизни, которые будутъ характерны для пониманія иностранцами +Россіи — тогда _Московіи_. + +Выбравъ эти гравюры, я просилъ компетентнаго П.Н. Апостола составить +къ нимъ описаніе. Нынѣ это изданіе, съ необходимыми комментаріями, +предлагается на судъ читателя. + +Думается, _Московія_ въ этихъ, хотя бы немногихъ, «штрихахъ» +закрѣплена. + +Г. К. Лукомскій. + + + + +ОТКРЫТІЕ МОСКОВІИ ИНОСТРАНЦАМИ + + (Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii + Sigismundi Liberi Baronis in Herbenstain.) + + +Благодаря произведенію Герберштейна Европа впервые ознакомилась съ +исторіей, нравами и обычаями Московіи, и этотъ посолъ Германскаго +Императора, дважды пріѣзжавшій, въ 1517 и 1526 гг. въ Россію съ +порученіемъ улучшить русско-польскія отношенія, справедливо считается +историками открывшимъ Московію иностранцамъ. + +До появленія Хроники Герберштейна Западная Европа почти ничего не знала +о Московіи, которая представлялась иностранцамъ — говоритъ Эмиль Оманъ — +какъ таинственная, азіатская, сѣверная, отдѣленная отъ остального міра +страна. Для того, чтобы достигнуть единственныхъ ея портовъ у почти +постоянно покрытыхъ льдомъ береговъ Бѣлаго моря, надо обогнуть рядъ +дальнихъ сѣверныхъ мысовъ, долго слѣдовать вдоль пустынныхъ и опасныхъ +береговъ. Сушею путь почти такъ же дологъ и безконечные лѣса Польши +кроютъ столько же опасностей, какъ и никѣмъ не посѣщаемыя Сѣверныя +моря. Перейдя черезъ границу Московіи, иностранецъ не встрѣчаетъ +впереди ничего, кромѣ лѣсовъ, болотъ, рѣкъ безъ мостовъ, рѣдкихъ +деревень и еще болѣе рѣдкихъ городовъ. Европа видитъ въ Московіи +нѣчто вродѣ христіанскаго преддверія къ Китаю, а въ Московитахъ болѣе +варварскій и болѣе таинственный, чѣмъ турки, Восточный народъ. + +Нѣмецкій историкъ Мейнерсъ имѣлъ полное право сказать, что образованная +Европа въ началѣ XVI в. знала о Россіи гораздо меньше нежели о Новой +Голландіи въ концѣ XVIII в. + +Въ началѣ XVIII ст. русскій резидентъ при одномъ изъ Западно-Европейскихъ +дворовъ, подыскивая дѣловыхъ людей для Петра, жаловался на то, что эти +люди боятся ѣхать въ Россію, думая, что ѣхать туда значитъ ѣхать «на край +свѣта» и что эта страна «съ Индіями граничитъ». + +Московія начинаетъ только въ XVI ст. привлекать вниманіе иностранцевъ. +Религіозное движеніе XVI в. заставило римскихъ первосвященниковъ +обратить заботливые взоры на Восточную Европу съ цѣлью вознаградить себя +тамъ новыми религіозными завоеваніями за огромныя потери, причиненныя +римской церкви протестантствомъ. Въ половинѣ XVI в. въ Англіи +обнаруживается сильное движеніе къ открытію новыхъ странъ и торговыхъ +путей. Соперничая съ Испаніей и Португаліей, англійскіе купцы пытались +открыть новый сѣверо-восточный проходъ въ Тихій Океанъ. Прохода не +нашли, но завязали торговыя сношенія съ Московіей и образовали торговую +компанію: Тhe Moscovian Company of the Merchants and Adventures.[1] Къ +этому же времени относится участившееся отправленіе, въ особенности изъ +Австріи, политическихъ посольствъ къ московскимъ царямъ. + +[Illustration: ГЕРБЪ РУССКАГО ЦАРСТВА И ЕГО ОБЛАСТЕЙ (КОРБЪ)] + +Многіе изъ путешественниковъ по Московіи ХVI-ХVII ст. оставили описанія +своего пребыванія въ Россіи и ихъ разсказъ представляетъ тѣмъ большую +цѣнность, что отъ этой эпохи совершенно не имѣется описаній Московіи, +ея быта, нравовъ, сдѣланныхъ самими русскими. Самое раннее такое описаніе +относится ко второй половинѣ XVII ст. Оно было сдѣлано русскимъ, +покинувшимъ по религіознымъ побужденіямъ родину (Котошихинымъ). + +Не все представляетъ въ сказаніяхъ иностранцевъ о Московіи одинаковую +цѣнность. Внѣшнія явленія, говоритъ Ключевскій, наружный порядокъ +общественной жизни, ея матеріальная сторона, вотъ что съ наибольшей +полнотой и вѣрностью могъ описать посторонній наблюдатель. Напротивъ, +извѣстія о домашней жизни, о нравственномъ состояніи общества, не могли +быть въ той же степени вѣрны и полны: эта сторона жизни менѣе открыта +для посторонняго глаза и къ ней менѣе приложима чужая марка. + +До появленія Хроники Герберштейна Западъ зналъ о Московіи только по +краткимъ описаніямъ, какія имѣлись, главнымъ образомъ, въ общихъ +трактатахъ той эпохи по исторіи и географіи[2]; описанія иностранцевъ +путешественниковъ, посѣтившихъ Московію до Герберштейна, какъ, +напримѣръ, Барбаро (1436-1432) или Контарини (1483-1487), изданы были +значительно позднѣе Хроники Герберштейна и къ тому же по полнотѣ +описанія и по историческому интересу не могутъ быть поставлены рядомъ съ +этой послѣдней. + +«Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii» вышли въ Вѣнѣ въ 1549 г. и это первое +изданіе представляетъ собою большую библіографическую рѣдкость. Книга +быстро стала знаменитой и много разъ переиздавалась и переводилась на +разные языки. Къ ней приложены двѣ карты Московіи, планъ города Москвы и +пять гравюръ на деревѣ. + +[Illustration: ОДѢЯНІЯ НОВОБРАЧНЫХЪ (ОЛЕАРІЙ)] + +Мы воспроизводимъ гравюры, изображающія русскихъ всадниковъ и ихъ +вооруженіе. Вооруженіе это, говоритъ Герберштейнъ, «состоитъ обыкновенно +изъ лука, стрѣлъ, топора и палки вродѣ булавы, именуемой по русски +кистенемъ. Саблю употребляютъ богатѣйшіе и благороднѣйшіе. Длинные +кинжалы висятъ на подобіе ножей и бываютъ такъ запрятаны въ ножны, +что едва можно прикоснуться къ верхней части рукоятки и схватить +ее въ случаѣ нужды. Равнымъ образомъ употребляютъ длинный поводъ, на +концѣ разрѣзанный, и привязываютъ его на палецъ лѣвой руки для того, +чтобы можно было брать лукъ и, оставивъ узду, употреблять его въ дѣло. +Хотя въ одно и то же время они держатъ въ рукахъ узду, лукъ, саблю, +стрѣлу и плеть, однако, искусно и безъ всякаго затрудненія управляются +съ ними. Нѣкоторые изъ знатныхъ употребляютъ латы, кольчугу, искусно +сдѣланную будто изъ чешуи, и поручи; весьма немногіе имѣютъ шлемъ, +заостренный кверху и съ украшенной верхушкой. Нѣкоторые имѣютъ одежду, +толсто подбитую для защиты отъ ударовъ. Употребляютъ также пики». + +[Illustration: РУССКІЕ ВСАДНИКИ (ГЕРБЕРШТЕЙНЪ)] + +[Illustration: РУССКІЕ ВСАДНИКИ (ГЕРБЕРШТЕЙНЪ)] + +Герберштейнъ первый описалъ то великолѣпіе и ту подозрительность, съ +какой русскій дворъ принималъ иностранныхъ пословъ; тонкости и хитрости +московскаго этикета; блескъ торжественныхъ аудіенцій, которыя царь, +окруженный своими боярами въ богатѣйшихъ одѣяніяхъ и громадныхъ лисьихъ +шапкахъ, давалъ иностраннымъ посламъ въ Грановитой Палатѣ; великолѣпіе +царскаго стола, къ которому послы приглашались послѣ аудіенціи и т.д. + +Правленіе московскихъ царей, войско, религія, раздѣленіе на классы, +затворничество женщинъ, весь бытъ Московіи, нравы, игры и забавы +населенія привлекали вниманіе пытливаго путешественника, который часто +съ удивленіемъ описываетъ нѣкоторые обычаи, сохранившіеся, однако, почти +въ чистомъ видѣ и по наше время. Вотъ, напримѣръ, какъ Герберштейнъ +говоритъ о томъ, «какъ входятъ въ Московіи въ знакомый домъ»: «въ +каждомъ домѣ и въ каждомъ покоѣ, на самомъ почетномъ мѣстѣ ставятъ +изображенія святыхъ, писанныя или литыя. Когда кто-либо приходитъ къ +другому, то, вошедши въ комнату, тотчасъ снимаетъ шапку и ищетъ глазами, +гдѣ образъ; увидѣвъ его, трижды знаменуется крестомъ и, наклоняя голову, +говоритъ: «Господи, помилуй!», потомъ здоровается съ хозяиномъ словами: +«Дай Богъ здоровья». Затѣмъ, взявшись за руку, они цѣлуются и наклоняютъ +головы; потомъ взглядываютъ другъ на друга, чтобы видѣть, кто изъ нихъ +ниже поклонился, и такимъ образомъ три или четыре раза, поперемѣнно, +наклоняютъ головы, оказывая другъ другу честь и какъ бы споря въ этомъ +между собою. Послѣ того садятся, и гость, окончивъ свое дѣло, выходитъ +прямо на середину комнаты, обращая лицо къ образу, снова крестится три +раза и, наклоняя голову, говоритъ прежнія слова. Если человѣкъ важный, +хозяинъ слѣдуетъ за нимъ до лѣстницы; если познатнѣе, провожаетъ дальше, +наблюдая мѣру по достоинству каждаго». + +[Illustration: МОСКОВСКІЯ ПРAЧКИ (ОЛЕАРІЙ)] + +Герберштейнъ зналъ русскій языкъ, пользовался первоисточниками и, давая +очеркъ исторіи Московіи, приводитъ длинныя цитаты изъ документовъ и +сборниковъ, которые появились въ печати значительно позже опубликованія +его Хроники. Описывая невѣжество и грубость нравовъ населенія, деспотизмъ +и жестокость правителей, Герберштейнъ восклицаетъ: «Неизвѣстно, +загрубѣлость ли русскаго народа требуетъ тирана-государя, или отъ тираніи +князя этотъ народъ сталъ такимъ грубымъ и жестокимъ». Повторимъ то, что +уже сказали: духовный міръ и нравственная сторона быта русскаго народа +остались закрытыми для иностранцевъ. Объ этой сторонѣ жизни Московіи надо +пользоваться ихъ сказаніями крайне разборчиво и осторожно: часто писали +они по слухамъ и судили по явленіямъ случайнымъ и исключительнымъ. + +[Illustration: КОЛОКОЛЬНЯ ИВАНА ВЕЛИКАГО (ОЛЕАРІЙ)] + + + +МОСКОВІЯ ВЪ РИСУНКАХЪ АДАМА ОЛЕАРІЯ + + +Въ первую половину XVI столѣтія, въ 1634-1639 годахъ, въ царствованіе +Михаила Феодоровича, иностранный путешественникъ два раза посѣтилъ +Московію и три раза, и по долго, тамъ останавливался. Путешественникъ +этотъ былъ ученымъ, историкомъ и математикомъ и отличался большой +наблюдательностью и воспріимчивостью. Знаніе русскаго языка помогало ему +проникать во всѣ подробности жизни Московіи и нравовъ ея населенія. +Путешественникъ былъ къ тому же отличнымъ рисовальщикомъ и онъ украсилъ +свои замѣтки и наблюденія множествомъ рисунковъ, въ которыхъ, соблюдая +большую точность и вѣрность всѣхъ подробностей, онъ зафиксировалъ нравы +и обычаи описанныхъ имъ страны и народа... У насъ имѣется благодаря +этому замѣчательный графическій документъ о жизни Московіи семнадцатаго +столѣтія.[3] + +[Illustration: КОЛОКОЛЬНЯ ИВАНА ВЕЛИКАГО (ОЛЕАРІЙ)] + +Путешественникъ этотъ — Адамъ Ольшлегеръ — фамилія, которую впослѣдствіи +онъ латинизировалъ въ Олеарія. Онъ родился въ 1599 году въ Саксоніи и, +пройдя основательный курсъ наукъ въ Лейпцигскомъ университетѣ, поступилъ +на службу Голштинскаго князя Фридерика и сопровождалъ, въ качествѣ +секретаря, и затѣмъ совѣтника, посольства, которыя въ 1634 и въ 1636 г.г. +Фридерикъ отправлялъ къ царю Михаилу Феодоровичу для установленія +торговыхъ сношеній съ Персіей черезъ Московію. + +«Московитское и Персидское Путешествіе» Олеарія справедливо считается +однимъ изъ важнѣйшихъ источниковъ для исторіи Московіи XVII в. Во всей +Европѣ, среди современниковъ Олеарія, трудъ его пользовался большой +славой и авторитетомъ и неоднократно былъ переиздаваемъ и переводимъ на +иностранные языки. Каталогъ «Rossica» С.-Петербургской Публичной +Библіотеки перечисляетъ восемнадцать изданій Олеарія, имѣющихся въ +библіотекѣ. Изъ нихъ — шесть на нѣмецкомъ языкѣ, а остальныя на +голландскомъ, на французскомъ, на итальянскомъ и на англійскомъ. Къ нимъ +слѣдуетъ присоединить два русскихъ перевода: Барсова и Ловягина. Если +вспомнить, что «Московитское и Персидское Путешествіе» (въ изданіи 1656 +года) представляетъ собою томъ іn fоlіо, болѣе чѣмъ въ тысячу страницъ, +съ множествомъ гравюръ и географическихъ картъ, то фактъ столь частаго +переизданія такого значительнаго труда свидѣтельствуетъ уже самъ по себѣ +о томъ интересѣ, который онъ возбуждалъ во всей Европѣ. Путешествіе +Адама Олеарія было однимъ изъ основныхъ сочиненій, входившихъ въ составъ +всѣхъ большихъ библіотекъ ХVII-ХVIII вѣка.[4] + +Гравюры изданій 1647 г. (перваго) и 1656 г. (наиболѣе полнаго и +тщательно изданнаго) изготовлялись подъ непосредственнымъ наблюденіемъ +автора. Для французскаго изданія 1719 года доски были съ большой +тщательностью перегравированы по нѣмецкимъ изданіямъ. + +[Illustration: ЦАРИ-БРАТЬЯ: ѲЕОДОРЪ, ІОАННЪ И ПЕТРЪ (ИЗЪ КНИГИ +DAS VERÄNDERTE RUSSLAND 1721)] + +Вотъ какъ самъ Олеарій разсказываетъ, въ предисловіи къ своему +Путешествію, съ какой тщательностью изготовлены были имъ рисунки и +гравюры, сопровождающіе его разсказъ: + +«Что касается до вытравленныхъ на мѣди рисунковъ этого изданія, то не +слѣдуетъ думать, что они, какъ это порою дѣлается, взяты изъ другихъ +книгъ или рисунковъ на мѣди. Напротивъ, я самъ нарисовалъ +собственноручно большинство этихъ рисунковъ (нѣкоторые же изъ нихъ — нашъ +бывшій посольскій врачъ Г. Граманъ, мой вѣрный товарищъ) съ натуры. +Потомъ они были приведены въ законченный видъ при помощи извѣстнаго +художника Августа Іона, много лѣтъ тому назадъ учившаго меня въ Лейпцигѣ +рисованію; при этомъ примѣнялись тогда образцы національныхъ костюмовъ, +вывезенные мною оттуда. Чтобы, однако, при работѣ граверной иглой не +потеряно было отчасти сходство, я въ теченіе долгаго времени держалъ +трехъ граверовъ, не безъ большихъ расходовъ, у себя дома; они должны +были работать по моимъ указаніямъ». + +Сопровождающія нашъ текстъ гравюры выбраны нами среди лучшихъ рисунковъ +нѣмецкихъ изданій, вышедшихъ при жизни автора, и французскаго изданія +1719 года. + + + +ТОРЖЕСТВЕННАЯ АУДІЕНЦІЯ ДАННАЯ ЦАРЕМЪ МИХАИЛОМЪ ФЕОДОРОВИЧЕМЪ +ГОЛШТИНСКОМУ ПОСОЛЬСТВУ + + +Посольство Голштинскаго князя, въ составъ коего входилъ Олеарій, и во +главѣ котораго стояли Крузіусъ и Брюггеманъ, выѣхало изъ Готторпа, +резиденціи князя Фридерика, 22 октября 1633 г. и прибыло 14 августа +слѣдующаго года въ Москву, гдѣ помѣщено было въ двухъ деревянныхъ +обывательскихъ домахъ. + +«При въѣздѣ» — разсказываетъ Олеарій — «мы видѣли на всѣхъ улицахъ и на +домахъ безчисленное множество народа, стоявшаго, чтобы смотрѣть на нашъ +въѣздъ. Однако, улицы были весьма опустошены сильнымъ пожаромъ, бывшимъ +передъ самымъ нашимъ пріѣздомъ и испепелившимъ болѣе пяти тысячъ домовъ. +Люди должны были тамъ и сямъ жить въ палаткахъ, да и мы не были помѣщены +въ посольскомъ дворѣ, который также сгорѣлъ, а въ двухъ деревянныхъ +обывательскихъ домахъ». + +На пятый день послѣ въѣзда въ Москву послы приняты были въ торжественной +аудіенціи царемъ Михаиломъ Феодоровичемъ. Церемонія этого пріема, +представленная на воспроизводимой нами гравюрѣ, описана Олеаріемъ въ +слѣдующихъ словахъ: + +«Передъ аудіенцъ-заломъ мы должны были пройти черезъ сводчатое +помѣщеніе, въ которомъ вкругъ стѣны сидѣли и стояли старые и осанистые +мужчины съ длинными сѣдыми бородами, въ золотыхъ одеждахъ и высокихъ +собольихъ шапкахъ. Это, говорятъ, «гости» Его Царскаго Величества или +именитѣйшіе купцы; одежда на нихъ принадлежитъ Его Царскаго Величества +сокровищницамъ и выдается только при обстоятельствахъ, подобныхъ +настоящему, а затѣмъ сдается обратно. + +Когда послы пришли предъ двери этой передней, изъ аудіенцъ-зала вышли +два командированные Его Царскимъ Величествомъ боярина въ золотыхъ, +вышитыхъ жемчугомъ кафтанахъ, приняли пословъ и сказали, что Его Царское +Величество пожаловалъ ихъ, допустивъ явиться передъ нимъ какъ ихъ +самихъ, такъ и ихъ гофъ-юнкеровъ. Подарки были оставлены въ этомъ +помѣщеніи, а пословъ, за которыми прошли ихъ офицеры, гофъ-юнкеры и +пажи, провели внутрь къ Его Царскому Величеству[5]. Когда они вошли въ +дверь, знатнѣйшій переводчикъ царя Гансъ Гельмесъ выступилъ впередъ, +пожелалъ великому государю, царю и великому князю счастья, +продолжительной жизни и объявилъ о прибытіи голштинскихъ пословъ. + +[Illustration: ПОСОЛЬСТВА ВЪ МОСКВУ (КОРБЪ)] + +Аудіенцъ-залъ представлялъ собою четырехугольное каменное сводчатое +помѣщеніе, покрытое снизу и по сторонамъ красивыми коврами и сверху +украшенное рисунками изъ Библейской исторіи, изображенными золотомъ и +разными красками. Тронъ великаго князя сзади у стѣны поднимался отъ +земли на три ступени, былъ окруженъ тремя серебряными позолоченными +колонками толщиной въ три дюйма; на нихъ покоился балдахинъ въ видѣ +башенки, поднимавшейся на три локтя въ вышину. Съ каждой стороны +балдахина стояло по серебряному орлу съ распростертыми крыльями. +На вышеозначенномъ престолѣ сидѣлъ Его Царское Величество въ кафтанѣ, +осыпанномъ всевозможнѣйшими драгоцѣнными камнями и вышитомъ крупнымъ +жемчугомъ. Корона, которая была на немъ поверхъ черной собольей шапки, +была покрыта крупными алмазами, также какъ и золотой скипетръ, который +онъ, вѣроятно въ виду его тяжести, по временамъ перекидывалъ изъ руки +въ руку. Передъ трономъ Его Царскаго Величества стояло четыре молодыхъ +и крѣпкихъ князя, по двое съ каждой стороны, въ бѣлыхъ дамастовыхъ +кафтанахъ, въ шапкахъ изъ рысьяго мѣха и бѣлыхъ сапогахъ; на груди у +нихъ крестообразно висѣли золотыя цѣпи. Каждый держалъ на плечѣ серебряный +топорикъ, какъ бы приготовившись ударить имъ. У стѣнъ, кругомъ, слѣва +и напротивъ царя, сидѣли знатнѣйшіе бояре, князья и государственные +совѣтники, человѣкъ съ 50, всѣ въ очень роскошныхъ одеждахъ и высокихъ +черныхъ лисьихъ шапкахъ, которыя они, по своему обычаю, постоянно держали +на головахъ. Въ пяти шагахъ отъ трона вправо стоялъ государственный +канцлеръ. Рядомъ съ престоломъ великаго князя направо стояла золотая +держава, величиной съ шаръ для игры въ кегли, на серебряной, рѣзной +пирамидѣ, которая была высотою въ два локтя. Рядомъ съ державою стояла +золотая чашка для умыванія и рукомойникъ съ полотенцемъ, чтобы Его +Царское Величество, какъ только приложатся къ его рукѣ, могъ умыться[6]. + +[Illustration: МОСКОВСКАЯ ПУБЛИЧНАЯ АУДІЕНЦІЯ (ОЛЕАРІЙ)] + +Послѣ того какъ послы съ должною почтительностью вошли, они сейчасъ же +были поставлены противъ Его Царскаго Величества, въ десяти отъ него +шагахъ. Его Царское Величество сдѣлалъ знакъ государственному канцлеру +и велѣлъ сказать посламъ, что онъ жалуетъ ихъ — позволяетъ поцѣловать +ему руку. Когда они, одинъ за другимъ, стали подходить, его величество +взялъ скипетръ въ лѣвую руку и предлагалъ каждому, съ любезной улыбкой, +правую свою руку: ее цѣловали, не трогая ея, однако, руками». Послѣ рѣчи +посла Крузіуса и отвѣта канцлера царь, слегка приподнявшись, спросилъ о +здоровьи князя Фридерика, послѣ чего внесли подарки, и аудіенція +закончилась. + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + + + +ВЕРБНОЕ ВОСКРЕСЕНІЕ + + +Въ Вербное Воскресеніе, 10-го апрѣля, русскіе торжественной церемоніей +справляли праздникъ Входа Іисуса Христа въ Іерусалимъ. + +Великій князь, котораго въ предыдущій день просили о позволеніи +посмотрѣть на это зрѣлище, прислалъ посламъ обычныя ихъ двѣ лошади и еще +15 лошадей. Противъ воротъ Кремля намъ отвели просторное мѣсто, а +русскихъ, которыхъ передъ Кремлемъ собралось болѣе 10-ти тысячъ +человѣкъ, велѣно было отстранить, чтобы мы лучше могли видѣть процессію. + +Процессія, направлявшаяся изъ Кремля въ Іерусалимскую церковь, шла въ +такомъ порядкѣ: + +Сначала великій князь со своими боярами былъ въ церкви Пресвятой Маріи и +слушалъ тамъ обѣдню. Потомъ онъ вышелъ въ торжественной процессіи, +вмѣстѣ съ патріархомъ, изъ Кремля. + +Впереди, на очень большой и широкой, но весьма низкой телѣгѣ, везли +дерево, на которомъ было нацѣплено много яблоковъ, фигъ и изюму. На +деревѣ сидѣли 4 мальчика въ бѣлыхъ сорочкахъ, пѣвшіе «Осанна». + +За нимъ слѣдовали многіе попы въ ризахъ и драгоцѣнномъ богослужебномъ +одѣяніи. Они несли хоругви, кресты и иконы на длинныхъ палкахъ и пѣли въ +одинъ голосъ. У нѣкоторыхъ были въ рукахъ кадильницы, которыми они +размахивали въ сторону народа. Далѣе шли знатные гости или купцы. За +ними шли дьяки, писцы, секретари и, наконецъ, князья и бояре, иные съ +пальмовыми вѣтвями. + +Потомъ слѣдовалъ великій князь въ великолѣпныхъ одеждахъ, съ короною на +головѣ. Его вели подъ руки знатнѣйшіе государственные совѣтники, какъ +то: князь Иванъ Борисовичъ Черкасскій и князь Алексѣй Михайловичъ +Львовъ. Самъ онъ велъ за длинныя уздцы лошадь патріарха. + +Лошадь была покрыта сукномъ; ей были придѣланы длинныя уши для сходства +съ осломъ. Патріархъ сидѣлъ на ней бокомъ; на его бѣлую круглую шапку, +осыпанную очень крупнымъ жемчугомъ, также была надѣта корона. Въ правой +рукѣ его находился золотой, осыпанный драгоцѣнными камнями, крестъ, +которымъ онъ благословлялъ окружающій народъ. Народъ же весьма низко +кланялся и крестился на него и на крестъ. Патріархъ дастъ великому князю +за то, что тотъ ведетъ его лошадь, 200 рублей, или 400 рейхсталеровъ. + +Рядомъ съ патріархомъ и позади его шли митрополиты, епископы и другіе +попы, несшіе то книги, то кадильницы. Тутъ же находились 50 мальчиковъ, +одѣтыхъ большей частью въ красное; одни снимали передъ великимъ княземъ +свои одежды и разстилали ихъ на дорогѣ, другіе же вмѣсто одежды +разстилали разноцвѣтные куски сукна (локтя въ два величиной), для того +чтобы великій князь и патріархъ прошли по нимъ». + +[Illustration: ТОРЖЕСТВЕННАЯ ЦЕРЕМОНІЯ ВЪ ВЕРБНОЕ ВОСКРЕСЕНІЕ (ОЛЕАРІЙ)] + + + +РУССКІЕ ПОМИНАЮТЪ СВОИХЪ УМЕРШИХЪ + + +«Въ субботу 24 мая 1634 г.» — разсказываетъ Олеарій, — «я отправился въ +русскую Нарву посмотрѣть, какъ русскіе поминаютъ своихъ умершихъ и +погребенныхъ друзей. Кладбище было полно русскихъ женщинъ, которыя на +могилахъ и на могильныхъ камняхъ разложили прекрасные вышитые пестрые +носовые платки, а на эти послѣдніе ими были положены на блюдахъ штуки 3 +или 4 длинныхъ оладей и пироговъ, штуки 2 или 3 вяленыхъ рыбъ и крашеныя +яйца. Иныя изъ нихъ стояли, другія лежали на колѣняхъ тутъ же, выли и +кричали и обращались къ мертвымъ съ вопросами, какіе, говорятъ, кричатъ +на похоронахъ у нихъ. Если проходилъ мимо знакомый, то они обращались къ +нему, разговаривали со смѣющимся ртомъ, а когда онъ уходилъ, снова +начинали выть. Между ними ходилъ священникъ съ двумя прислужниками, съ +кадильницею, куда онъ временами бросалъ кусочекъ воску, и окуривалъ +могилы, приговаривая нѣсколько словъ. Женщины говорили попу (такъ они +называютъ своихъ священниковъ) подрядъ имена своихъ умершихъ друзей, +изъ которыхъ нѣкоторые уже десять лѣтъ какъ умерли, другія читали имена +изъ книги, нѣкоторыя же давали ихъ читать прислужникамъ, а попъ долженъ +былъ повторять ихъ. Тѣмъ временемъ, женщины наклонялись къ попу, иногда +знаменуя себя крестнымъ знаменіемъ, а онъ помахивалъ противъ нихъ +кадильницей. Женщины тянули и тащили попа съ одного мѣста на другое, и +каждая желала имѣть преимущество для своего покойника. Когда это +кажденіе и моленіе, которое попъ совершалъ съ блуждающимъ лицомъ, безъ +особаго благоговѣнія, бывало закончено, то женщина давала ему крупную +мѣстную монету. Пироги же и яйца слуги священника забирали себѣ». + +[Illustration: ПОМИНАНІЕ УМЕРШИХЪ (ОЛЕАРІЙ)] + +[Illustration: ВАСИЛІЙ БЛАЖЕННЫЙ (ОЛЕАРІЙ)] + + + +РАЗВЛЕЧЕНІЕ ЖЕНЩИНЪ + + +«Такъ какъ праздныя молодыя женщины очень рѣдко появляются среди людей, +а также немного работаютъ и дома и, слѣдовательно, мало заняты, то +иногда онѣ устраиваютъ себѣ, со своими дѣвушками, развлеченія: +напримѣръ, качаясь на качеляхъ или на обрубкѣ дерева, становятся на оба +конца, качаются и подбрасываютъ другъ друга въ воздухъ. Иногда +появляются онѣ съ веревками, на которыхъ онѣ умѣютъ подбрасывать себя +весьма высоко на воздухъ. Простонародье, особенно въ предмѣстьяхъ и въ +деревняхъ, занимается этими играми открыто на улицахъ. Здѣсь у нихъ +поставлены общія качели въ формѣ висѣлицы съ крестообразной движущейся +главою, на которой двое, трое или болѣе лицъ могутъ подняться +одновременно». + +[Illustration: ИГРЫ И ЗАБАВЫ ЖЕНЩИНЪ (ОЛЕАРІЙ)] + + + +КАЗНЬ СТРѢЛЬЦОВЪ + + +На знаменитой, воспроизводимой нами гравюрѣ «Казни стрѣльцовъ» въ одной +картинѣ объединены казни, происходившія въ теченіе нѣсколькихъ дней (10, +13, 21, 23, 27 и 31 октября). + +На первомъ планѣ двѣ горничныя Софіи и Марфы, зарытыя по шею живыми въ +землю. Далѣе приговоренныхъ къ казнямъ стрѣльцовъ вывозятъ изъ тюрьмы на +небольшихъ возкахъ. Они держатъ въ рукахъ зажженныя восковыя свѣчи. Ихъ +съ плачемъ сопровождаютъ жены и дѣти. Австрійскій посолъ и представители +Польши и Даніи прибыли на казни въ каретахъ, запряженныхъ шестеркой. +Сейчасъ только они присутствовали рядомъ съ царемъ, одѣтымъ въ зеленую +шубу польскаго фасона, на чтеніи приговора. Вдоль стѣнъ устроены +громадныя двойныя висѣлицы. Палачами служатъ офицеры. Осужденные безъ +оковъ, но къ ногамъ ихъ привязаны куски дерева, замедляющіе ихъ +движенія. Вдоль всей крѣпостной стѣны, въ каждую бойницу вставлено +бревно, и на каждомъ бревнѣ повѣшено по двое осужденныхъ. На второмъ +планѣ стрѣльцамъ рубятъ головы. 27 октября, говоритъ Корбъ, 33 +несчастныхъ были обезглавлены. Бояре и сенаторы должны были выполнять +роль палачей, и «благороднѣйшая въ Москвѣ десница сняла сѣкирою пять +мятежныхъ головъ». Нѣсколько влѣво видны колеса, къ которымъ привязаны +замученные стрѣльцы. «Два колесованныхъ брата», разсказываетъ Корбъ, +подошедшій къ нимъ, «смотрѣли на третьяго, находившагося среди труповъ. +Ихъ горестнымъ стенаньямъ и воплямъ можетъ вполнѣ повѣрить только тотъ, +кто раньше взвѣсилъ хорошенько въ душѣ всю силу ихъ мукъ и болей. Я +видѣлъ переломанныя ноги, крѣпчайшими узами привязанныя къ колесу, +такъ что при соединеніи столькихъ страданій самымъ сильнымъ я призналъ +бы то, что осужденные не могли никоимъ образомъ пошевелиться». + +[Illustration: КАЗНИ СТРѢЛЬЦОВЪ ВЪ ОКТЯБРѢ 1698 Г. (КОРБЪ)] + +[Illustration: ТОРЖЕСТВО ВОДООСВЯЩЕНІЯ 6 ЯНВАРЯ 1699 г. (КОРБЪ)] + + + +ТОРЖЕСТВО ВОДООСВЯЩЕНІЯ 6-го ЯНВАРЯ 1699 года + + +Праздникъ Трехъ Царей или, вѣрнѣе, Богоявленія Господняго, ознаменованъ +былъ благословеніемъ рѣки Неглиной. Желая посмотрѣть на это выдающееся +торжество, Цесарскій Посолъ отправился въ Посольскую Канцелярію, окна +которой выходили на текущую мимо рѣку. Процессія двигалась къ рѣкѣ, +скованной зимнимъ холодомъ, въ слѣдующемъ порядкѣ. Открывалъ шествіе +полкъ генерала де-Гордонъ, ярко красный цвѣтъ новыхъ кафтановъ котораго +усиливалъ блескъ шествія. Гордоновъ полкъ смѣнилъ другой, называемый +Преображенскимъ и обращавшій на себя вниманіе новой зеленой одеждой. +Мѣсто капитана занималъ Царь, внушавшій высокимъ ростомъ интересъ къ +своему Величеству. Затѣмъ слѣдовалъ третій полкъ, который именуютъ +Семеновскимъ; барабанщиками въ немъ карлики, но они сообщали полку +столько же красоты, сколько природа убавила у нихъ отъ обыкновеннаго +человѣческаго роста; кафтаны солдатъ были голубого цвѣта. Во всякомъ +полку было два хора музыкантовъ. За Преображенскимъ полкомъ слѣдовало +8, а за остальными 6 воинскихъ орудій. + +На твердомъ льду рѣки построена была ограда (theatrum, Іордань). Полкъ +генерала Лефорта несъ службу на караулахъ, поэтому двѣ его роты +сопровождали духовенство, а двѣ другія, съ бѣлыми палками, прокладывали +дорогу и удерживали напоръ стекавшагося народа. Впереди духовенства шли +двѣнадцать земскихъ, слуги Царской кухни, съ метлами, чтобы очищать +улицы. Архимандриты, Епископы и Архіепископы, облаченные въ одѣянія, +богато украшенныя золотомъ, серебромъ, жемчугомъ и драгоцѣнными камнями, +придавали величественный видъ религіозной церемоніи. Передъ +замѣчательнымъ золотымъ крестомъ двѣнадцать клириковъ несли фонарь, въ +которомъ горѣли три свѣчи. Невѣроятное количество людей толпилось со +всѣхъ сторонъ, улицы были полны, крыши были заняты людьми, зрители +стояли и на городскихъ стѣнахъ, прижавшись другъ къ другу. + +Какъ только духовенство наполнило обширное пространство ограды, началась +священная церемонія, зажжено было множество восковыхъ свѣчей, и +воспослѣдовало призываніе благодати Божьей, послѣ чего Митрополитъ сталъ +ходить съ кажденіемъ кругомъ всей ограды, посерединѣ которой проломанъ +былъ ледъ, и образовалось нѣчто вродѣ колодца, въ которомъ видна была +вода. Послѣ трехкратнаго кажденія ея Митрополитъ освятилъ ее +трехкратнымъ погруженіемъ горящей свѣчи и обычнымъ благословеніемъ. +Противъ ограды воздвигнутъ былъ столбъ выше стѣны. На этомъ столбу +стояло съ государственнымъ стягомъ то лицо, котораго счелъ этого +достойнымъ царскій выборъ. Стягъ этотъ бѣлый, на немъ сіяетъ вышитый +золотомъ двухглавый орелъ. Знаменоносецъ слѣдитъ за религіозными +обрядами и каждую часть церемоніи онъ отмѣчаетъ наклоненіемъ стяга. +Знаменоносцы полковъ тщательно слѣдятъ за нимъ, чтобы соотвѣтственно +наклонять знамена. По окончаніи благословенія знаменоносцы со всѣхъ +сторонъ приближаются къ водѣ и окружаютъ ее, чтобы стяги получили +окропленіе благословенной водой. + +Затѣмъ Патріархъ, или въ его отсутствіи Митрополитъ, выйдя изъ ограды, +окропляетъ Царя и всѣхъ солдатъ. + +Для конечнаго завершенія торжества производятъ залпъ изъ орудій и затѣмъ +троекратные радостные выстрѣлы изъ ружей. + +Передъ началомъ этой церемоніи, на 6 бѣлыхъ царскихъ лошадяхъ привозили +покрытый краснымъ сукномъ сосудъ, напоминающій по формѣ саркофагъ, въ +которомъ затѣмъ отвозили благословенную воду во дворецъ». + + + +КОНЕЦЪ МОСКОВІИ + + +При ближайшихъ предшественникахъ Петра Великаго: Іоаннѣ Грозномъ, +Годуновѣ, первыхъ Романовыхъ, намѣчается уже перемѣна въ нравахъ и +обычаяхъ Московіи. Но эта подготовка къ радикальной реформѣ русской +жизни была медленной и еле примѣтной. Нужно было геніальное провидѣніе +историческихъ судебъ Россіи и смѣлое примѣненіе революціонныхъ методовъ +для того, чтобы порывисто вдвинуть Россію въ число европейскихъ державъ +и осуществить — хотя бы, во многомъ и на долго, лишь видимое и +формальное, но коренное преобразованіе нравовъ и быта страны. + +Это было дѣломъ Петра I. По словамъ историка «онъ силою толкнулъ русскій +народъ на пути прогресса». Съ порядками старой Руси, съ отечественной +стариной Петръ вступаетъ въ жестокую борьбу, и великое царствованіе +открывается кровавой драмой: истребленіемъ стрѣльцовъ, яркимъ символомъ +безпощадной расправы, сметавшей препятствія и внутренній отпоръ, какіе +на пути своемъ встрѣчалъ Преобразователь. + +Объ этомъ первомъ періодѣ царствованія Петра у насъ имѣется яркій и +подробный разсказъ современника иностранца. + +Въ 1697 г. Россія заключила съ Австріей, Польшей и Венеціей +оборонительный и наступательный союзъ противъ Турціи. По этому случаю, +въ 1698 г., императоръ Леопольдъ I отправилъ къ Петру I посольство съ +цѣлью, главнымъ образомъ, слѣдить за подготовкой Россіи къ войнѣ съ +Турціей. + +Во главѣ цесарскаго посольства стоялъ видный государственный дѣятель, +два раза уже ѣздившій посломъ въ Константинополь, де-Гваріентъ и Раллъ. +Въ Вѣнскомъ государственномъ архивѣ хранятся три отчета де-Гваріента объ +этомъ посольствѣ. Аделунгъ резюмировалъ ихъ въ своемъ Описаніи +путешествій въ Россію до 1700 года, но полностью они никогда не были +опубликованы. + +Но о посольствѣ этомъ мы имѣемъ подробный разсказъ, составленный +секретаремъ посольства Іоанномъ Георгомъ Корбомъ. Разсказъ Корба +принадлежитъ къ замѣчательнѣйшимъ сказаніямъ иностранцевъ о Россіи, и +историкъ Петра I Устряловъ справедливо называетъ его первымъ правдивымъ +произведеніемъ, познакомившимъ Европу съ Петромъ[7]. По возбуждаемому +имъ интересу, по красочности разсказа, Дневникъ Корба оставляетъ далеко +за собою разсказы другихъ иностранцевъ, бывавшихъ при дворѣ Петра I, +какъ, напримѣръ, «Relation curieuse et nouvelle de Moscovie» француза +Невилля или «The state of Russia under the present Czar» англичанина +Перри. + +Къ историческому интересу, возбуждаемому произведеніемъ Корба, +присоединяется интересъ коллекціонерскій, такъ какъ книга Корба +принадлежитъ къ очень большимъ библіографическимъ рѣдкостямъ. + +Дневникъ Корба изданъ былъ въ Вѣнѣ на латинскомъ языкѣ, безъ обозначенія +даты, но вѣроятно въ 1700 или 1701 г., судя по датѣ императорской +привилегіи на изданіе книги. Форматъ его малый in folio, въ 252 стр. и 5 +стр. предисловія. Текстъ сопровожденъ 11 планами и картами, складнымъ +изображеніемъ герба Русскаго Царства и его областей и 7 гравюрами, изъ +коихъ шесть въ двѣ страницы, изображающими: 1. Въѣздъ посольства въ +Москву 29 апрѣля 1698 г. 2. Казни стрѣльцовъ въ октябрѣ 1698 г. 3. +Катанье Посольства въ Новодѣвичій монастырь. 4. Торжество водоосвященія +6 января 1699 г. 5. Бой отряда Гордона со стрѣльцами. 6. Главный +колоколъ въ Москвѣ. 7. Флотъ Петра I. Гравюры эти довольно посредственны +по выполненію и не могутъ итти въ сравненіе съ чудесными гравюрами на +деревѣ Хроники Герберштейна или рѣзаными на мѣди гравюрами Олеарія. + +Первыя 158 стр. Дневника Корба посвящены описанію, мѣсяцъ за мѣсяцемъ и +день за днемъ, путешествія посольства и его пребыванія въ Россіи. Затѣмъ +слѣдуетъ описаніе бунта и казни стрѣльцовъ, замѣтки о власти императора, +о формахъ правленія, о религіи, о нравахъ населенія и т.д. Въ приложеніи +помѣщены свѣдѣнія о флотѣ, планы укрѣпленій Азова, которые Корбу удалось +получить, и т.д. + +Сейчасъ же по его опубликованіи, Дневникъ Корба переведенъ былъ на +русскій языкъ, вѣроятно, лично для царя, но переводъ этотъ никогда не +былъ изданъ. Первые переводы книги появляются только во второй половинѣ +XIX столѣтія: англійскій въ 1863, русскій — первый въ 1867 и второй въ +1906 г. На французскій языкъ переведена лишь часть Дневника, описывающая +бунтъ и казни стрѣльцовъ. + +[Illustration: РУССКІЙ КАЗАКЪ XVII В. (ВО ФРАНЦ. ПЕРЕРИСОВКѢ 1815 г.)] + +[Illustration: РУССКІЙ КАЗАКЪ XVII В. (ВО ФРАНЦ. ПЕРЕРИСОВКѢ 1815 г.)] + +Дневникъ Корба составляетъ большую библіографическую рѣдкость. Онъ +удостоился вписанія въ «Catalogus historicocriticus librorum rariorum» +Фогта. Въ Парижской Національной Библіотекѣ онъ принадлежитъ къ такъ +называемой «Reserve», т.е. къ отдѣлу рѣдчайшихъ книгъ, которыя +сообщаются для просмотра за отдѣльнымъ столомъ подъ наблюденіемъ особаго +служителя. Уже черезъ сравнительно короткое время послѣ своего +появленія, какъ это видно изъ изданной въ Амстердамѣ въ 1743 г. «Исторіи +Петра Великаго», Дневникъ Корба почитался большой рѣдкостью. + +Обычно рѣдкость Дневника Корба объясняется тѣмъ, что Вѣнское +правительство уничтожило всѣ экземпляры Дневника по требованію Русскаго +правительства, оскорбленнаго сдѣланнымъ Корбомъ описаніемъ русскаго +народа и въ частности жестокости, проявленной Петромъ I по отношенію къ +стрѣльцамъ. Авторъ Дневника, лично присутствовавшій при казняхъ и +подробно ихъ описывающій, заставляетъ насъ переживать всѣ ужасы этого +зрѣлища, присутствія царя въ толпѣ палачей, въ качествѣ зрителя и +участника, и изображаетъ Петра въ неблагопріятномъ свѣтѣ. Кромѣ того, +какъ многіе иностранцы, посѣтившіе Россію въ XVI и XVII в., Корбъ судилъ +иногда о русскихъ нравахъ поверхностно и легкомысленно и, наблюдая +единичные факты, онъ дѣлаетъ оскорбительные для русскаго самолюбія +обобщенія и выводы. Такъ, напримѣръ, онъ пишетъ въ своемъ Дневникѣ отъ +24-го іюля 1698 г.: «Лжесвидѣтелей можно найти въ Московіи сколько +угодно, и Московиты до такой степени развращены, что у нихъ умѣніе +хорошо надуть почти что считается признакомъ высокой души.» 24-го +августа онъ записываетъ въ Дневникъ разсказъ о любовномъ похожденіи, +напоминающій новеллу Боккачіо, и добавляетъ: «Московиты такъ мало +придаютъ значенія прелюбодѣянію, что они смѣются тамъ, гдѣ надо +плакать». + +[Illustration] + +Въ ту эпоху, когда Корбъ былъ въ Москвѣ, русскіе успѣхи при Азовѣ и +путешествіе Петра за-границу сильно возбудили интересъ Европы къ Россіи. +Съ своей стороны, Русскій дворъ искалъ сближенія съ Европой и придавалъ +значеніе европейскому общественному мнѣнію. Книга Корба произвела +впечатлѣніе скандала. Русское Правительство съ большой горечью +жаловалось Вѣнскому Двору. Находившійся въ это время въ Вѣнѣ князь +Голицынъ писалъ канцлеру Головину: Міръ не видалъ еще такого поганца и +поносителя Русскаго Государства. Съ тѣхъ поръ, какъ онъ вернулся, насъ +почитаютъ за варваровъ. + +Не существуетъ, однако, никакого доказательства уничтоженія Дневника, и +о немъ не упоминаютъ отчеты о книгѣ, появившіеся черезъ нѣсколько лѣтъ +послѣ ея опубликованія. Несомнѣнно, что Дневникъ никогда не былъ +переизданъ, и возможно, что выпущенный на довольно плохой бумагѣ, +небрежно сброшюрованный (судя по экземплярамъ, какіе намъ пришлось +видѣть) онъ дошелъ до насъ только въ рѣдкихъ случаяхъ. Предполагаютъ, +какъ говорятъ историки Петра (напр. Валишевскій), что Дневника Корба +сохранилось всего двѣнадцать экземпляровъ. Мы полагаемъ, однако, что +экземпляровъ Корба имѣется большее число. Такъ, напримѣръ, въ Парижѣ, +кромѣ экземпляра, который находится въ нашемъ владѣніи, мы знаемъ два +экземпляра, принадлежащіе А. Онѣгину и барону Врангелю[8], и экземпляръ, +находящійся въ Національной Библіотекѣ. Этотъ послѣдній экземпляръ въ +отличномъ состояніи и въ старинномъ кожаномъ переплетѣ[9]. Въ маѣ 1921 +г. экземпляръ Корба значился въ каталогѣ одного книжнаго аукціона въ +Амстердамѣ. + +[Illustration: ГРАВЮРА MOREAU LE JEUNE КЪ ЖЕНЕВСКОМУ ИЗДАНІЮ КЭЛКЪ +ПОЛНАГО СОБРАНІЯ СОЧИНЕНІЙ ВОЛЬТЕРА ВОСПРОИЗВЕДЕНА ВЪ ВИДѢ ФРОНТИСПИСА +КЪ ФРАНЦУЗСКОМУ ПЕРЕВОДУ ПРОИЗВЕДЕНІЙ СУМАРОКОВА.] + +Всѣ историки, которые могли пользоваться Дневникомъ Корба, опираются на +него, какъ на свидѣтельство наиболѣе цѣнное для перваго періода исторіи +Петра I. Этотъ разсказъ, наивный, но всегда искренній и записанный день +за днемъ, является наиболѣе цѣннымъ живымъ документомъ для сужденія о +событіяхъ, имѣвшихъ мѣсто въ Москвѣ въ 1698 году и проливающихъ свѣтъ +на характеръ царя-реформатора, на его холодную и всегда готовую къ +страшнымъ вспышкамъ натуру, подобную — по мѣткому сравненію Ключевскаго — +тѣмъ громаднымъ чугуннымъ пушкамъ, которыя Петръ выливалъ въ +Петрозаводскѣ. Обликъ Петра, какъ обрисовывается онъ въ разсказѣ Корба, +тотъ же, что у Пушкина въ «Мѣдномъ Всадникѣ»: глухой къ голосу +состраданія, когда стремится онъ къ цѣли, которую считаетъ существенной +для блага Государства. + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + + + +ПРИМѢЧАНІЯ + + +[1] Ключевскій. Сказанія иностранцевъ о московскомъ Государствѣ. +Москва. 1866. + +[2] S. Munster. Cosmographei oder Beschreibung aller Länder. +Mathie de Myechow. Tractatus Sarmatiis. Olaus Gothus Historia de +Gentibus Septentrionalibus etc. etc. + +[3] Другая серія рисунковъ, посвященныхъ московскимъ нравамъ и +обычаямъ, сдѣлана была приблизительно въ то же время (1661-1663) +рисовальщикомъ, который сопровождалъ въ Россію посла Леопольда I, барона +Аугустина Мейерберга. Оригинальные рисунки эти хранятся въ Дрезденской +библіотекѣ и воспроизведены были Фридрихомъ Аделунгомъ въ сочиненіи, +посвященномъ Мейербергу и изданномъ въ 1827 г. въ С.-Петербургѣ. + +[4] У насъ имѣется экземпляръ французскаго изданія Олеарія (1727) въ +кожаномъ переплетѣ, украшенномъ на обѣихъ доскахъ и на корешкѣ гербомъ +графини де-Веррю, знаменитой «Dame de Volupté», любовницы короля +Сардинскаго Виктора Амедея II. Графиня де-Веррю, герцогиня Монпансье и +маркиза Помпадуръ были тремя знаменитѣйшими французскими библіофилками +XVII-XVIII ст. + +[5] Подарки, присланные княземъ Фридерикомъ Михаилу Феодоровичу, были +(не считая трехъ лошадей, вороной, сѣрой въ яблокахъ и гнѣдой) слѣдующіе: + +Осыпанная драгоцѣнными камнями серебряная конская сбруя; оправленный въ +золото крестъ изъ хризолитовъ; ящикъ изъ чернаго дерева, окованнаго +золотомъ, для аптеки съ наполненными дорогими лѣкарствами золотыми +баночками, усыпанными драгоцѣнными камнями; осыпанная рубинами и обитая +золотомъ хрустальная кружка; большое зеркало съ рамой изъ чернаго +дерева, украшенной серебряными листьями и орнаментами; боевые часы съ +подвижнымъ изображеніемъ исторіи о блудномъ сынѣ; большіе часы, +вдѣланные въ черное дерево, обитое серебромъ; серебряный позолоченный +посохъ со зрительной трубой въ немъ. + +[6] Антоній Поссевинъ на стр. 2 перваго комментарія «возмущается этимъ +обычаемъ, какъ неумѣстнымъ обрядомъ, внушающимъ ненависть къ +христіанамъ-единовѣрцамъ». + +[7] Въ 1910 г. въ Берлинѣ вышло въ серіи редактируемыхъ Эберингомъ +Историческихъ Очерковъ двухтомное изслѣдованіе (463 + 365 стр.) +посвященное Дневнику Корба. + +[8] Теперь перешедшій къ В. Э. Дэну. + +[9] На экземплярѣ Корба, принадлежащемъ Берлинской Національной +Библіотекѣ, имѣется ex-libris «Ex biblioteca Hieronymi à Munhausen». Это +тотъ самый Мюнхгаузенъ, которому приписываются знаменитыя приключенія. +Онъ родился въ 1720 г. и въ 1740-1741 г. былъ, во время войны противъ +турокъ, на русской службѣ. + + + +ПЕРЕЧЕНЬ ИЛЛЮСТРАЦІЙ + + + Рис. на стр. 15 + Гербъ Русскаго Царства и его областей (Корбъ). + Grand Aigle Impériale avec écussous des provinces de la Moscovie + (Korb). + + Рис. на стр. 17 + Одѣяніе новобрачныхъ (Олеарій). + Les jeunes époux Moscovites (Olearius). + + Рис. на стр. 18 + Русскіе всадники (Герберштейнъ). + Cavaliers Russes (Herberstein) + + Рис. на стр. 19 + Русскіе всадники (Герберштейнъ). + Cavaliers Russes (Herberstein). + + Рис. на стр. 21 + Московскія прачки (Олеарій). + Blanchisseuses Moscovites (Olearius). + + Рис. на стр. 23 и 25 + Колокольня Ивана Великаго (Олеарій). + Le Clocher d'Ivan Veliky (Olearius). + + Рис. на стр. 27 + Царь Ѳеодоръ, Царь Іоаннъ, Царь Петръ (изъ книги «Das veränderte + Russland», 1721). + Les tzars-frères Théodore, Jean et Pierre (du livre «Das veränderte + Russland», 1721). + + Рис. на стр. 31 + Въѣздъ Цесарскаго посольства въ Москву (Корбъ). + Entrée de L'Ambassade Impériale à Moscou (Korb). + + Рис. на стр. 33 + Московская публичная аудіенція (Олеарій). + Audience Publique Moscovite (Olearius). + + Рис. на стр. 37 + Торжественная церемонія въ Вербное Воскресеніе (Олеарій). + Célébration de la Fête de Paques Fleuries (Olearius). + + Рис. на стр. 39 + Поминаніе умершихъ (Олеарій). + Le Jour sed Morts (Olearius). + + Рис. на стр. 40 + Фронтисписъ къ Эльзевиру о Россіи (1630). + Frontispice de la «Russie» d'Elzevir (1630). + + Рис. на стр. 41 + Храмъ Василія Блаженнаго (Олеарій). + L'Eglise de Basile le Bienheureux (Olearius). + + Рис. на стр. 43 + Игры и забавы женщинъ (Олеарій). + Divertissement des Moscovites (Olearius). + + Рис. на стр. 45 + Казни стрѣльцовъ въ октябрѣ 1698 г. (Корбъ). + Les supplices des streltzis en octobre 1698 (Korb). + + Рис. на стр. 47 + Торжество водоосвященія 6 января 1699 г. (Корбъ). + La bénédiction des eaux le 6 Janvier 1699 (Korb). + + Рис. на стр. 54 и 55 + Съ гравюръ изъ собранія П. Н. Апостола. + Изображеніе, сдѣланное въ Парижѣ въ 1815-16 гг. (къ пребыванію + русскихъ войскъ въ Парижѣ) на основаніи источниковъ XVII вѣка, + т.е. по матеріаламъ Олеарія и другимъ. + + Рис. на стр. 57 + Петръ Великій трагедія (Дорà). + Pierre le Grand. Tragédie par M. Doral. + + Рис. на стр. 59 + Гравюра Moreau Le Jeune къ женевскому изданію Кэля полнаго собранія + сочиненій Вольтера. Воспроизведена въ видѣ фронтисписа къ французскому + переводу произведеній Сумарокова. + + Рис. на стр. 60 + Фронтисписы изъ книги «Россія или Московія также Тартарія» + (Эльзевировское изд. 1630 г.). + + Рис. на стр. 61 + Титульный листъ изъ книги «Путешествія Адама Олеарія» (Лейденъ, 1719). + Les voyages du sieur Adam Olearius. + + Рис. на стр. 62 + Государственная печать. + Le Sceau d'État. + + Рис. на стр. 63 и 65. + Поѣздка Цесарскаго Посольства въ Новодѣвичіи Монастырь (Корбъ). + + + +СОДЕРЖАНІЕ + + +Предисловіе. + +Открытіе Московіи иностранцами + +Московія по рисункамъ Адама Олеарія + +Торжественная аудіенція, данная царемъ Михаиломъ Федоровичемъ +Гольштинскому Посольству + +Вербное Воскресеніе + +Русскіе поминаютъ своихъ умершихъ + +Развлеченія женщинъ + +Казнь Стрѣльцовъ + +Торжество водоосвященія 6-го января 1699 года + +Конецъ Московіи + + + + ПЕЧАТАЮТСЯ + Г.К. ЛУКОМСКІЙ + »САНКТЪ-ПЕТЕРБУРГЪ« + »ЦАРСКОЕ СЕЛО« + »ПАЛЛАДІО« + +[Illustration: ACADEMIE] + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Moscovia v predstavlenii inostrantsev +XVI-XVII v., by Pavel Nikolayevich Apostol + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MOSCOVIA V PREDSTAVLENII XVI-XVII *** + +***** This file should be named 30774-0.txt or 30774-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/0/7/7/30774/ + +Produced by David Starner, cinnabar and the Online +Distributed Proofreaders Europe at http://dp.rastko.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.net + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Utf8String/EnglishAllAscii.txt b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Utf8String/EnglishAllAscii.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a0ee66f49b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Utf8String/EnglishAllAscii.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3736 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, by Lewis Carroll + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland + +Author: Lewis Carroll + +Posting Date: June 25, 2008 [EBook #11] +Release Date: March, 1994 +[Last updated: December 20, 2011] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND *** + + + + + + + + + + +ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND + +Lewis Carroll + +THE MILLENNIUM FULCRUM EDITION 3.0 + + + + +CHAPTER I. Down the Rabbit-Hole + +Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the +bank, and of having nothing to do: once or twice she had peeped into the +book her sister was reading, but it had no pictures or conversations in +it, 'and what is the use of a book,' thought Alice 'without pictures or +conversations?' + +So she was considering in her own mind (as well as she could, for the +hot day made her feel very sleepy and stupid), whether the pleasure +of making a daisy-chain would be worth the trouble of getting up and +picking the daisies, when suddenly a White Rabbit with pink eyes ran +close by her. + +There was nothing so VERY remarkable in that; nor did Alice think it so +VERY much out of the way to hear the Rabbit say to itself, 'Oh dear! +Oh dear! I shall be late!' (when she thought it over afterwards, it +occurred to her that she ought to have wondered at this, but at the time +it all seemed quite natural); but when the Rabbit actually TOOK A WATCH +OUT OF ITS WAISTCOAT-POCKET, and looked at it, and then hurried on, +Alice started to her feet, for it flashed across her mind that she had +never before seen a rabbit with either a waistcoat-pocket, or a watch +to take out of it, and burning with curiosity, she ran across the field +after it, and fortunately was just in time to see it pop down a large +rabbit-hole under the hedge. + +In another moment down went Alice after it, never once considering how +in the world she was to get out again. + +The rabbit-hole went straight on like a tunnel for some way, and then +dipped suddenly down, so suddenly that Alice had not a moment to think +about stopping herself before she found herself falling down a very deep +well. + +Either the well was very deep, or she fell very slowly, for she had +plenty of time as she went down to look about her and to wonder what was +going to happen next. First, she tried to look down and make out what +she was coming to, but it was too dark to see anything; then she +looked at the sides of the well, and noticed that they were filled with +cupboards and book-shelves; here and there she saw maps and pictures +hung upon pegs. She took down a jar from one of the shelves as +she passed; it was labelled 'ORANGE MARMALADE', but to her great +disappointment it was empty: she did not like to drop the jar for fear +of killing somebody, so managed to put it into one of the cupboards as +she fell past it. + +'Well!' thought Alice to herself, 'after such a fall as this, I shall +think nothing of tumbling down stairs! How brave they'll all think me at +home! Why, I wouldn't say anything about it, even if I fell off the top +of the house!' (Which was very likely true.) + +Down, down, down. Would the fall NEVER come to an end! 'I wonder how +many miles I've fallen by this time?' she said aloud. 'I must be getting +somewhere near the centre of the earth. Let me see: that would be four +thousand miles down, I think--' (for, you see, Alice had learnt several +things of this sort in her lessons in the schoolroom, and though this +was not a VERY good opportunity for showing off her knowledge, as there +was no one to listen to her, still it was good practice to say it over) +'--yes, that's about the right distance--but then I wonder what Latitude +or Longitude I've got to?' (Alice had no idea what Latitude was, or +Longitude either, but thought they were nice grand words to say.) + +Presently she began again. 'I wonder if I shall fall right THROUGH the +earth! How funny it'll seem to come out among the people that walk with +their heads downward! The Antipathies, I think--' (she was rather glad +there WAS no one listening, this time, as it didn't sound at all the +right word) '--but I shall have to ask them what the name of the country +is, you know. Please, Ma'am, is this New Zealand or Australia?' (and +she tried to curtsey as she spoke--fancy CURTSEYING as you're falling +through the air! Do you think you could manage it?) 'And what an +ignorant little girl she'll think me for asking! No, it'll never do to +ask: perhaps I shall see it written up somewhere.' + +Down, down, down. There was nothing else to do, so Alice soon began +talking again. 'Dinah'll miss me very much to-night, I should think!' +(Dinah was the cat.) 'I hope they'll remember her saucer of milk at +tea-time. Dinah my dear! I wish you were down here with me! There are no +mice in the air, I'm afraid, but you might catch a bat, and that's very +like a mouse, you know. But do cats eat bats, I wonder?' And here Alice +began to get rather sleepy, and went on saying to herself, in a dreamy +sort of way, 'Do cats eat bats? Do cats eat bats?' and sometimes, 'Do +bats eat cats?' for, you see, as she couldn't answer either question, +it didn't much matter which way she put it. She felt that she was dozing +off, and had just begun to dream that she was walking hand in hand with +Dinah, and saying to her very earnestly, 'Now, Dinah, tell me the truth: +did you ever eat a bat?' when suddenly, thump! thump! down she came upon +a heap of sticks and dry leaves, and the fall was over. + +Alice was not a bit hurt, and she jumped up on to her feet in a moment: +she looked up, but it was all dark overhead; before her was another +long passage, and the White Rabbit was still in sight, hurrying down it. +There was not a moment to be lost: away went Alice like the wind, and +was just in time to hear it say, as it turned a corner, 'Oh my ears +and whiskers, how late it's getting!' She was close behind it when she +turned the corner, but the Rabbit was no longer to be seen: she found +herself in a long, low hall, which was lit up by a row of lamps hanging +from the roof. + +There were doors all round the hall, but they were all locked; and when +Alice had been all the way down one side and up the other, trying every +door, she walked sadly down the middle, wondering how she was ever to +get out again. + +Suddenly she came upon a little three-legged table, all made of solid +glass; there was nothing on it except a tiny golden key, and Alice's +first thought was that it might belong to one of the doors of the hall; +but, alas! either the locks were too large, or the key was too small, +but at any rate it would not open any of them. However, on the second +time round, she came upon a low curtain she had not noticed before, and +behind it was a little door about fifteen inches high: she tried the +little golden key in the lock, and to her great delight it fitted! + +Alice opened the door and found that it led into a small passage, not +much larger than a rat-hole: she knelt down and looked along the passage +into the loveliest garden you ever saw. How she longed to get out of +that dark hall, and wander about among those beds of bright flowers and +those cool fountains, but she could not even get her head through the +doorway; 'and even if my head would go through,' thought poor Alice, 'it +would be of very little use without my shoulders. Oh, how I wish I could +shut up like a telescope! I think I could, if I only knew how to begin.' +For, you see, so many out-of-the-way things had happened lately, +that Alice had begun to think that very few things indeed were really +impossible. + +There seemed to be no use in waiting by the little door, so she went +back to the table, half hoping she might find another key on it, or at +any rate a book of rules for shutting people up like telescopes: this +time she found a little bottle on it, ('which certainly was not here +before,' said Alice,) and round the neck of the bottle was a paper +label, with the words 'DRINK ME' beautifully printed on it in large +letters. + +It was all very well to say 'Drink me,' but the wise little Alice was +not going to do THAT in a hurry. 'No, I'll look first,' she said, 'and +see whether it's marked "poison" or not'; for she had read several nice +little histories about children who had got burnt, and eaten up by wild +beasts and other unpleasant things, all because they WOULD not remember +the simple rules their friends had taught them: such as, that a red-hot +poker will burn you if you hold it too long; and that if you cut your +finger VERY deeply with a knife, it usually bleeds; and she had never +forgotten that, if you drink much from a bottle marked 'poison,' it is +almost certain to disagree with you, sooner or later. + +However, this bottle was NOT marked 'poison,' so Alice ventured to taste +it, and finding it very nice, (it had, in fact, a sort of mixed flavour +of cherry-tart, custard, pine-apple, roast turkey, toffee, and hot +buttered toast,) she very soon finished it off. + + * * * * * * * + + * * * * * * + + * * * * * * * + +'What a curious feeling!' said Alice; 'I must be shutting up like a +telescope.' + +And so it was indeed: she was now only ten inches high, and her face +brightened up at the thought that she was now the right size for going +through the little door into that lovely garden. First, however, she +waited for a few minutes to see if she was going to shrink any further: +she felt a little nervous about this; 'for it might end, you know,' said +Alice to herself, 'in my going out altogether, like a candle. I wonder +what I should be like then?' And she tried to fancy what the flame of a +candle is like after the candle is blown out, for she could not remember +ever having seen such a thing. + +After a while, finding that nothing more happened, she decided on going +into the garden at once; but, alas for poor Alice! when she got to the +door, she found she had forgotten the little golden key, and when she +went back to the table for it, she found she could not possibly reach +it: she could see it quite plainly through the glass, and she tried her +best to climb up one of the legs of the table, but it was too slippery; +and when she had tired herself out with trying, the poor little thing +sat down and cried. + +'Come, there's no use in crying like that!' said Alice to herself, +rather sharply; 'I advise you to leave off this minute!' She generally +gave herself very good advice, (though she very seldom followed it), +and sometimes she scolded herself so severely as to bring tears into +her eyes; and once she remembered trying to box her own ears for having +cheated herself in a game of croquet she was playing against herself, +for this curious child was very fond of pretending to be two people. +'But it's no use now,' thought poor Alice, 'to pretend to be two people! +Why, there's hardly enough of me left to make ONE respectable person!' + +Soon her eye fell on a little glass box that was lying under the table: +she opened it, and found in it a very small cake, on which the words +'EAT ME' were beautifully marked in currants. 'Well, I'll eat it,' said +Alice, 'and if it makes me grow larger, I can reach the key; and if it +makes me grow smaller, I can creep under the door; so either way I'll +get into the garden, and I don't care which happens!' + +She ate a little bit, and said anxiously to herself, 'Which way? Which +way?', holding her hand on the top of her head to feel which way it was +growing, and she was quite surprised to find that she remained the same +size: to be sure, this generally happens when one eats cake, but Alice +had got so much into the way of expecting nothing but out-of-the-way +things to happen, that it seemed quite dull and stupid for life to go on +in the common way. + +So she set to work, and very soon finished off the cake. + + * * * * * * * + + * * * * * * + + * * * * * * * + + + + +CHAPTER II. The Pool of Tears + +'Curiouser and curiouser!' cried Alice (she was so much surprised, that +for the moment she quite forgot how to speak good English); 'now I'm +opening out like the largest telescope that ever was! Good-bye, feet!' +(for when she looked down at her feet, they seemed to be almost out of +sight, they were getting so far off). 'Oh, my poor little feet, I wonder +who will put on your shoes and stockings for you now, dears? I'm sure +_I_ shan't be able! I shall be a great deal too far off to trouble +myself about you: you must manage the best way you can;--but I must be +kind to them,' thought Alice, 'or perhaps they won't walk the way I want +to go! Let me see: I'll give them a new pair of boots every Christmas.' + +And she went on planning to herself how she would manage it. 'They must +go by the carrier,' she thought; 'and how funny it'll seem, sending +presents to one's own feet! And how odd the directions will look! + + ALICE'S RIGHT FOOT, ESQ. + HEARTHRUG, + NEAR THE FENDER, + (WITH ALICE'S LOVE). + +Oh dear, what nonsense I'm talking!' + +Just then her head struck against the roof of the hall: in fact she was +now more than nine feet high, and she at once took up the little golden +key and hurried off to the garden door. + +Poor Alice! It was as much as she could do, lying down on one side, to +look through into the garden with one eye; but to get through was more +hopeless than ever: she sat down and began to cry again. + +'You ought to be ashamed of yourself,' said Alice, 'a great girl like +you,' (she might well say this), 'to go on crying in this way! Stop this +moment, I tell you!' But she went on all the same, shedding gallons of +tears, until there was a large pool all round her, about four inches +deep and reaching half down the hall. + +After a time she heard a little pattering of feet in the distance, and +she hastily dried her eyes to see what was coming. It was the White +Rabbit returning, splendidly dressed, with a pair of white kid gloves in +one hand and a large fan in the other: he came trotting along in a great +hurry, muttering to himself as he came, 'Oh! the Duchess, the Duchess! +Oh! won't she be savage if I've kept her waiting!' Alice felt so +desperate that she was ready to ask help of any one; so, when the Rabbit +came near her, she began, in a low, timid voice, 'If you please, sir--' +The Rabbit started violently, dropped the white kid gloves and the fan, +and skurried away into the darkness as hard as he could go. + +Alice took up the fan and gloves, and, as the hall was very hot, she +kept fanning herself all the time she went on talking: 'Dear, dear! How +queer everything is to-day! And yesterday things went on just as usual. +I wonder if I've been changed in the night? Let me think: was I the +same when I got up this morning? I almost think I can remember feeling a +little different. But if I'm not the same, the next question is, Who +in the world am I? Ah, THAT'S the great puzzle!' And she began thinking +over all the children she knew that were of the same age as herself, to +see if she could have been changed for any of them. + +'I'm sure I'm not Ada,' she said, 'for her hair goes in such long +ringlets, and mine doesn't go in ringlets at all; and I'm sure I can't +be Mabel, for I know all sorts of things, and she, oh! she knows such a +very little! Besides, SHE'S she, and I'm I, and--oh dear, how puzzling +it all is! I'll try if I know all the things I used to know. Let me +see: four times five is twelve, and four times six is thirteen, and +four times seven is--oh dear! I shall never get to twenty at that rate! +However, the Multiplication Table doesn't signify: let's try Geography. +London is the capital of Paris, and Paris is the capital of Rome, and +Rome--no, THAT'S all wrong, I'm certain! I must have been changed for +Mabel! I'll try and say "How doth the little--"' and she crossed her +hands on her lap as if she were saying lessons, and began to repeat it, +but her voice sounded hoarse and strange, and the words did not come the +same as they used to do:-- + + 'How doth the little crocodile + Improve his shining tail, + And pour the waters of the Nile + On every golden scale! + + 'How cheerfully he seems to grin, + How neatly spread his claws, + And welcome little fishes in + With gently smiling jaws!' + +'I'm sure those are not the right words,' said poor Alice, and her eyes +filled with tears again as she went on, 'I must be Mabel after all, and +I shall have to go and live in that poky little house, and have next to +no toys to play with, and oh! ever so many lessons to learn! No, I've +made up my mind about it; if I'm Mabel, I'll stay down here! It'll be no +use their putting their heads down and saying "Come up again, dear!" I +shall only look up and say "Who am I then? Tell me that first, and then, +if I like being that person, I'll come up: if not, I'll stay down here +till I'm somebody else"--but, oh dear!' cried Alice, with a sudden burst +of tears, 'I do wish they WOULD put their heads down! I am so VERY tired +of being all alone here!' + +As she said this she looked down at her hands, and was surprised to see +that she had put on one of the Rabbit's little white kid gloves while +she was talking. 'How CAN I have done that?' she thought. 'I must +be growing small again.' She got up and went to the table to measure +herself by it, and found that, as nearly as she could guess, she was now +about two feet high, and was going on shrinking rapidly: she soon found +out that the cause of this was the fan she was holding, and she dropped +it hastily, just in time to avoid shrinking away altogether. + +'That WAS a narrow escape!' said Alice, a good deal frightened at the +sudden change, but very glad to find herself still in existence; 'and +now for the garden!' and she ran with all speed back to the little door: +but, alas! the little door was shut again, and the little golden key was +lying on the glass table as before, 'and things are worse than ever,' +thought the poor child, 'for I never was so small as this before, never! +And I declare it's too bad, that it is!' + +As she said these words her foot slipped, and in another moment, splash! +she was up to her chin in salt water. Her first idea was that she +had somehow fallen into the sea, 'and in that case I can go back by +railway,' she said to herself. (Alice had been to the seaside once in +her life, and had come to the general conclusion, that wherever you go +to on the English coast you find a number of bathing machines in the +sea, some children digging in the sand with wooden spades, then a row +of lodging houses, and behind them a railway station.) However, she soon +made out that she was in the pool of tears which she had wept when she +was nine feet high. + +'I wish I hadn't cried so much!' said Alice, as she swam about, trying +to find her way out. 'I shall be punished for it now, I suppose, by +being drowned in my own tears! That WILL be a queer thing, to be sure! +However, everything is queer to-day.' + +Just then she heard something splashing about in the pool a little way +off, and she swam nearer to make out what it was: at first she thought +it must be a walrus or hippopotamus, but then she remembered how small +she was now, and she soon made out that it was only a mouse that had +slipped in like herself. + +'Would it be of any use, now,' thought Alice, 'to speak to this mouse? +Everything is so out-of-the-way down here, that I should think very +likely it can talk: at any rate, there's no harm in trying.' So she +began: 'O Mouse, do you know the way out of this pool? I am very tired +of swimming about here, O Mouse!' (Alice thought this must be the right +way of speaking to a mouse: she had never done such a thing before, but +she remembered having seen in her brother's Latin Grammar, 'A mouse--of +a mouse--to a mouse--a mouse--O mouse!') The Mouse looked at her rather +inquisitively, and seemed to her to wink with one of its little eyes, +but it said nothing. + +'Perhaps it doesn't understand English,' thought Alice; 'I daresay it's +a French mouse, come over with William the Conqueror.' (For, with all +her knowledge of history, Alice had no very clear notion how long ago +anything had happened.) So she began again: 'Ou est ma chatte?' which +was the first sentence in her French lesson-book. The Mouse gave a +sudden leap out of the water, and seemed to quiver all over with fright. +'Oh, I beg your pardon!' cried Alice hastily, afraid that she had hurt +the poor animal's feelings. 'I quite forgot you didn't like cats.' + +'Not like cats!' cried the Mouse, in a shrill, passionate voice. 'Would +YOU like cats if you were me?' + +'Well, perhaps not,' said Alice in a soothing tone: 'don't be angry +about it. And yet I wish I could show you our cat Dinah: I think you'd +take a fancy to cats if you could only see her. She is such a dear quiet +thing,' Alice went on, half to herself, as she swam lazily about in the +pool, 'and she sits purring so nicely by the fire, licking her paws and +washing her face--and she is such a nice soft thing to nurse--and she's +such a capital one for catching mice--oh, I beg your pardon!' cried +Alice again, for this time the Mouse was bristling all over, and she +felt certain it must be really offended. 'We won't talk about her any +more if you'd rather not.' + +'We indeed!' cried the Mouse, who was trembling down to the end of his +tail. 'As if I would talk on such a subject! Our family always HATED +cats: nasty, low, vulgar things! Don't let me hear the name again!' + +'I won't indeed!' said Alice, in a great hurry to change the subject of +conversation. 'Are you--are you fond--of--of dogs?' The Mouse did not +answer, so Alice went on eagerly: 'There is such a nice little dog near +our house I should like to show you! A little bright-eyed terrier, you +know, with oh, such long curly brown hair! And it'll fetch things when +you throw them, and it'll sit up and beg for its dinner, and all sorts +of things--I can't remember half of them--and it belongs to a farmer, +you know, and he says it's so useful, it's worth a hundred pounds! He +says it kills all the rats and--oh dear!' cried Alice in a sorrowful +tone, 'I'm afraid I've offended it again!' For the Mouse was swimming +away from her as hard as it could go, and making quite a commotion in +the pool as it went. + +So she called softly after it, 'Mouse dear! Do come back again, and we +won't talk about cats or dogs either, if you don't like them!' When the +Mouse heard this, it turned round and swam slowly back to her: its +face was quite pale (with passion, Alice thought), and it said in a low +trembling voice, 'Let us get to the shore, and then I'll tell you my +history, and you'll understand why it is I hate cats and dogs.' + +It was high time to go, for the pool was getting quite crowded with the +birds and animals that had fallen into it: there were a Duck and a Dodo, +a Lory and an Eaglet, and several other curious creatures. Alice led the +way, and the whole party swam to the shore. + + + + +CHAPTER III. A Caucus-Race and a Long Tale + +They were indeed a queer-looking party that assembled on the bank--the +birds with draggled feathers, the animals with their fur clinging close +to them, and all dripping wet, cross, and uncomfortable. + +The first question of course was, how to get dry again: they had a +consultation about this, and after a few minutes it seemed quite natural +to Alice to find herself talking familiarly with them, as if she had +known them all her life. Indeed, she had quite a long argument with the +Lory, who at last turned sulky, and would only say, 'I am older than +you, and must know better'; and this Alice would not allow without +knowing how old it was, and, as the Lory positively refused to tell its +age, there was no more to be said. + +At last the Mouse, who seemed to be a person of authority among them, +called out, 'Sit down, all of you, and listen to me! I'LL soon make you +dry enough!' They all sat down at once, in a large ring, with the Mouse +in the middle. Alice kept her eyes anxiously fixed on it, for she felt +sure she would catch a bad cold if she did not get dry very soon. + +'Ahem!' said the Mouse with an important air, 'are you all ready? This +is the driest thing I know. Silence all round, if you please! "William +the Conqueror, whose cause was favoured by the pope, was soon submitted +to by the English, who wanted leaders, and had been of late much +accustomed to usurpation and conquest. Edwin and Morcar, the earls of +Mercia and Northumbria--"' + +'Ugh!' said the Lory, with a shiver. + +'I beg your pardon!' said the Mouse, frowning, but very politely: 'Did +you speak?' + +'Not I!' said the Lory hastily. + +'I thought you did,' said the Mouse. '--I proceed. "Edwin and Morcar, +the earls of Mercia and Northumbria, declared for him: and even Stigand, +the patriotic archbishop of Canterbury, found it advisable--"' + +'Found WHAT?' said the Duck. + +'Found IT,' the Mouse replied rather crossly: 'of course you know what +"it" means.' + +'I know what "it" means well enough, when I find a thing,' said the +Duck: 'it's generally a frog or a worm. The question is, what did the +archbishop find?' + +The Mouse did not notice this question, but hurriedly went on, '"--found +it advisable to go with Edgar Atheling to meet William and offer him the +crown. William's conduct at first was moderate. But the insolence of his +Normans--" How are you getting on now, my dear?' it continued, turning +to Alice as it spoke. + +'As wet as ever,' said Alice in a melancholy tone: 'it doesn't seem to +dry me at all.' + +'In that case,' said the Dodo solemnly, rising to its feet, 'I move +that the meeting adjourn, for the immediate adoption of more energetic +remedies--' + +'Speak English!' said the Eaglet. 'I don't know the meaning of half +those long words, and, what's more, I don't believe you do either!' And +the Eaglet bent down its head to hide a smile: some of the other birds +tittered audibly. + +'What I was going to say,' said the Dodo in an offended tone, 'was, that +the best thing to get us dry would be a Caucus-race.' + +'What IS a Caucus-race?' said Alice; not that she wanted much to know, +but the Dodo had paused as if it thought that SOMEBODY ought to speak, +and no one else seemed inclined to say anything. + +'Why,' said the Dodo, 'the best way to explain it is to do it.' (And, as +you might like to try the thing yourself, some winter day, I will tell +you how the Dodo managed it.) + +First it marked out a race-course, in a sort of circle, ('the exact +shape doesn't matter,' it said,) and then all the party were placed +along the course, here and there. There was no 'One, two, three, and +away,' but they began running when they liked, and left off when they +liked, so that it was not easy to know when the race was over. However, +when they had been running half an hour or so, and were quite dry again, +the Dodo suddenly called out 'The race is over!' and they all crowded +round it, panting, and asking, 'But who has won?' + +This question the Dodo could not answer without a great deal of thought, +and it sat for a long time with one finger pressed upon its forehead +(the position in which you usually see Shakespeare, in the pictures +of him), while the rest waited in silence. At last the Dodo said, +'EVERYBODY has won, and all must have prizes.' + +'But who is to give the prizes?' quite a chorus of voices asked. + +'Why, SHE, of course,' said the Dodo, pointing to Alice with one finger; +and the whole party at once crowded round her, calling out in a confused +way, 'Prizes! Prizes!' + +Alice had no idea what to do, and in despair she put her hand in her +pocket, and pulled out a box of comfits, (luckily the salt water had +not got into it), and handed them round as prizes. There was exactly one +a-piece all round. + +'But she must have a prize herself, you know,' said the Mouse. + +'Of course,' the Dodo replied very gravely. 'What else have you got in +your pocket?' he went on, turning to Alice. + +'Only a thimble,' said Alice sadly. + +'Hand it over here,' said the Dodo. + +Then they all crowded round her once more, while the Dodo solemnly +presented the thimble, saying 'We beg your acceptance of this elegant +thimble'; and, when it had finished this short speech, they all cheered. + +Alice thought the whole thing very absurd, but they all looked so grave +that she did not dare to laugh; and, as she could not think of anything +to say, she simply bowed, and took the thimble, looking as solemn as she +could. + +The next thing was to eat the comfits: this caused some noise and +confusion, as the large birds complained that they could not taste +theirs, and the small ones choked and had to be patted on the back. +However, it was over at last, and they sat down again in a ring, and +begged the Mouse to tell them something more. + +'You promised to tell me your history, you know,' said Alice, 'and why +it is you hate--C and D,' she added in a whisper, half afraid that it +would be offended again. + +'Mine is a long and a sad tale!' said the Mouse, turning to Alice, and +sighing. + +'It IS a long tail, certainly,' said Alice, looking down with wonder at +the Mouse's tail; 'but why do you call it sad?' And she kept on puzzling +about it while the Mouse was speaking, so that her idea of the tale was +something like this:-- + + 'Fury said to a + mouse, That he + met in the + house, + "Let us + both go to + law: I will + prosecute + YOU.--Come, + I'll take no + denial; We + must have a + trial: For + really this + morning I've + nothing + to do." + Said the + mouse to the + cur, "Such + a trial, + dear Sir, + With + no jury + or judge, + would be + wasting + our + breath." + "I'll be + judge, I'll + be jury," + Said + cunning + old Fury: + "I'll + try the + whole + cause, + and + condemn + you + to + death."' + + +'You are not attending!' said the Mouse to Alice severely. 'What are you +thinking of?' + +'I beg your pardon,' said Alice very humbly: 'you had got to the fifth +bend, I think?' + +'I had NOT!' cried the Mouse, sharply and very angrily. + +'A knot!' said Alice, always ready to make herself useful, and looking +anxiously about her. 'Oh, do let me help to undo it!' + +'I shall do nothing of the sort,' said the Mouse, getting up and walking +away. 'You insult me by talking such nonsense!' + +'I didn't mean it!' pleaded poor Alice. 'But you're so easily offended, +you know!' + +The Mouse only growled in reply. + +'Please come back and finish your story!' Alice called after it; and the +others all joined in chorus, 'Yes, please do!' but the Mouse only shook +its head impatiently, and walked a little quicker. + +'What a pity it wouldn't stay!' sighed the Lory, as soon as it was quite +out of sight; and an old Crab took the opportunity of saying to her +daughter 'Ah, my dear! Let this be a lesson to you never to lose +YOUR temper!' 'Hold your tongue, Ma!' said the young Crab, a little +snappishly. 'You're enough to try the patience of an oyster!' + +'I wish I had our Dinah here, I know I do!' said Alice aloud, addressing +nobody in particular. 'She'd soon fetch it back!' + +'And who is Dinah, if I might venture to ask the question?' said the +Lory. + +Alice replied eagerly, for she was always ready to talk about her pet: +'Dinah's our cat. And she's such a capital one for catching mice you +can't think! And oh, I wish you could see her after the birds! Why, +she'll eat a little bird as soon as look at it!' + +This speech caused a remarkable sensation among the party. Some of the +birds hurried off at once: one old Magpie began wrapping itself up very +carefully, remarking, 'I really must be getting home; the night-air +doesn't suit my throat!' and a Canary called out in a trembling voice to +its children, 'Come away, my dears! It's high time you were all in bed!' +On various pretexts they all moved off, and Alice was soon left alone. + +'I wish I hadn't mentioned Dinah!' she said to herself in a melancholy +tone. 'Nobody seems to like her, down here, and I'm sure she's the best +cat in the world! Oh, my dear Dinah! I wonder if I shall ever see you +any more!' And here poor Alice began to cry again, for she felt very +lonely and low-spirited. In a little while, however, she again heard +a little pattering of footsteps in the distance, and she looked up +eagerly, half hoping that the Mouse had changed his mind, and was coming +back to finish his story. + + + + +CHAPTER IV. The Rabbit Sends in a Little Bill + +It was the White Rabbit, trotting slowly back again, and looking +anxiously about as it went, as if it had lost something; and she heard +it muttering to itself 'The Duchess! The Duchess! Oh my dear paws! Oh +my fur and whiskers! She'll get me executed, as sure as ferrets are +ferrets! Where CAN I have dropped them, I wonder?' Alice guessed in a +moment that it was looking for the fan and the pair of white kid gloves, +and she very good-naturedly began hunting about for them, but they were +nowhere to be seen--everything seemed to have changed since her swim in +the pool, and the great hall, with the glass table and the little door, +had vanished completely. + +Very soon the Rabbit noticed Alice, as she went hunting about, and +called out to her in an angry tone, 'Why, Mary Ann, what ARE you doing +out here? Run home this moment, and fetch me a pair of gloves and a fan! +Quick, now!' And Alice was so much frightened that she ran off at once +in the direction it pointed to, without trying to explain the mistake it +had made. + +'He took me for his housemaid,' she said to herself as she ran. 'How +surprised he'll be when he finds out who I am! But I'd better take him +his fan and gloves--that is, if I can find them.' As she said this, she +came upon a neat little house, on the door of which was a bright brass +plate with the name 'W. RABBIT' engraved upon it. She went in without +knocking, and hurried upstairs, in great fear lest she should meet the +real Mary Ann, and be turned out of the house before she had found the +fan and gloves. + +'How queer it seems,' Alice said to herself, 'to be going messages for +a rabbit! I suppose Dinah'll be sending me on messages next!' And she +began fancying the sort of thing that would happen: '"Miss Alice! Come +here directly, and get ready for your walk!" "Coming in a minute, +nurse! But I've got to see that the mouse doesn't get out." Only I don't +think,' Alice went on, 'that they'd let Dinah stop in the house if it +began ordering people about like that!' + +By this time she had found her way into a tidy little room with a table +in the window, and on it (as she had hoped) a fan and two or three pairs +of tiny white kid gloves: she took up the fan and a pair of the gloves, +and was just going to leave the room, when her eye fell upon a little +bottle that stood near the looking-glass. There was no label this time +with the words 'DRINK ME,' but nevertheless she uncorked it and put it +to her lips. 'I know SOMETHING interesting is sure to happen,' she said +to herself, 'whenever I eat or drink anything; so I'll just see what +this bottle does. I do hope it'll make me grow large again, for really +I'm quite tired of being such a tiny little thing!' + +It did so indeed, and much sooner than she had expected: before she had +drunk half the bottle, she found her head pressing against the ceiling, +and had to stoop to save her neck from being broken. She hastily put +down the bottle, saying to herself 'That's quite enough--I hope I shan't +grow any more--As it is, I can't get out at the door--I do wish I hadn't +drunk quite so much!' + +Alas! it was too late to wish that! She went on growing, and growing, +and very soon had to kneel down on the floor: in another minute there +was not even room for this, and she tried the effect of lying down with +one elbow against the door, and the other arm curled round her head. +Still she went on growing, and, as a last resource, she put one arm out +of the window, and one foot up the chimney, and said to herself 'Now I +can do no more, whatever happens. What WILL become of me?' + +Luckily for Alice, the little magic bottle had now had its full effect, +and she grew no larger: still it was very uncomfortable, and, as there +seemed to be no sort of chance of her ever getting out of the room +again, no wonder she felt unhappy. + +'It was much pleasanter at home,' thought poor Alice, 'when one wasn't +always growing larger and smaller, and being ordered about by mice and +rabbits. I almost wish I hadn't gone down that rabbit-hole--and yet--and +yet--it's rather curious, you know, this sort of life! I do wonder what +CAN have happened to me! When I used to read fairy-tales, I fancied that +kind of thing never happened, and now here I am in the middle of one! +There ought to be a book written about me, that there ought! And when I +grow up, I'll write one--but I'm grown up now,' she added in a sorrowful +tone; 'at least there's no room to grow up any more HERE.' + +'But then,' thought Alice, 'shall I NEVER get any older than I am +now? That'll be a comfort, one way--never to be an old woman--but +then--always to have lessons to learn! Oh, I shouldn't like THAT!' + +'Oh, you foolish Alice!' she answered herself. 'How can you learn +lessons in here? Why, there's hardly room for YOU, and no room at all +for any lesson-books!' + +And so she went on, taking first one side and then the other, and making +quite a conversation of it altogether; but after a few minutes she heard +a voice outside, and stopped to listen. + +'Mary Ann! Mary Ann!' said the voice. 'Fetch me my gloves this moment!' +Then came a little pattering of feet on the stairs. Alice knew it was +the Rabbit coming to look for her, and she trembled till she shook the +house, quite forgetting that she was now about a thousand times as large +as the Rabbit, and had no reason to be afraid of it. + +Presently the Rabbit came up to the door, and tried to open it; but, as +the door opened inwards, and Alice's elbow was pressed hard against it, +that attempt proved a failure. Alice heard it say to itself 'Then I'll +go round and get in at the window.' + +'THAT you won't' thought Alice, and, after waiting till she fancied +she heard the Rabbit just under the window, she suddenly spread out her +hand, and made a snatch in the air. She did not get hold of anything, +but she heard a little shriek and a fall, and a crash of broken glass, +from which she concluded that it was just possible it had fallen into a +cucumber-frame, or something of the sort. + +Next came an angry voice--the Rabbit's--'Pat! Pat! Where are you?' And +then a voice she had never heard before, 'Sure then I'm here! Digging +for apples, yer honour!' + +'Digging for apples, indeed!' said the Rabbit angrily. 'Here! Come and +help me out of THIS!' (Sounds of more broken glass.) + +'Now tell me, Pat, what's that in the window?' + +'Sure, it's an arm, yer honour!' (He pronounced it 'arrum.') + +'An arm, you goose! Who ever saw one that size? Why, it fills the whole +window!' + +'Sure, it does, yer honour: but it's an arm for all that.' + +'Well, it's got no business there, at any rate: go and take it away!' + +There was a long silence after this, and Alice could only hear whispers +now and then; such as, 'Sure, I don't like it, yer honour, at all, at +all!' 'Do as I tell you, you coward!' and at last she spread out her +hand again, and made another snatch in the air. This time there were +TWO little shrieks, and more sounds of broken glass. 'What a number of +cucumber-frames there must be!' thought Alice. 'I wonder what they'll do +next! As for pulling me out of the window, I only wish they COULD! I'm +sure I don't want to stay in here any longer!' + +She waited for some time without hearing anything more: at last came a +rumbling of little cartwheels, and the sound of a good many voices +all talking together: she made out the words: 'Where's the other +ladder?--Why, I hadn't to bring but one; Bill's got the other--Bill! +fetch it here, lad!--Here, put 'em up at this corner--No, tie 'em +together first--they don't reach half high enough yet--Oh! they'll +do well enough; don't be particular--Here, Bill! catch hold of this +rope--Will the roof bear?--Mind that loose slate--Oh, it's coming +down! Heads below!' (a loud crash)--'Now, who did that?--It was Bill, I +fancy--Who's to go down the chimney?--Nay, I shan't! YOU do it!--That I +won't, then!--Bill's to go down--Here, Bill! the master says you're to +go down the chimney!' + +'Oh! So Bill's got to come down the chimney, has he?' said Alice to +herself. 'Shy, they seem to put everything upon Bill! I wouldn't be in +Bill's place for a good deal: this fireplace is narrow, to be sure; but +I THINK I can kick a little!' + +She drew her foot as far down the chimney as she could, and waited +till she heard a little animal (she couldn't guess of what sort it was) +scratching and scrambling about in the chimney close above her: then, +saying to herself 'This is Bill,' she gave one sharp kick, and waited to +see what would happen next. + +The first thing she heard was a general chorus of 'There goes Bill!' +then the Rabbit's voice along--'Catch him, you by the hedge!' then +silence, and then another confusion of voices--'Hold up his head--Brandy +now--Don't choke him--How was it, old fellow? What happened to you? Tell +us all about it!' + +Last came a little feeble, squeaking voice, ('That's Bill,' thought +Alice,) 'Well, I hardly know--No more, thank ye; I'm better now--but I'm +a deal too flustered to tell you--all I know is, something comes at me +like a Jack-in-the-box, and up I goes like a sky-rocket!' + +'So you did, old fellow!' said the others. + +'We must burn the house down!' said the Rabbit's voice; and Alice called +out as loud as she could, 'If you do. I'll set Dinah at you!' + +There was a dead silence instantly, and Alice thought to herself, 'I +wonder what they WILL do next! If they had any sense, they'd take the +roof off.' After a minute or two, they began moving about again, and +Alice heard the Rabbit say, 'A barrowful will do, to begin with.' + +'A barrowful of WHAT?' thought Alice; but she had not long to doubt, +for the next moment a shower of little pebbles came rattling in at the +window, and some of them hit her in the face. 'I'll put a stop to this,' +she said to herself, and shouted out, 'You'd better not do that again!' +which produced another dead silence. + +Alice noticed with some surprise that the pebbles were all turning into +little cakes as they lay on the floor, and a bright idea came into her +head. 'If I eat one of these cakes,' she thought, 'it's sure to make +SOME change in my size; and as it can't possibly make me larger, it must +make me smaller, I suppose.' + +So she swallowed one of the cakes, and was delighted to find that she +began shrinking directly. As soon as she was small enough to get through +the door, she ran out of the house, and found quite a crowd of little +animals and birds waiting outside. The poor little Lizard, Bill, was +in the middle, being held up by two guinea-pigs, who were giving it +something out of a bottle. They all made a rush at Alice the moment she +appeared; but she ran off as hard as she could, and soon found herself +safe in a thick wood. + +'The first thing I've got to do,' said Alice to herself, as she wandered +about in the wood, 'is to grow to my right size again; and the second +thing is to find my way into that lovely garden. I think that will be +the best plan.' + +It sounded an excellent plan, no doubt, and very neatly and simply +arranged; the only difficulty was, that she had not the smallest idea +how to set about it; and while she was peering about anxiously among +the trees, a little sharp bark just over her head made her look up in a +great hurry. + +An enormous puppy was looking down at her with large round eyes, and +feebly stretching out one paw, trying to touch her. 'Poor little thing!' +said Alice, in a coaxing tone, and she tried hard to whistle to it; but +she was terribly frightened all the time at the thought that it might be +hungry, in which case it would be very likely to eat her up in spite of +all her coaxing. + +Hardly knowing what she did, she picked up a little bit of stick, and +held it out to the puppy; whereupon the puppy jumped into the air off +all its feet at once, with a yelp of delight, and rushed at the stick, +and made believe to worry it; then Alice dodged behind a great thistle, +to keep herself from being run over; and the moment she appeared on the +other side, the puppy made another rush at the stick, and tumbled head +over heels in its hurry to get hold of it; then Alice, thinking it was +very like having a game of play with a cart-horse, and expecting every +moment to be trampled under its feet, ran round the thistle again; then +the puppy began a series of short charges at the stick, running a very +little way forwards each time and a long way back, and barking hoarsely +all the while, till at last it sat down a good way off, panting, with +its tongue hanging out of its mouth, and its great eyes half shut. + +This seemed to Alice a good opportunity for making her escape; so she +set off at once, and ran till she was quite tired and out of breath, and +till the puppy's bark sounded quite faint in the distance. + +'And yet what a dear little puppy it was!' said Alice, as she leant +against a buttercup to rest herself, and fanned herself with one of the +leaves: 'I should have liked teaching it tricks very much, if--if I'd +only been the right size to do it! Oh dear! I'd nearly forgotten that +I've got to grow up again! Let me see--how IS it to be managed? I +suppose I ought to eat or drink something or other; but the great +question is, what?' + +The great question certainly was, what? Alice looked all round her at +the flowers and the blades of grass, but she did not see anything that +looked like the right thing to eat or drink under the circumstances. +There was a large mushroom growing near her, about the same height as +herself; and when she had looked under it, and on both sides of it, and +behind it, it occurred to her that she might as well look and see what +was on the top of it. + +She stretched herself up on tiptoe, and peeped over the edge of the +mushroom, and her eyes immediately met those of a large caterpillar, +that was sitting on the top with its arms folded, quietly smoking a long +hookah, and taking not the smallest notice of her or of anything else. + + + + +CHAPTER V. Advice from a Caterpillar + +The Caterpillar and Alice looked at each other for some time in silence: +at last the Caterpillar took the hookah out of its mouth, and addressed +her in a languid, sleepy voice. + +'Who are YOU?' said the Caterpillar. + +This was not an encouraging opening for a conversation. Alice replied, +rather shyly, 'I--I hardly know, sir, just at present--at least I know +who I WAS when I got up this morning, but I think I must have been +changed several times since then.' + +'What do you mean by that?' said the Caterpillar sternly. 'Explain +yourself!' + +'I can't explain MYSELF, I'm afraid, sir' said Alice, 'because I'm not +myself, you see.' + +'I don't see,' said the Caterpillar. + +'I'm afraid I can't put it more clearly,' Alice replied very politely, +'for I can't understand it myself to begin with; and being so many +different sizes in a day is very confusing.' + +'It isn't,' said the Caterpillar. + +'Well, perhaps you haven't found it so yet,' said Alice; 'but when you +have to turn into a chrysalis--you will some day, you know--and then +after that into a butterfly, I should think you'll feel it a little +queer, won't you?' + +'Not a bit,' said the Caterpillar. + +'Well, perhaps your feelings may be different,' said Alice; 'all I know +is, it would feel very queer to ME.' + +'You!' said the Caterpillar contemptuously. 'Who are YOU?' + +Which brought them back again to the beginning of the conversation. +Alice felt a little irritated at the Caterpillar's making such VERY +short remarks, and she drew herself up and said, very gravely, 'I think, +you ought to tell me who YOU are, first.' + +'Why?' said the Caterpillar. + +Here was another puzzling question; and as Alice could not think of any +good reason, and as the Caterpillar seemed to be in a VERY unpleasant +state of mind, she turned away. + +'Come back!' the Caterpillar called after her. 'I've something important +to say!' + +This sounded promising, certainly: Alice turned and came back again. + +'Keep your temper,' said the Caterpillar. + +'Is that all?' said Alice, swallowing down her anger as well as she +could. + +'No,' said the Caterpillar. + +Alice thought she might as well wait, as she had nothing else to do, and +perhaps after all it might tell her something worth hearing. For some +minutes it puffed away without speaking, but at last it unfolded its +arms, took the hookah out of its mouth again, and said, 'So you think +you're changed, do you?' + +'I'm afraid I am, sir,' said Alice; 'I can't remember things as I +used--and I don't keep the same size for ten minutes together!' + +'Can't remember WHAT things?' said the Caterpillar. + +'Well, I've tried to say "HOW DOTH THE LITTLE BUSY BEE," but it all came +different!' Alice replied in a very melancholy voice. + +'Repeat, "YOU ARE OLD, FATHER WILLIAM,"' said the Caterpillar. + +Alice folded her hands, and began:-- + + 'You are old, Father William,' the young man said, + 'And your hair has become very white; + And yet you incessantly stand on your head-- + Do you think, at your age, it is right?' + + 'In my youth,' Father William replied to his son, + 'I feared it might injure the brain; + But, now that I'm perfectly sure I have none, + Why, I do it again and again.' + + 'You are old,' said the youth, 'as I mentioned before, + And have grown most uncommonly fat; + Yet you turned a back-somersault in at the door-- + Pray, what is the reason of that?' + + 'In my youth,' said the sage, as he shook his grey locks, + 'I kept all my limbs very supple + By the use of this ointment--one shilling the box-- + Allow me to sell you a couple?' + + 'You are old,' said the youth, 'and your jaws are too weak + For anything tougher than suet; + Yet you finished the goose, with the bones and the beak-- + Pray how did you manage to do it?' + + 'In my youth,' said his father, 'I took to the law, + And argued each case with my wife; + And the muscular strength, which it gave to my jaw, + Has lasted the rest of my life.' + + 'You are old,' said the youth, 'one would hardly suppose + That your eye was as steady as ever; + Yet you balanced an eel on the end of your nose-- + What made you so awfully clever?' + + 'I have answered three questions, and that is enough,' + Said his father; 'don't give yourself airs! + Do you think I can listen all day to such stuff? + Be off, or I'll kick you down stairs!' + + +'That is not said right,' said the Caterpillar. + +'Not QUITE right, I'm afraid,' said Alice, timidly; 'some of the words +have got altered.' + +'It is wrong from beginning to end,' said the Caterpillar decidedly, and +there was silence for some minutes. + +The Caterpillar was the first to speak. + +'What size do you want to be?' it asked. + +'Oh, I'm not particular as to size,' Alice hastily replied; 'only one +doesn't like changing so often, you know.' + +'I DON'T know,' said the Caterpillar. + +Alice said nothing: she had never been so much contradicted in her life +before, and she felt that she was losing her temper. + +'Are you content now?' said the Caterpillar. + +'Well, I should like to be a LITTLE larger, sir, if you wouldn't mind,' +said Alice: 'three inches is such a wretched height to be.' + +'It is a very good height indeed!' said the Caterpillar angrily, rearing +itself upright as it spoke (it was exactly three inches high). + +'But I'm not used to it!' pleaded poor Alice in a piteous tone. And +she thought of herself, 'I wish the creatures wouldn't be so easily +offended!' + +'You'll get used to it in time,' said the Caterpillar; and it put the +hookah into its mouth and began smoking again. + +This time Alice waited patiently until it chose to speak again. In +a minute or two the Caterpillar took the hookah out of its mouth +and yawned once or twice, and shook itself. Then it got down off the +mushroom, and crawled away in the grass, merely remarking as it went, +'One side will make you grow taller, and the other side will make you +grow shorter.' + +'One side of WHAT? The other side of WHAT?' thought Alice to herself. + +'Of the mushroom,' said the Caterpillar, just as if she had asked it +aloud; and in another moment it was out of sight. + +Alice remained looking thoughtfully at the mushroom for a minute, trying +to make out which were the two sides of it; and as it was perfectly +round, she found this a very difficult question. However, at last she +stretched her arms round it as far as they would go, and broke off a bit +of the edge with each hand. + +'And now which is which?' she said to herself, and nibbled a little of +the right-hand bit to try the effect: the next moment she felt a violent +blow underneath her chin: it had struck her foot! + +She was a good deal frightened by this very sudden change, but she felt +that there was no time to be lost, as she was shrinking rapidly; so she +set to work at once to eat some of the other bit. Her chin was pressed +so closely against her foot, that there was hardly room to open her +mouth; but she did it at last, and managed to swallow a morsel of the +lefthand bit. + + + * * * * * * * + + * * * * * * + + * * * * * * * + +'Come, my head's free at last!' said Alice in a tone of delight, which +changed into alarm in another moment, when she found that her shoulders +were nowhere to be found: all she could see, when she looked down, was +an immense length of neck, which seemed to rise like a stalk out of a +sea of green leaves that lay far below her. + +'What CAN all that green stuff be?' said Alice. 'And where HAVE my +shoulders got to? And oh, my poor hands, how is it I can't see you?' +She was moving them about as she spoke, but no result seemed to follow, +except a little shaking among the distant green leaves. + +As there seemed to be no chance of getting her hands up to her head, she +tried to get her head down to them, and was delighted to find that her +neck would bend about easily in any direction, like a serpent. She had +just succeeded in curving it down into a graceful zigzag, and was going +to dive in among the leaves, which she found to be nothing but the tops +of the trees under which she had been wandering, when a sharp hiss made +her draw back in a hurry: a large pigeon had flown into her face, and +was beating her violently with its wings. + +'Serpent!' screamed the Pigeon. + +'I'm NOT a serpent!' said Alice indignantly. 'Let me alone!' + +'Serpent, I say again!' repeated the Pigeon, but in a more subdued tone, +and added with a kind of sob, 'I've tried every way, and nothing seems +to suit them!' + +'I haven't the least idea what you're talking about,' said Alice. + +'I've tried the roots of trees, and I've tried banks, and I've tried +hedges,' the Pigeon went on, without attending to her; 'but those +serpents! There's no pleasing them!' + +Alice was more and more puzzled, but she thought there was no use in +saying anything more till the Pigeon had finished. + +'As if it wasn't trouble enough hatching the eggs,' said the Pigeon; +'but I must be on the look-out for serpents night and day! Why, I +haven't had a wink of sleep these three weeks!' + +'I'm very sorry you've been annoyed,' said Alice, who was beginning to +see its meaning. + +'And just as I'd taken the highest tree in the wood,' continued the +Pigeon, raising its voice to a shriek, 'and just as I was thinking I +should be free of them at last, they must needs come wriggling down from +the sky! Ugh, Serpent!' + +'But I'm NOT a serpent, I tell you!' said Alice. 'I'm a--I'm a--' + +'Well! WHAT are you?' said the Pigeon. 'I can see you're trying to +invent something!' + +'I--I'm a little girl,' said Alice, rather doubtfully, as she remembered +the number of changes she had gone through that day. + +'A likely story indeed!' said the Pigeon in a tone of the deepest +contempt. 'I've seen a good many little girls in my time, but never ONE +with such a neck as that! No, no! You're a serpent; and there's no use +denying it. I suppose you'll be telling me next that you never tasted an +egg!' + +'I HAVE tasted eggs, certainly,' said Alice, who was a very truthful +child; 'but little girls eat eggs quite as much as serpents do, you +know.' + +'I don't believe it,' said the Pigeon; 'but if they do, why then they're +a kind of serpent, that's all I can say.' + +This was such a new idea to Alice, that she was quite silent for a +minute or two, which gave the Pigeon the opportunity of adding, 'You're +looking for eggs, I know THAT well enough; and what does it matter to me +whether you're a little girl or a serpent?' + +'It matters a good deal to ME,' said Alice hastily; 'but I'm not looking +for eggs, as it happens; and if I was, I shouldn't want YOURS: I don't +like them raw.' + +'Well, be off, then!' said the Pigeon in a sulky tone, as it settled +down again into its nest. Alice crouched down among the trees as well as +she could, for her neck kept getting entangled among the branches, and +every now and then she had to stop and untwist it. After a while she +remembered that she still held the pieces of mushroom in her hands, and +she set to work very carefully, nibbling first at one and then at the +other, and growing sometimes taller and sometimes shorter, until she had +succeeded in bringing herself down to her usual height. + +It was so long since she had been anything near the right size, that it +felt quite strange at first; but she got used to it in a few minutes, +and began talking to herself, as usual. 'Come, there's half my plan done +now! How puzzling all these changes are! I'm never sure what I'm going +to be, from one minute to another! However, I've got back to my right +size: the next thing is, to get into that beautiful garden--how IS that +to be done, I wonder?' As she said this, she came suddenly upon an open +place, with a little house in it about four feet high. 'Whoever lives +there,' thought Alice, 'it'll never do to come upon them THIS size: why, +I should frighten them out of their wits!' So she began nibbling at the +righthand bit again, and did not venture to go near the house till she +had brought herself down to nine inches high. + + + + +CHAPTER VI. Pig and Pepper + +For a minute or two she stood looking at the house, and wondering what +to do next, when suddenly a footman in livery came running out of the +wood--(she considered him to be a footman because he was in livery: +otherwise, judging by his face only, she would have called him a +fish)--and rapped loudly at the door with his knuckles. It was opened +by another footman in livery, with a round face, and large eyes like a +frog; and both footmen, Alice noticed, had powdered hair that curled all +over their heads. She felt very curious to know what it was all about, +and crept a little way out of the wood to listen. + +The Fish-Footman began by producing from under his arm a great letter, +nearly as large as himself, and this he handed over to the other, +saying, in a solemn tone, 'For the Duchess. An invitation from the Queen +to play croquet.' The Frog-Footman repeated, in the same solemn tone, +only changing the order of the words a little, 'From the Queen. An +invitation for the Duchess to play croquet.' + +Then they both bowed low, and their curls got entangled together. + +Alice laughed so much at this, that she had to run back into the +wood for fear of their hearing her; and when she next peeped out the +Fish-Footman was gone, and the other was sitting on the ground near the +door, staring stupidly up into the sky. + +Alice went timidly up to the door, and knocked. + +'There's no sort of use in knocking,' said the Footman, 'and that for +two reasons. First, because I'm on the same side of the door as you +are; secondly, because they're making such a noise inside, no one could +possibly hear you.' And certainly there was a most extraordinary noise +going on within--a constant howling and sneezing, and every now and then +a great crash, as if a dish or kettle had been broken to pieces. + +'Please, then,' said Alice, 'how am I to get in?' + +'There might be some sense in your knocking,' the Footman went on +without attending to her, 'if we had the door between us. For instance, +if you were INSIDE, you might knock, and I could let you out, you know.' +He was looking up into the sky all the time he was speaking, and this +Alice thought decidedly uncivil. 'But perhaps he can't help it,' she +said to herself; 'his eyes are so VERY nearly at the top of his head. +But at any rate he might answer questions.--How am I to get in?' she +repeated, aloud. + +'I shall sit here,' the Footman remarked, 'till tomorrow--' + +At this moment the door of the house opened, and a large plate came +skimming out, straight at the Footman's head: it just grazed his nose, +and broke to pieces against one of the trees behind him. + +'--or next day, maybe,' the Footman continued in the same tone, exactly +as if nothing had happened. + +'How am I to get in?' asked Alice again, in a louder tone. + +'ARE you to get in at all?' said the Footman. 'That's the first +question, you know.' + +It was, no doubt: only Alice did not like to be told so. 'It's really +dreadful,' she muttered to herself, 'the way all the creatures argue. +It's enough to drive one crazy!' + +The Footman seemed to think this a good opportunity for repeating his +remark, with variations. 'I shall sit here,' he said, 'on and off, for +days and days.' + +'But what am I to do?' said Alice. + +'Anything you like,' said the Footman, and began whistling. + +'Oh, there's no use in talking to him,' said Alice desperately: 'he's +perfectly idiotic!' And she opened the door and went in. + +The door led right into a large kitchen, which was full of smoke from +one end to the other: the Duchess was sitting on a three-legged stool in +the middle, nursing a baby; the cook was leaning over the fire, stirring +a large cauldron which seemed to be full of soup. + +'There's certainly too much pepper in that soup!' Alice said to herself, +as well as she could for sneezing. + +There was certainly too much of it in the air. Even the Duchess +sneezed occasionally; and as for the baby, it was sneezing and howling +alternately without a moment's pause. The only things in the kitchen +that did not sneeze, were the cook, and a large cat which was sitting on +the hearth and grinning from ear to ear. + +'Please would you tell me,' said Alice, a little timidly, for she was +not quite sure whether it was good manners for her to speak first, 'why +your cat grins like that?' + +'It's a Cheshire cat,' said the Duchess, 'and that's why. Pig!' + +She said the last word with such sudden violence that Alice quite +jumped; but she saw in another moment that it was addressed to the baby, +and not to her, so she took courage, and went on again:-- + +'I didn't know that Cheshire cats always grinned; in fact, I didn't know +that cats COULD grin.' + +'They all can,' said the Duchess; 'and most of 'em do.' + +'I don't know of any that do,' Alice said very politely, feeling quite +pleased to have got into a conversation. + +'You don't know much,' said the Duchess; 'and that's a fact.' + +Alice did not at all like the tone of this remark, and thought it would +be as well to introduce some other subject of conversation. While she +was trying to fix on one, the cook took the cauldron of soup off the +fire, and at once set to work throwing everything within her reach at +the Duchess and the baby--the fire-irons came first; then followed a +shower of saucepans, plates, and dishes. The Duchess took no notice of +them even when they hit her; and the baby was howling so much already, +that it was quite impossible to say whether the blows hurt it or not. + +'Oh, PLEASE mind what you're doing!' cried Alice, jumping up and down in +an agony of terror. 'Oh, there goes his PRECIOUS nose'; as an unusually +large saucepan flew close by it, and very nearly carried it off. + +'If everybody minded their own business,' the Duchess said in a hoarse +growl, 'the world would go round a deal faster than it does.' + +'Which would NOT be an advantage,' said Alice, who felt very glad to get +an opportunity of showing off a little of her knowledge. 'Just think of +what work it would make with the day and night! You see the earth takes +twenty-four hours to turn round on its axis--' + +'Talking of axes,' said the Duchess, 'chop off her head!' + +Alice glanced rather anxiously at the cook, to see if she meant to take +the hint; but the cook was busily stirring the soup, and seemed not to +be listening, so she went on again: 'Twenty-four hours, I THINK; or is +it twelve? I--' + +'Oh, don't bother ME,' said the Duchess; 'I never could abide figures!' +And with that she began nursing her child again, singing a sort of +lullaby to it as she did so, and giving it a violent shake at the end of +every line: + + 'Speak roughly to your little boy, + And beat him when he sneezes: + He only does it to annoy, + Because he knows it teases.' + + CHORUS. + + (In which the cook and the baby joined):-- + + 'Wow! wow! wow!' + +While the Duchess sang the second verse of the song, she kept tossing +the baby violently up and down, and the poor little thing howled so, +that Alice could hardly hear the words:-- + + 'I speak severely to my boy, + I beat him when he sneezes; + For he can thoroughly enjoy + The pepper when he pleases!' + + CHORUS. + + 'Wow! wow! wow!' + +'Here! you may nurse it a bit, if you like!' the Duchess said to Alice, +flinging the baby at her as she spoke. 'I must go and get ready to play +croquet with the Queen,' and she hurried out of the room. The cook threw +a frying-pan after her as she went out, but it just missed her. + +Alice caught the baby with some difficulty, as it was a queer-shaped +little creature, and held out its arms and legs in all directions, 'just +like a star-fish,' thought Alice. The poor little thing was snorting +like a steam-engine when she caught it, and kept doubling itself up and +straightening itself out again, so that altogether, for the first minute +or two, it was as much as she could do to hold it. + +As soon as she had made out the proper way of nursing it, (which was to +twist it up into a sort of knot, and then keep tight hold of its right +ear and left foot, so as to prevent its undoing itself,) she carried +it out into the open air. 'IF I don't take this child away with me,' +thought Alice, 'they're sure to kill it in a day or two: wouldn't it be +murder to leave it behind?' She said the last words out loud, and the +little thing grunted in reply (it had left off sneezing by this time). +'Don't grunt,' said Alice; 'that's not at all a proper way of expressing +yourself.' + +The baby grunted again, and Alice looked very anxiously into its face to +see what was the matter with it. There could be no doubt that it had +a VERY turn-up nose, much more like a snout than a real nose; also its +eyes were getting extremely small for a baby: altogether Alice did not +like the look of the thing at all. 'But perhaps it was only sobbing,' +she thought, and looked into its eyes again, to see if there were any +tears. + +No, there were no tears. 'If you're going to turn into a pig, my dear,' +said Alice, seriously, 'I'll have nothing more to do with you. Mind +now!' The poor little thing sobbed again (or grunted, it was impossible +to say which), and they went on for some while in silence. + +Alice was just beginning to think to herself, 'Now, what am I to do with +this creature when I get it home?' when it grunted again, so violently, +that she looked down into its face in some alarm. This time there could +be NO mistake about it: it was neither more nor less than a pig, and she +felt that it would be quite absurd for her to carry it further. + +So she set the little creature down, and felt quite relieved to see +it trot away quietly into the wood. 'If it had grown up,' she said +to herself, 'it would have made a dreadfully ugly child: but it makes +rather a handsome pig, I think.' And she began thinking over other +children she knew, who might do very well as pigs, and was just saying +to herself, 'if one only knew the right way to change them--' when she +was a little startled by seeing the Cheshire Cat sitting on a bough of a +tree a few yards off. + +The Cat only grinned when it saw Alice. It looked good-natured, she +thought: still it had VERY long claws and a great many teeth, so she +felt that it ought to be treated with respect. + +'Cheshire Puss,' she began, rather timidly, as she did not at all know +whether it would like the name: however, it only grinned a little wider. +'Come, it's pleased so far,' thought Alice, and she went on. 'Would you +tell me, please, which way I ought to go from here?' + +'That depends a good deal on where you want to get to,' said the Cat. + +'I don't much care where--' said Alice. + +'Then it doesn't matter which way you go,' said the Cat. + +'--so long as I get SOMEWHERE,' Alice added as an explanation. + +'Oh, you're sure to do that,' said the Cat, 'if you only walk long +enough.' + +Alice felt that this could not be denied, so she tried another question. +'What sort of people live about here?' + +'In THAT direction,' the Cat said, waving its right paw round, 'lives +a Hatter: and in THAT direction,' waving the other paw, 'lives a March +Hare. Visit either you like: they're both mad.' + +'But I don't want to go among mad people,' Alice remarked. + +'Oh, you can't help that,' said the Cat: 'we're all mad here. I'm mad. +You're mad.' + +'How do you know I'm mad?' said Alice. + +'You must be,' said the Cat, 'or you wouldn't have come here.' + +Alice didn't think that proved it at all; however, she went on 'And how +do you know that you're mad?' + +'To begin with,' said the Cat, 'a dog's not mad. You grant that?' + +'I suppose so,' said Alice. + +'Well, then,' the Cat went on, 'you see, a dog growls when it's angry, +and wags its tail when it's pleased. Now I growl when I'm pleased, and +wag my tail when I'm angry. Therefore I'm mad.' + +'I call it purring, not growling,' said Alice. + +'Call it what you like,' said the Cat. 'Do you play croquet with the +Queen to-day?' + +'I should like it very much,' said Alice, 'but I haven't been invited +yet.' + +'You'll see me there,' said the Cat, and vanished. + +Alice was not much surprised at this, she was getting so used to queer +things happening. While she was looking at the place where it had been, +it suddenly appeared again. + +'By-the-bye, what became of the baby?' said the Cat. 'I'd nearly +forgotten to ask.' + +'It turned into a pig,' Alice quietly said, just as if it had come back +in a natural way. + +'I thought it would,' said the Cat, and vanished again. + +Alice waited a little, half expecting to see it again, but it did not +appear, and after a minute or two she walked on in the direction in +which the March Hare was said to live. 'I've seen hatters before,' she +said to herself; 'the March Hare will be much the most interesting, and +perhaps as this is May it won't be raving mad--at least not so mad as +it was in March.' As she said this, she looked up, and there was the Cat +again, sitting on a branch of a tree. + +'Did you say pig, or fig?' said the Cat. + +'I said pig,' replied Alice; 'and I wish you wouldn't keep appearing and +vanishing so suddenly: you make one quite giddy.' + +'All right,' said the Cat; and this time it vanished quite slowly, +beginning with the end of the tail, and ending with the grin, which +remained some time after the rest of it had gone. + +'Well! I've often seen a cat without a grin,' thought Alice; 'but a grin +without a cat! It's the most curious thing I ever saw in my life!' + +She had not gone much farther before she came in sight of the house +of the March Hare: she thought it must be the right house, because the +chimneys were shaped like ears and the roof was thatched with fur. It +was so large a house, that she did not like to go nearer till she had +nibbled some more of the lefthand bit of mushroom, and raised herself to +about two feet high: even then she walked up towards it rather timidly, +saying to herself 'Suppose it should be raving mad after all! I almost +wish I'd gone to see the Hatter instead!' + + + + +CHAPTER VII. A Mad Tea-Party + +There was a table set out under a tree in front of the house, and the +March Hare and the Hatter were having tea at it: a Dormouse was sitting +between them, fast asleep, and the other two were using it as a +cushion, resting their elbows on it, and talking over its head. 'Very +uncomfortable for the Dormouse,' thought Alice; 'only, as it's asleep, I +suppose it doesn't mind.' + +The table was a large one, but the three were all crowded together at +one corner of it: 'No room! No room!' they cried out when they saw Alice +coming. 'There's PLENTY of room!' said Alice indignantly, and she sat +down in a large arm-chair at one end of the table. + +'Have some wine,' the March Hare said in an encouraging tone. + +Alice looked all round the table, but there was nothing on it but tea. +'I don't see any wine,' she remarked. + +'There isn't any,' said the March Hare. + +'Then it wasn't very civil of you to offer it,' said Alice angrily. + +'It wasn't very civil of you to sit down without being invited,' said +the March Hare. + +'I didn't know it was YOUR table,' said Alice; 'it's laid for a great +many more than three.' + +'Your hair wants cutting,' said the Hatter. He had been looking at Alice +for some time with great curiosity, and this was his first speech. + +'You should learn not to make personal remarks,' Alice said with some +severity; 'it's very rude.' + +The Hatter opened his eyes very wide on hearing this; but all he SAID +was, 'Why is a raven like a writing-desk?' + +'Come, we shall have some fun now!' thought Alice. 'I'm glad they've +begun asking riddles.--I believe I can guess that,' she added aloud. + +'Do you mean that you think you can find out the answer to it?' said the +March Hare. + +'Exactly so,' said Alice. + +'Then you should say what you mean,' the March Hare went on. + +'I do,' Alice hastily replied; 'at least--at least I mean what I +say--that's the same thing, you know.' + +'Not the same thing a bit!' said the Hatter. 'You might just as well say +that "I see what I eat" is the same thing as "I eat what I see"!' + +'You might just as well say,' added the March Hare, 'that "I like what I +get" is the same thing as "I get what I like"!' + +'You might just as well say,' added the Dormouse, who seemed to be +talking in his sleep, 'that "I breathe when I sleep" is the same thing +as "I sleep when I breathe"!' + +'It IS the same thing with you,' said the Hatter, and here the +conversation dropped, and the party sat silent for a minute, while Alice +thought over all she could remember about ravens and writing-desks, +which wasn't much. + +The Hatter was the first to break the silence. 'What day of the month +is it?' he said, turning to Alice: he had taken his watch out of his +pocket, and was looking at it uneasily, shaking it every now and then, +and holding it to his ear. + +Alice considered a little, and then said 'The fourth.' + +'Two days wrong!' sighed the Hatter. 'I told you butter wouldn't suit +the works!' he added looking angrily at the March Hare. + +'It was the BEST butter,' the March Hare meekly replied. + +'Yes, but some crumbs must have got in as well,' the Hatter grumbled: +'you shouldn't have put it in with the bread-knife.' + +The March Hare took the watch and looked at it gloomily: then he dipped +it into his cup of tea, and looked at it again: but he could think of +nothing better to say than his first remark, 'It was the BEST butter, +you know.' + +Alice had been looking over his shoulder with some curiosity. 'What a +funny watch!' she remarked. 'It tells the day of the month, and doesn't +tell what o'clock it is!' + +'Why should it?' muttered the Hatter. 'Does YOUR watch tell you what +year it is?' + +'Of course not,' Alice replied very readily: 'but that's because it +stays the same year for such a long time together.' + +'Which is just the case with MINE,' said the Hatter. + +Alice felt dreadfully puzzled. The Hatter's remark seemed to have no +sort of meaning in it, and yet it was certainly English. 'I don't quite +understand you,' she said, as politely as she could. + +'The Dormouse is asleep again,' said the Hatter, and he poured a little +hot tea upon its nose. + +The Dormouse shook its head impatiently, and said, without opening its +eyes, 'Of course, of course; just what I was going to remark myself.' + +'Have you guessed the riddle yet?' the Hatter said, turning to Alice +again. + +'No, I give it up,' Alice replied: 'what's the answer?' + +'I haven't the slightest idea,' said the Hatter. + +'Nor I,' said the March Hare. + +Alice sighed wearily. 'I think you might do something better with the +time,' she said, 'than waste it in asking riddles that have no answers.' + +'If you knew Time as well as I do,' said the Hatter, 'you wouldn't talk +about wasting IT. It's HIM.' + +'I don't know what you mean,' said Alice. + +'Of course you don't!' the Hatter said, tossing his head contemptuously. +'I dare say you never even spoke to Time!' + +'Perhaps not,' Alice cautiously replied: 'but I know I have to beat time +when I learn music.' + +'Ah! that accounts for it,' said the Hatter. 'He won't stand beating. +Now, if you only kept on good terms with him, he'd do almost anything +you liked with the clock. For instance, suppose it were nine o'clock in +the morning, just time to begin lessons: you'd only have to whisper a +hint to Time, and round goes the clock in a twinkling! Half-past one, +time for dinner!' + +('I only wish it was,' the March Hare said to itself in a whisper.) + +'That would be grand, certainly,' said Alice thoughtfully: 'but then--I +shouldn't be hungry for it, you know.' + +'Not at first, perhaps,' said the Hatter: 'but you could keep it to +half-past one as long as you liked.' + +'Is that the way YOU manage?' Alice asked. + +The Hatter shook his head mournfully. 'Not I!' he replied. 'We +quarrelled last March--just before HE went mad, you know--' (pointing +with his tea spoon at the March Hare,) '--it was at the great concert +given by the Queen of Hearts, and I had to sing + + "Twinkle, twinkle, little bat! + How I wonder what you're at!" + +You know the song, perhaps?' + +'I've heard something like it,' said Alice. + +'It goes on, you know,' the Hatter continued, 'in this way:-- + + "Up above the world you fly, + Like a tea-tray in the sky. + Twinkle, twinkle--"' + +Here the Dormouse shook itself, and began singing in its sleep 'Twinkle, +twinkle, twinkle, twinkle--' and went on so long that they had to pinch +it to make it stop. + +'Well, I'd hardly finished the first verse,' said the Hatter, 'when the +Queen jumped up and bawled out, "He's murdering the time! Off with his +head!"' + +'How dreadfully savage!' exclaimed Alice. + +'And ever since that,' the Hatter went on in a mournful tone, 'he won't +do a thing I ask! It's always six o'clock now.' + +A bright idea came into Alice's head. 'Is that the reason so many +tea-things are put out here?' she asked. + +'Yes, that's it,' said the Hatter with a sigh: 'it's always tea-time, +and we've no time to wash the things between whiles.' + +'Then you keep moving round, I suppose?' said Alice. + +'Exactly so,' said the Hatter: 'as the things get used up.' + +'But what happens when you come to the beginning again?' Alice ventured +to ask. + +'Suppose we change the subject,' the March Hare interrupted, yawning. +'I'm getting tired of this. I vote the young lady tells us a story.' + +'I'm afraid I don't know one,' said Alice, rather alarmed at the +proposal. + +'Then the Dormouse shall!' they both cried. 'Wake up, Dormouse!' And +they pinched it on both sides at once. + +The Dormouse slowly opened his eyes. 'I wasn't asleep,' he said in a +hoarse, feeble voice: 'I heard every word you fellows were saying.' + +'Tell us a story!' said the March Hare. + +'Yes, please do!' pleaded Alice. + +'And be quick about it,' added the Hatter, 'or you'll be asleep again +before it's done.' + +'Once upon a time there were three little sisters,' the Dormouse began +in a great hurry; 'and their names were Elsie, Lacie, and Tillie; and +they lived at the bottom of a well--' + +'What did they live on?' said Alice, who always took a great interest in +questions of eating and drinking. + +'They lived on treacle,' said the Dormouse, after thinking a minute or +two. + +'They couldn't have done that, you know,' Alice gently remarked; 'they'd +have been ill.' + +'So they were,' said the Dormouse; 'VERY ill.' + +Alice tried to fancy to herself what such an extraordinary ways of +living would be like, but it puzzled her too much, so she went on: 'But +why did they live at the bottom of a well?' + +'Take some more tea,' the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly. + +'I've had nothing yet,' Alice replied in an offended tone, 'so I can't +take more.' + +'You mean you can't take LESS,' said the Hatter: 'it's very easy to take +MORE than nothing.' + +'Nobody asked YOUR opinion,' said Alice. + +'Who's making personal remarks now?' the Hatter asked triumphantly. + +Alice did not quite know what to say to this: so she helped herself +to some tea and bread-and-butter, and then turned to the Dormouse, and +repeated her question. 'Why did they live at the bottom of a well?' + +The Dormouse again took a minute or two to think about it, and then +said, 'It was a treacle-well.' + +'There's no such thing!' Alice was beginning very angrily, but the +Hatter and the March Hare went 'Sh! sh!' and the Dormouse sulkily +remarked, 'If you can't be civil, you'd better finish the story for +yourself.' + +'No, please go on!' Alice said very humbly; 'I won't interrupt again. I +dare say there may be ONE.' + +'One, indeed!' said the Dormouse indignantly. However, he consented to +go on. 'And so these three little sisters--they were learning to draw, +you know--' + +'What did they draw?' said Alice, quite forgetting her promise. + +'Treacle,' said the Dormouse, without considering at all this time. + +'I want a clean cup,' interrupted the Hatter: 'let's all move one place +on.' + +He moved on as he spoke, and the Dormouse followed him: the March Hare +moved into the Dormouse's place, and Alice rather unwillingly took +the place of the March Hare. The Hatter was the only one who got any +advantage from the change: and Alice was a good deal worse off than +before, as the March Hare had just upset the milk-jug into his plate. + +Alice did not wish to offend the Dormouse again, so she began very +cautiously: 'But I don't understand. Where did they draw the treacle +from?' + +'You can draw water out of a water-well,' said the Hatter; 'so I should +think you could draw treacle out of a treacle-well--eh, stupid?' + +'But they were IN the well,' Alice said to the Dormouse, not choosing to +notice this last remark. + +'Of course they were', said the Dormouse; '--well in.' + +This answer so confused poor Alice, that she let the Dormouse go on for +some time without interrupting it. + +'They were learning to draw,' the Dormouse went on, yawning and rubbing +its eyes, for it was getting very sleepy; 'and they drew all manner of +things--everything that begins with an M--' + +'Why with an M?' said Alice. + +'Why not?' said the March Hare. + +Alice was silent. + +The Dormouse had closed its eyes by this time, and was going off into +a doze; but, on being pinched by the Hatter, it woke up again with +a little shriek, and went on: '--that begins with an M, such as +mouse-traps, and the moon, and memory, and muchness--you know you say +things are "much of a muchness"--did you ever see such a thing as a +drawing of a muchness?' + +'Really, now you ask me,' said Alice, very much confused, 'I don't +think--' + +'Then you shouldn't talk,' said the Hatter. + +This piece of rudeness was more than Alice could bear: she got up in +great disgust, and walked off; the Dormouse fell asleep instantly, and +neither of the others took the least notice of her going, though she +looked back once or twice, half hoping that they would call after her: +the last time she saw them, they were trying to put the Dormouse into +the teapot. + +'At any rate I'll never go THERE again!' said Alice as she picked her +way through the wood. 'It's the stupidest tea-party I ever was at in all +my life!' + +Just as she said this, she noticed that one of the trees had a door +leading right into it. 'That's very curious!' she thought. 'But +everything's curious today. I think I may as well go in at once.' And in +she went. + +Once more she found herself in the long hall, and close to the little +glass table. 'Now, I'll manage better this time,' she said to herself, +and began by taking the little golden key, and unlocking the door that +led into the garden. Then she went to work nibbling at the mushroom (she +had kept a piece of it in her pocket) till she was about a foot high: +then she walked down the little passage: and THEN--she found herself at +last in the beautiful garden, among the bright flower-beds and the cool +fountains. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. The Queen's Croquet-Ground + +A large rose-tree stood near the entrance of the garden: the roses +growing on it were white, but there were three gardeners at it, busily +painting them red. Alice thought this a very curious thing, and she went +nearer to watch them, and just as she came up to them she heard one of +them say, 'Look out now, Five! Don't go splashing paint over me like +that!' + +'I couldn't help it,' said Five, in a sulky tone; 'Seven jogged my +elbow.' + +On which Seven looked up and said, 'That's right, Five! Always lay the +blame on others!' + +'YOU'D better not talk!' said Five. 'I heard the Queen say only +yesterday you deserved to be beheaded!' + +'What for?' said the one who had spoken first. + +'That's none of YOUR business, Two!' said Seven. + +'Yes, it IS his business!' said Five, 'and I'll tell him--it was for +bringing the cook tulip-roots instead of onions.' + +Seven flung down his brush, and had just begun 'Well, of all the unjust +things--' when his eye chanced to fall upon Alice, as she stood watching +them, and he checked himself suddenly: the others looked round also, and +all of them bowed low. + +'Would you tell me,' said Alice, a little timidly, 'why you are painting +those roses?' + +Five and Seven said nothing, but looked at Two. Two began in a low +voice, 'Why the fact is, you see, Miss, this here ought to have been a +RED rose-tree, and we put a white one in by mistake; and if the Queen +was to find it out, we should all have our heads cut off, you know. +So you see, Miss, we're doing our best, afore she comes, to--' At this +moment Five, who had been anxiously looking across the garden, called +out 'The Queen! The Queen!' and the three gardeners instantly threw +themselves flat upon their faces. There was a sound of many footsteps, +and Alice looked round, eager to see the Queen. + +First came ten soldiers carrying clubs; these were all shaped like +the three gardeners, oblong and flat, with their hands and feet at the +corners: next the ten courtiers; these were ornamented all over with +diamonds, and walked two and two, as the soldiers did. After these came +the royal children; there were ten of them, and the little dears came +jumping merrily along hand in hand, in couples: they were all ornamented +with hearts. Next came the guests, mostly Kings and Queens, and among +them Alice recognised the White Rabbit: it was talking in a hurried +nervous manner, smiling at everything that was said, and went by without +noticing her. Then followed the Knave of Hearts, carrying the King's +crown on a crimson velvet cushion; and, last of all this grand +procession, came THE KING AND QUEEN OF HEARTS. + +Alice was rather doubtful whether she ought not to lie down on her face +like the three gardeners, but she could not remember ever having heard +of such a rule at processions; 'and besides, what would be the use of +a procession,' thought she, 'if people had all to lie down upon their +faces, so that they couldn't see it?' So she stood still where she was, +and waited. + +When the procession came opposite to Alice, they all stopped and looked +at her, and the Queen said severely 'Who is this?' She said it to the +Knave of Hearts, who only bowed and smiled in reply. + +'Idiot!' said the Queen, tossing her head impatiently; and, turning to +Alice, she went on, 'What's your name, child?' + +'My name is Alice, so please your Majesty,' said Alice very politely; +but she added, to herself, 'Why, they're only a pack of cards, after +all. I needn't be afraid of them!' + +'And who are THESE?' said the Queen, pointing to the three gardeners who +were lying round the rosetree; for, you see, as they were lying on their +faces, and the pattern on their backs was the same as the rest of the +pack, she could not tell whether they were gardeners, or soldiers, or +courtiers, or three of her own children. + +'How should I know?' said Alice, surprised at her own courage. 'It's no +business of MINE.' + +The Queen turned crimson with fury, and, after glaring at her for a +moment like a wild beast, screamed 'Off with her head! Off--' + +'Nonsense!' said Alice, very loudly and decidedly, and the Queen was +silent. + +The King laid his hand upon her arm, and timidly said 'Consider, my +dear: she is only a child!' + +The Queen turned angrily away from him, and said to the Knave 'Turn them +over!' + +The Knave did so, very carefully, with one foot. + +'Get up!' said the Queen, in a shrill, loud voice, and the three +gardeners instantly jumped up, and began bowing to the King, the Queen, +the royal children, and everybody else. + +'Leave off that!' screamed the Queen. 'You make me giddy.' And then, +turning to the rose-tree, she went on, 'What HAVE you been doing here?' + +'May it please your Majesty,' said Two, in a very humble tone, going +down on one knee as he spoke, 'we were trying--' + +'I see!' said the Queen, who had meanwhile been examining the roses. +'Off with their heads!' and the procession moved on, three of the +soldiers remaining behind to execute the unfortunate gardeners, who ran +to Alice for protection. + +'You shan't be beheaded!' said Alice, and she put them into a large +flower-pot that stood near. The three soldiers wandered about for a +minute or two, looking for them, and then quietly marched off after the +others. + +'Are their heads off?' shouted the Queen. + +'Their heads are gone, if it please your Majesty!' the soldiers shouted +in reply. + +'That's right!' shouted the Queen. 'Can you play croquet?' + +The soldiers were silent, and looked at Alice, as the question was +evidently meant for her. + +'Yes!' shouted Alice. + +'Come on, then!' roared the Queen, and Alice joined the procession, +wondering very much what would happen next. + +'It's--it's a very fine day!' said a timid voice at her side. She was +walking by the White Rabbit, who was peeping anxiously into her face. + +'Very,' said Alice: '--where's the Duchess?' + +'Hush! Hush!' said the Rabbit in a low, hurried tone. He looked +anxiously over his shoulder as he spoke, and then raised himself upon +tiptoe, put his mouth close to her ear, and whispered 'She's under +sentence of execution.' + +'What for?' said Alice. + +'Did you say "What a pity!"?' the Rabbit asked. + +'No, I didn't,' said Alice: 'I don't think it's at all a pity. I said +"What for?"' + +'She boxed the Queen's ears--' the Rabbit began. Alice gave a little +scream of laughter. 'Oh, hush!' the Rabbit whispered in a frightened +tone. 'The Queen will hear you! You see, she came rather late, and the +Queen said--' + +'Get to your places!' shouted the Queen in a voice of thunder, and +people began running about in all directions, tumbling up against each +other; however, they got settled down in a minute or two, and the game +began. Alice thought she had never seen such a curious croquet-ground in +her life; it was all ridges and furrows; the balls were live hedgehogs, +the mallets live flamingoes, and the soldiers had to double themselves +up and to stand on their hands and feet, to make the arches. + +The chief difficulty Alice found at first was in managing her flamingo: +she succeeded in getting its body tucked away, comfortably enough, under +her arm, with its legs hanging down, but generally, just as she had got +its neck nicely straightened out, and was going to give the hedgehog a +blow with its head, it WOULD twist itself round and look up in her face, +with such a puzzled expression that she could not help bursting out +laughing: and when she had got its head down, and was going to begin +again, it was very provoking to find that the hedgehog had unrolled +itself, and was in the act of crawling away: besides all this, there was +generally a ridge or furrow in the way wherever she wanted to send the +hedgehog to, and, as the doubled-up soldiers were always getting up +and walking off to other parts of the ground, Alice soon came to the +conclusion that it was a very difficult game indeed. + +The players all played at once without waiting for turns, quarrelling +all the while, and fighting for the hedgehogs; and in a very short +time the Queen was in a furious passion, and went stamping about, and +shouting 'Off with his head!' or 'Off with her head!' about once in a +minute. + +Alice began to feel very uneasy: to be sure, she had not as yet had any +dispute with the Queen, but she knew that it might happen any minute, +'and then,' thought she, 'what would become of me? They're dreadfully +fond of beheading people here; the great wonder is, that there's any one +left alive!' + +She was looking about for some way of escape, and wondering whether she +could get away without being seen, when she noticed a curious appearance +in the air: it puzzled her very much at first, but, after watching it +a minute or two, she made it out to be a grin, and she said to herself +'It's the Cheshire Cat: now I shall have somebody to talk to.' + +'How are you getting on?' said the Cat, as soon as there was mouth +enough for it to speak with. + +Alice waited till the eyes appeared, and then nodded. 'It's no use +speaking to it,' she thought, 'till its ears have come, or at least one +of them.' In another minute the whole head appeared, and then Alice put +down her flamingo, and began an account of the game, feeling very glad +she had someone to listen to her. The Cat seemed to think that there was +enough of it now in sight, and no more of it appeared. + +'I don't think they play at all fairly,' Alice began, in rather a +complaining tone, 'and they all quarrel so dreadfully one can't hear +oneself speak--and they don't seem to have any rules in particular; +at least, if there are, nobody attends to them--and you've no idea how +confusing it is all the things being alive; for instance, there's the +arch I've got to go through next walking about at the other end of the +ground--and I should have croqueted the Queen's hedgehog just now, only +it ran away when it saw mine coming!' + +'How do you like the Queen?' said the Cat in a low voice. + +'Not at all,' said Alice: 'she's so extremely--' Just then she noticed +that the Queen was close behind her, listening: so she went on, +'--likely to win, that it's hardly worth while finishing the game.' + +The Queen smiled and passed on. + +'Who ARE you talking to?' said the King, going up to Alice, and looking +at the Cat's head with great curiosity. + +'It's a friend of mine--a Cheshire Cat,' said Alice: 'allow me to +introduce it.' + +'I don't like the look of it at all,' said the King: 'however, it may +kiss my hand if it likes.' + +'I'd rather not,' the Cat remarked. + +'Don't be impertinent,' said the King, 'and don't look at me like that!' +He got behind Alice as he spoke. + +'A cat may look at a king,' said Alice. 'I've read that in some book, +but I don't remember where.' + +'Well, it must be removed,' said the King very decidedly, and he called +the Queen, who was passing at the moment, 'My dear! I wish you would +have this cat removed!' + +The Queen had only one way of settling all difficulties, great or small. +'Off with his head!' she said, without even looking round. + +'I'll fetch the executioner myself,' said the King eagerly, and he +hurried off. + +Alice thought she might as well go back, and see how the game was going +on, as she heard the Queen's voice in the distance, screaming with +passion. She had already heard her sentence three of the players to be +executed for having missed their turns, and she did not like the look +of things at all, as the game was in such confusion that she never knew +whether it was her turn or not. So she went in search of her hedgehog. + +The hedgehog was engaged in a fight with another hedgehog, which seemed +to Alice an excellent opportunity for croqueting one of them with the +other: the only difficulty was, that her flamingo was gone across to the +other side of the garden, where Alice could see it trying in a helpless +sort of way to fly up into a tree. + +By the time she had caught the flamingo and brought it back, the fight +was over, and both the hedgehogs were out of sight: 'but it doesn't +matter much,' thought Alice, 'as all the arches are gone from this side +of the ground.' So she tucked it away under her arm, that it might not +escape again, and went back for a little more conversation with her +friend. + +When she got back to the Cheshire Cat, she was surprised to find quite a +large crowd collected round it: there was a dispute going on between +the executioner, the King, and the Queen, who were all talking at once, +while all the rest were quite silent, and looked very uncomfortable. + +The moment Alice appeared, she was appealed to by all three to settle +the question, and they repeated their arguments to her, though, as they +all spoke at once, she found it very hard indeed to make out exactly +what they said. + +The executioner's argument was, that you couldn't cut off a head unless +there was a body to cut it off from: that he had never had to do such a +thing before, and he wasn't going to begin at HIS time of life. + +The King's argument was, that anything that had a head could be +beheaded, and that you weren't to talk nonsense. + +The Queen's argument was, that if something wasn't done about it in less +than no time she'd have everybody executed, all round. (It was this last +remark that had made the whole party look so grave and anxious.) + +Alice could think of nothing else to say but 'It belongs to the Duchess: +you'd better ask HER about it.' + +'She's in prison,' the Queen said to the executioner: 'fetch her here.' +And the executioner went off like an arrow. + + The Cat's head began fading away the moment he was gone, and, +by the time he had come back with the Duchess, it had entirely +disappeared; so the King and the executioner ran wildly up and down +looking for it, while the rest of the party went back to the game. + + + + +CHAPTER IX. The Mock Turtle's Story + +'You can't think how glad I am to see you again, you dear old thing!' +said the Duchess, as she tucked her arm affectionately into Alice's, and +they walked off together. + +Alice was very glad to find her in such a pleasant temper, and thought +to herself that perhaps it was only the pepper that had made her so +savage when they met in the kitchen. + +'When I'M a Duchess,' she said to herself, (not in a very hopeful tone +though), 'I won't have any pepper in my kitchen AT ALL. Soup does very +well without--Maybe it's always pepper that makes people hot-tempered,' +she went on, very much pleased at having found out a new kind of +rule, 'and vinegar that makes them sour--and camomile that makes +them bitter--and--and barley-sugar and such things that make children +sweet-tempered. I only wish people knew that: then they wouldn't be so +stingy about it, you know--' + +She had quite forgotten the Duchess by this time, and was a little +startled when she heard her voice close to her ear. 'You're thinking +about something, my dear, and that makes you forget to talk. I can't +tell you just now what the moral of that is, but I shall remember it in +a bit.' + +'Perhaps it hasn't one,' Alice ventured to remark. + +'Tut, tut, child!' said the Duchess. 'Everything's got a moral, if only +you can find it.' And she squeezed herself up closer to Alice's side as +she spoke. + +Alice did not much like keeping so close to her: first, because the +Duchess was VERY ugly; and secondly, because she was exactly the +right height to rest her chin upon Alice's shoulder, and it was an +uncomfortably sharp chin. However, she did not like to be rude, so she +bore it as well as she could. + +'The game's going on rather better now,' she said, by way of keeping up +the conversation a little. + +''Tis so,' said the Duchess: 'and the moral of that is--"Oh, 'tis love, +'tis love, that makes the world go round!"' + +'Somebody said,' Alice whispered, 'that it's done by everybody minding +their own business!' + +'Ah, well! It means much the same thing,' said the Duchess, digging her +sharp little chin into Alice's shoulder as she added, 'and the moral +of THAT is--"Take care of the sense, and the sounds will take care of +themselves."' + +'How fond she is of finding morals in things!' Alice thought to herself. + +'I dare say you're wondering why I don't put my arm round your waist,' +the Duchess said after a pause: 'the reason is, that I'm doubtful about +the temper of your flamingo. Shall I try the experiment?' + +'HE might bite,' Alice cautiously replied, not feeling at all anxious to +have the experiment tried. + +'Very true,' said the Duchess: 'flamingoes and mustard both bite. And +the moral of that is--"Birds of a feather flock together."' + +'Only mustard isn't a bird,' Alice remarked. + +'Right, as usual,' said the Duchess: 'what a clear way you have of +putting things!' + +'It's a mineral, I THINK,' said Alice. + +'Of course it is,' said the Duchess, who seemed ready to agree to +everything that Alice said; 'there's a large mustard-mine near here. And +the moral of that is--"The more there is of mine, the less there is of +yours."' + +'Oh, I know!' exclaimed Alice, who had not attended to this last remark, +'it's a vegetable. It doesn't look like one, but it is.' + +'I quite agree with you,' said the Duchess; 'and the moral of that +is--"Be what you would seem to be"--or if you'd like it put more +simply--"Never imagine yourself not to be otherwise than what it might +appear to others that what you were or might have been was not otherwise +than what you had been would have appeared to them to be otherwise."' + +'I think I should understand that better,' Alice said very politely, 'if +I had it written down: but I can't quite follow it as you say it.' + +'That's nothing to what I could say if I chose,' the Duchess replied, in +a pleased tone. + +'Pray don't trouble yourself to say it any longer than that,' said +Alice. + +'Oh, don't talk about trouble!' said the Duchess. 'I make you a present +of everything I've said as yet.' + +'A cheap sort of present!' thought Alice. 'I'm glad they don't give +birthday presents like that!' But she did not venture to say it out +loud. + +'Thinking again?' the Duchess asked, with another dig of her sharp +little chin. + +'I've a right to think,' said Alice sharply, for she was beginning to +feel a little worried. + +'Just about as much right,' said the Duchess, 'as pigs have to fly; and +the m--' + +But here, to Alice's great surprise, the Duchess's voice died away, even +in the middle of her favourite word 'moral,' and the arm that was linked +into hers began to tremble. Alice looked up, and there stood the Queen +in front of them, with her arms folded, frowning like a thunderstorm. + +'A fine day, your Majesty!' the Duchess began in a low, weak voice. + +'Now, I give you fair warning,' shouted the Queen, stamping on the +ground as she spoke; 'either you or your head must be off, and that in +about half no time! Take your choice!' + +The Duchess took her choice, and was gone in a moment. + +'Let's go on with the game,' the Queen said to Alice; and Alice was +too much frightened to say a word, but slowly followed her back to the +croquet-ground. + +The other guests had taken advantage of the Queen's absence, and were +resting in the shade: however, the moment they saw her, they hurried +back to the game, the Queen merely remarking that a moment's delay would +cost them their lives. + +All the time they were playing the Queen never left off quarrelling with +the other players, and shouting 'Off with his head!' or 'Off with her +head!' Those whom she sentenced were taken into custody by the soldiers, +who of course had to leave off being arches to do this, so that by +the end of half an hour or so there were no arches left, and all the +players, except the King, the Queen, and Alice, were in custody and +under sentence of execution. + +Then the Queen left off, quite out of breath, and said to Alice, 'Have +you seen the Mock Turtle yet?' + +'No,' said Alice. 'I don't even know what a Mock Turtle is.' + +'It's the thing Mock Turtle Soup is made from,' said the Queen. + +'I never saw one, or heard of one,' said Alice. + +'Come on, then,' said the Queen, 'and he shall tell you his history,' + +As they walked off together, Alice heard the King say in a low voice, +to the company generally, 'You are all pardoned.' 'Come, THAT'S a good +thing!' she said to herself, for she had felt quite unhappy at the +number of executions the Queen had ordered. + +They very soon came upon a Gryphon, lying fast asleep in the sun. +(IF you don't know what a Gryphon is, look at the picture.) 'Up, lazy +thing!' said the Queen, 'and take this young lady to see the Mock +Turtle, and to hear his history. I must go back and see after some +executions I have ordered'; and she walked off, leaving Alice alone with +the Gryphon. Alice did not quite like the look of the creature, but on +the whole she thought it would be quite as safe to stay with it as to go +after that savage Queen: so she waited. + +The Gryphon sat up and rubbed its eyes: then it watched the Queen till +she was out of sight: then it chuckled. 'What fun!' said the Gryphon, +half to itself, half to Alice. + +'What IS the fun?' said Alice. + +'Why, SHE,' said the Gryphon. 'It's all her fancy, that: they never +executes nobody, you know. Come on!' + +'Everybody says "come on!" here,' thought Alice, as she went slowly +after it: 'I never was so ordered about in all my life, never!' + +They had not gone far before they saw the Mock Turtle in the distance, +sitting sad and lonely on a little ledge of rock, and, as they came +nearer, Alice could hear him sighing as if his heart would break. She +pitied him deeply. 'What is his sorrow?' she asked the Gryphon, and the +Gryphon answered, very nearly in the same words as before, 'It's all his +fancy, that: he hasn't got no sorrow, you know. Come on!' + +So they went up to the Mock Turtle, who looked at them with large eyes +full of tears, but said nothing. + +'This here young lady,' said the Gryphon, 'she wants for to know your +history, she do.' + +'I'll tell it her,' said the Mock Turtle in a deep, hollow tone: 'sit +down, both of you, and don't speak a word till I've finished.' + +So they sat down, and nobody spoke for some minutes. Alice thought to +herself, 'I don't see how he can EVEN finish, if he doesn't begin.' But +she waited patiently. + +'Once,' said the Mock Turtle at last, with a deep sigh, 'I was a real +Turtle.' + +These words were followed by a very long silence, broken only by an +occasional exclamation of 'Hjckrrh!' from the Gryphon, and the constant +heavy sobbing of the Mock Turtle. Alice was very nearly getting up and +saying, 'Thank you, sir, for your interesting story,' but she could +not help thinking there MUST be more to come, so she sat still and said +nothing. + +'When we were little,' the Mock Turtle went on at last, more calmly, +though still sobbing a little now and then, 'we went to school in the +sea. The master was an old Turtle--we used to call him Tortoise--' + +'Why did you call him Tortoise, if he wasn't one?' Alice asked. + +'We called him Tortoise because he taught us,' said the Mock Turtle +angrily: 'really you are very dull!' + +'You ought to be ashamed of yourself for asking such a simple question,' +added the Gryphon; and then they both sat silent and looked at poor +Alice, who felt ready to sink into the earth. At last the Gryphon said +to the Mock Turtle, 'Drive on, old fellow! Don't be all day about it!' +and he went on in these words: + +'Yes, we went to school in the sea, though you mayn't believe it--' + +'I never said I didn't!' interrupted Alice. + +'You did,' said the Mock Turtle. + +'Hold your tongue!' added the Gryphon, before Alice could speak again. +The Mock Turtle went on. + +'We had the best of educations--in fact, we went to school every day--' + +'I'VE been to a day-school, too,' said Alice; 'you needn't be so proud +as all that.' + +'With extras?' asked the Mock Turtle a little anxiously. + +'Yes,' said Alice, 'we learned French and music.' + +'And washing?' said the Mock Turtle. + +'Certainly not!' said Alice indignantly. + +'Ah! then yours wasn't a really good school,' said the Mock Turtle in +a tone of great relief. 'Now at OURS they had at the end of the bill, +"French, music, AND WASHING--extra."' + +'You couldn't have wanted it much,' said Alice; 'living at the bottom of +the sea.' + +'I couldn't afford to learn it.' said the Mock Turtle with a sigh. 'I +only took the regular course.' + +'What was that?' inquired Alice. + +'Reeling and Writhing, of course, to begin with,' the Mock Turtle +replied; 'and then the different branches of Arithmetic--Ambition, +Distraction, Uglification, and Derision.' + +'I never heard of "Uglification,"' Alice ventured to say. 'What is it?' + +The Gryphon lifted up both its paws in surprise. 'What! Never heard of +uglifying!' it exclaimed. 'You know what to beautify is, I suppose?' + +'Yes,' said Alice doubtfully: 'it means--to--make--anything--prettier.' + +'Well, then,' the Gryphon went on, 'if you don't know what to uglify is, +you ARE a simpleton.' + +Alice did not feel encouraged to ask any more questions about it, so she +turned to the Mock Turtle, and said 'What else had you to learn?' + +'Well, there was Mystery,' the Mock Turtle replied, counting off +the subjects on his flappers, '--Mystery, ancient and modern, with +Seaography: then Drawling--the Drawling-master was an old conger-eel, +that used to come once a week: HE taught us Drawling, Stretching, and +Fainting in Coils.' + +'What was THAT like?' said Alice. + +'Well, I can't show it you myself,' the Mock Turtle said: 'I'm too +stiff. And the Gryphon never learnt it.' + +'Hadn't time,' said the Gryphon: 'I went to the Classics master, though. +He was an old crab, HE was.' + +'I never went to him,' the Mock Turtle said with a sigh: 'he taught +Laughing and Grief, they used to say.' + +'So he did, so he did,' said the Gryphon, sighing in his turn; and both +creatures hid their faces in their paws. + +'And how many hours a day did you do lessons?' said Alice, in a hurry to +change the subject. + +'Ten hours the first day,' said the Mock Turtle: 'nine the next, and so +on.' + +'What a curious plan!' exclaimed Alice. + +'That's the reason they're called lessons,' the Gryphon remarked: +'because they lessen from day to day.' + +This was quite a new idea to Alice, and she thought it over a little +before she made her next remark. 'Then the eleventh day must have been a +holiday?' + +'Of course it was,' said the Mock Turtle. + +'And how did you manage on the twelfth?' Alice went on eagerly. + +'That's enough about lessons,' the Gryphon interrupted in a very decided +tone: 'tell her something about the games now.' + + + + +CHAPTER X. The Lobster Quadrille + +The Mock Turtle sighed deeply, and drew the back of one flapper across +his eyes. He looked at Alice, and tried to speak, but for a minute or +two sobs choked his voice. 'Same as if he had a bone in his throat,' +said the Gryphon: and it set to work shaking him and punching him in +the back. At last the Mock Turtle recovered his voice, and, with tears +running down his cheeks, he went on again:-- + +'You may not have lived much under the sea--' ('I haven't,' said +Alice)--'and perhaps you were never even introduced to a lobster--' +(Alice began to say 'I once tasted--' but checked herself hastily, and +said 'No, never') '--so you can have no idea what a delightful thing a +Lobster Quadrille is!' + +'No, indeed,' said Alice. 'What sort of a dance is it?' + +'Why,' said the Gryphon, 'you first form into a line along the +sea-shore--' + +'Two lines!' cried the Mock Turtle. 'Seals, turtles, salmon, and so on; +then, when you've cleared all the jelly-fish out of the way--' + +'THAT generally takes some time,' interrupted the Gryphon. + +'--you advance twice--' + +'Each with a lobster as a partner!' cried the Gryphon. + +'Of course,' the Mock Turtle said: 'advance twice, set to partners--' + +'--change lobsters, and retire in same order,' continued the Gryphon. + +'Then, you know,' the Mock Turtle went on, 'you throw the--' + +'The lobsters!' shouted the Gryphon, with a bound into the air. + +'--as far out to sea as you can--' + +'Swim after them!' screamed the Gryphon. + +'Turn a somersault in the sea!' cried the Mock Turtle, capering wildly +about. + +'Change lobsters again!' yelled the Gryphon at the top of its voice. + +'Back to land again, and that's all the first figure,' said the Mock +Turtle, suddenly dropping his voice; and the two creatures, who had been +jumping about like mad things all this time, sat down again very sadly +and quietly, and looked at Alice. + +'It must be a very pretty dance,' said Alice timidly. + +'Would you like to see a little of it?' said the Mock Turtle. + +'Very much indeed,' said Alice. + +'Come, let's try the first figure!' said the Mock Turtle to the Gryphon. +'We can do without lobsters, you know. Which shall sing?' + +'Oh, YOU sing,' said the Gryphon. 'I've forgotten the words.' + +So they began solemnly dancing round and round Alice, every now and +then treading on her toes when they passed too close, and waving their +forepaws to mark the time, while the Mock Turtle sang this, very slowly +and sadly:-- + + '"Will you walk a little faster?" said a whiting to a snail. + "There's a porpoise close behind us, and he's treading on my tail. + + See how eagerly the lobsters and the turtles all advance! + They are waiting on the shingle--will you come and join the dance? + + Will you, won't you, will you, won't you, will you join the dance? + Will you, won't you, will you, won't you, won't you join the dance? + + "You can really have no notion how delightful it will be + When they take us up and throw us, with the lobsters, out to sea!" + But the snail replied "Too far, too far!" and gave a look askance-- + Said he thanked the whiting kindly, but he would not join the dance. + + Would not, could not, would not, could not, would not join the dance. + Would not, could not, would not, could not, could not join the dance. + + '"What matters it how far we go?" his scaly friend replied. + "There is another shore, you know, upon the other side. + The further off from England the nearer is to France-- + Then turn not pale, beloved snail, but come and join the dance. + + Will you, won't you, will you, won't you, will you join the dance? + Will you, won't you, will you, won't you, won't you join the dance?"' + +'Thank you, it's a very interesting dance to watch,' said Alice, feeling +very glad that it was over at last: 'and I do so like that curious song +about the whiting!' + +'Oh, as to the whiting,' said the Mock Turtle, 'they--you've seen them, +of course?' + +'Yes,' said Alice, 'I've often seen them at dinn--' she checked herself +hastily. + +'I don't know where Dinn may be,' said the Mock Turtle, 'but if you've +seen them so often, of course you know what they're like.' + +'I believe so,' Alice replied thoughtfully. 'They have their tails in +their mouths--and they're all over crumbs.' + +'You're wrong about the crumbs,' said the Mock Turtle: 'crumbs would all +wash off in the sea. But they HAVE their tails in their mouths; and the +reason is--' here the Mock Turtle yawned and shut his eyes.--'Tell her +about the reason and all that,' he said to the Gryphon. + +'The reason is,' said the Gryphon, 'that they WOULD go with the lobsters +to the dance. So they got thrown out to sea. So they had to fall a long +way. So they got their tails fast in their mouths. So they couldn't get +them out again. That's all.' + +'Thank you,' said Alice, 'it's very interesting. I never knew so much +about a whiting before.' + +'I can tell you more than that, if you like,' said the Gryphon. 'Do you +know why it's called a whiting?' + +'I never thought about it,' said Alice. 'Why?' + +'IT DOES THE BOOTS AND SHOES.' the Gryphon replied very solemnly. + +Alice was thoroughly puzzled. 'Does the boots and shoes!' she repeated +in a wondering tone. + +'Why, what are YOUR shoes done with?' said the Gryphon. 'I mean, what +makes them so shiny?' + +Alice looked down at them, and considered a little before she gave her +answer. 'They're done with blacking, I believe.' + +'Boots and shoes under the sea,' the Gryphon went on in a deep voice, +'are done with a whiting. Now you know.' + +'And what are they made of?' Alice asked in a tone of great curiosity. + +'Soles and eels, of course,' the Gryphon replied rather impatiently: +'any shrimp could have told you that.' + +'If I'd been the whiting,' said Alice, whose thoughts were still running +on the song, 'I'd have said to the porpoise, "Keep back, please: we +don't want YOU with us!"' + +'They were obliged to have him with them,' the Mock Turtle said: 'no +wise fish would go anywhere without a porpoise.' + +'Wouldn't it really?' said Alice in a tone of great surprise. + +'Of course not,' said the Mock Turtle: 'why, if a fish came to ME, and +told me he was going a journey, I should say "With what porpoise?"' + +'Don't you mean "purpose"?' said Alice. + +'I mean what I say,' the Mock Turtle replied in an offended tone. And +the Gryphon added 'Come, let's hear some of YOUR adventures.' + +'I could tell you my adventures--beginning from this morning,' said +Alice a little timidly: 'but it's no use going back to yesterday, +because I was a different person then.' + +'Explain all that,' said the Mock Turtle. + +'No, no! The adventures first,' said the Gryphon in an impatient tone: +'explanations take such a dreadful time.' + +So Alice began telling them her adventures from the time when she first +saw the White Rabbit. She was a little nervous about it just at first, +the two creatures got so close to her, one on each side, and opened +their eyes and mouths so VERY wide, but she gained courage as she went +on. Her listeners were perfectly quiet till she got to the part about +her repeating 'YOU ARE OLD, FATHER WILLIAM,' to the Caterpillar, and the +words all coming different, and then the Mock Turtle drew a long breath, +and said 'That's very curious.' + +'It's all about as curious as it can be,' said the Gryphon. + +'It all came different!' the Mock Turtle repeated thoughtfully. 'I +should like to hear her try and repeat something now. Tell her to +begin.' He looked at the Gryphon as if he thought it had some kind of +authority over Alice. + +'Stand up and repeat "'TIS THE VOICE OF THE SLUGGARD,"' said the +Gryphon. + +'How the creatures order one about, and make one repeat lessons!' +thought Alice; 'I might as well be at school at once.' However, she +got up, and began to repeat it, but her head was so full of the Lobster +Quadrille, that she hardly knew what she was saying, and the words came +very queer indeed:-- + + ''Tis the voice of the Lobster; I heard him declare, + "You have baked me too brown, I must sugar my hair." + As a duck with its eyelids, so he with his nose + Trims his belt and his buttons, and turns out his toes.' + + [later editions continued as follows + When the sands are all dry, he is gay as a lark, + And will talk in contemptuous tones of the Shark, + But, when the tide rises and sharks are around, + His voice has a timid and tremulous sound.] + +'That's different from what I used to say when I was a child,' said the +Gryphon. + +'Well, I never heard it before,' said the Mock Turtle; 'but it sounds +uncommon nonsense.' + +Alice said nothing; she had sat down with her face in her hands, +wondering if anything would EVER happen in a natural way again. + +'I should like to have it explained,' said the Mock Turtle. + +'She can't explain it,' said the Gryphon hastily. 'Go on with the next +verse.' + +'But about his toes?' the Mock Turtle persisted. 'How COULD he turn them +out with his nose, you know?' + +'It's the first position in dancing.' Alice said; but was dreadfully +puzzled by the whole thing, and longed to change the subject. + +'Go on with the next verse,' the Gryphon repeated impatiently: 'it +begins "I passed by his garden."' + +Alice did not dare to disobey, though she felt sure it would all come +wrong, and she went on in a trembling voice:-- + + 'I passed by his garden, and marked, with one eye, + How the Owl and the Panther were sharing a pie--' + + [later editions continued as follows + The Panther took pie-crust, and gravy, and meat, + While the Owl had the dish as its share of the treat. + When the pie was all finished, the Owl, as a boon, + Was kindly permitted to pocket the spoon: + While the Panther received knife and fork with a growl, + And concluded the banquet--] + +'What IS the use of repeating all that stuff,' the Mock Turtle +interrupted, 'if you don't explain it as you go on? It's by far the most +confusing thing I ever heard!' + +'Yes, I think you'd better leave off,' said the Gryphon: and Alice was +only too glad to do so. + +'Shall we try another figure of the Lobster Quadrille?' the Gryphon went +on. 'Or would you like the Mock Turtle to sing you a song?' + +'Oh, a song, please, if the Mock Turtle would be so kind,' Alice +replied, so eagerly that the Gryphon said, in a rather offended tone, +'Hm! No accounting for tastes! Sing her "Turtle Soup," will you, old +fellow?' + +The Mock Turtle sighed deeply, and began, in a voice sometimes choked +with sobs, to sing this:-- + + 'Beautiful Soup, so rich and green, + Waiting in a hot tureen! + Who for such dainties would not stoop? + Soup of the evening, beautiful Soup! + Soup of the evening, beautiful Soup! + Beau--ootiful Soo--oop! + Beau--ootiful Soo--oop! + Soo--oop of the e--e--evening, + Beautiful, beautiful Soup! + + 'Beautiful Soup! Who cares for fish, + Game, or any other dish? + Who would not give all else for two + Pennyworth only of beautiful Soup? + Pennyworth only of beautiful Soup? + Beau--ootiful Soo--oop! + Beau--ootiful Soo--oop! + Soo--oop of the e--e--evening, + Beautiful, beauti--FUL SOUP!' + +'Chorus again!' cried the Gryphon, and the Mock Turtle had just begun +to repeat it, when a cry of 'The trial's beginning!' was heard in the +distance. + +'Come on!' cried the Gryphon, and, taking Alice by the hand, it hurried +off, without waiting for the end of the song. + +'What trial is it?' Alice panted as she ran; but the Gryphon only +answered 'Come on!' and ran the faster, while more and more faintly +came, carried on the breeze that followed them, the melancholy words:-- + + 'Soo--oop of the e--e--evening, + Beautiful, beautiful Soup!' + + + + +CHAPTER XI. Who Stole the Tarts? + +The King and Queen of Hearts were seated on their throne when they +arrived, with a great crowd assembled about them--all sorts of little +birds and beasts, as well as the whole pack of cards: the Knave was +standing before them, in chains, with a soldier on each side to guard +him; and near the King was the White Rabbit, with a trumpet in one hand, +and a scroll of parchment in the other. In the very middle of the court +was a table, with a large dish of tarts upon it: they looked so good, +that it made Alice quite hungry to look at them--'I wish they'd get the +trial done,' she thought, 'and hand round the refreshments!' But there +seemed to be no chance of this, so she began looking at everything about +her, to pass away the time. + +Alice had never been in a court of justice before, but she had read +about them in books, and she was quite pleased to find that she knew +the name of nearly everything there. 'That's the judge,' she said to +herself, 'because of his great wig.' + +The judge, by the way, was the King; and as he wore his crown over the +wig, (look at the frontispiece if you want to see how he did it,) he did +not look at all comfortable, and it was certainly not becoming. + +'And that's the jury-box,' thought Alice, 'and those twelve creatures,' +(she was obliged to say 'creatures,' you see, because some of them were +animals, and some were birds,) 'I suppose they are the jurors.' She said +this last word two or three times over to herself, being rather proud of +it: for she thought, and rightly too, that very few little girls of her +age knew the meaning of it at all. However, 'jury-men' would have done +just as well. + +The twelve jurors were all writing very busily on slates. 'What are they +doing?' Alice whispered to the Gryphon. 'They can't have anything to put +down yet, before the trial's begun.' + +'They're putting down their names,' the Gryphon whispered in reply, 'for +fear they should forget them before the end of the trial.' + +'Stupid things!' Alice began in a loud, indignant voice, but she stopped +hastily, for the White Rabbit cried out, 'Silence in the court!' and the +King put on his spectacles and looked anxiously round, to make out who +was talking. + +Alice could see, as well as if she were looking over their shoulders, +that all the jurors were writing down 'stupid things!' on their slates, +and she could even make out that one of them didn't know how to spell +'stupid,' and that he had to ask his neighbour to tell him. 'A nice +muddle their slates'll be in before the trial's over!' thought Alice. + +One of the jurors had a pencil that squeaked. This of course, Alice +could not stand, and she went round the court and got behind him, and +very soon found an opportunity of taking it away. She did it so quickly +that the poor little juror (it was Bill, the Lizard) could not make out +at all what had become of it; so, after hunting all about for it, he was +obliged to write with one finger for the rest of the day; and this was +of very little use, as it left no mark on the slate. + +'Herald, read the accusation!' said the King. + +On this the White Rabbit blew three blasts on the trumpet, and then +unrolled the parchment scroll, and read as follows:-- + + 'The Queen of Hearts, she made some tarts, + All on a summer day: + The Knave of Hearts, he stole those tarts, + And took them quite away!' + +'Consider your verdict,' the King said to the jury. + +'Not yet, not yet!' the Rabbit hastily interrupted. 'There's a great +deal to come before that!' + +'Call the first witness,' said the King; and the White Rabbit blew three +blasts on the trumpet, and called out, 'First witness!' + +The first witness was the Hatter. He came in with a teacup in one +hand and a piece of bread-and-butter in the other. 'I beg pardon, your +Majesty,' he began, 'for bringing these in: but I hadn't quite finished +my tea when I was sent for.' + +'You ought to have finished,' said the King. 'When did you begin?' + +The Hatter looked at the March Hare, who had followed him into the +court, arm-in-arm with the Dormouse. 'Fourteenth of March, I think it +was,' he said. + +'Fifteenth,' said the March Hare. + +'Sixteenth,' added the Dormouse. + +'Write that down,' the King said to the jury, and the jury eagerly +wrote down all three dates on their slates, and then added them up, and +reduced the answer to shillings and pence. + +'Take off your hat,' the King said to the Hatter. + +'It isn't mine,' said the Hatter. + +'Stolen!' the King exclaimed, turning to the jury, who instantly made a +memorandum of the fact. + +'I keep them to sell,' the Hatter added as an explanation; 'I've none of +my own. I'm a hatter.' + +Here the Queen put on her spectacles, and began staring at the Hatter, +who turned pale and fidgeted. + +'Give your evidence,' said the King; 'and don't be nervous, or I'll have +you executed on the spot.' + +This did not seem to encourage the witness at all: he kept shifting +from one foot to the other, looking uneasily at the Queen, and in +his confusion he bit a large piece out of his teacup instead of the +bread-and-butter. + +Just at this moment Alice felt a very curious sensation, which puzzled +her a good deal until she made out what it was: she was beginning to +grow larger again, and she thought at first she would get up and leave +the court; but on second thoughts she decided to remain where she was as +long as there was room for her. + +'I wish you wouldn't squeeze so.' said the Dormouse, who was sitting +next to her. 'I can hardly breathe.' + +'I can't help it,' said Alice very meekly: 'I'm growing.' + +'You've no right to grow here,' said the Dormouse. + +'Don't talk nonsense,' said Alice more boldly: 'you know you're growing +too.' + +'Yes, but I grow at a reasonable pace,' said the Dormouse: 'not in that +ridiculous fashion.' And he got up very sulkily and crossed over to the +other side of the court. + +All this time the Queen had never left off staring at the Hatter, and, +just as the Dormouse crossed the court, she said to one of the officers +of the court, 'Bring me the list of the singers in the last concert!' on +which the wretched Hatter trembled so, that he shook both his shoes off. + +'Give your evidence,' the King repeated angrily, 'or I'll have you +executed, whether you're nervous or not.' + +'I'm a poor man, your Majesty,' the Hatter began, in a trembling voice, +'--and I hadn't begun my tea--not above a week or so--and what with the +bread-and-butter getting so thin--and the twinkling of the tea--' + +'The twinkling of the what?' said the King. + +'It began with the tea,' the Hatter replied. + +'Of course twinkling begins with a T!' said the King sharply. 'Do you +take me for a dunce? Go on!' + +'I'm a poor man,' the Hatter went on, 'and most things twinkled after +that--only the March Hare said--' + +'I didn't!' the March Hare interrupted in a great hurry. + +'You did!' said the Hatter. + +'I deny it!' said the March Hare. + +'He denies it,' said the King: 'leave out that part.' + +'Well, at any rate, the Dormouse said--' the Hatter went on, looking +anxiously round to see if he would deny it too: but the Dormouse denied +nothing, being fast asleep. + +'After that,' continued the Hatter, 'I cut some more bread-and-butter--' + +'But what did the Dormouse say?' one of the jury asked. + +'That I can't remember,' said the Hatter. + +'You MUST remember,' remarked the King, 'or I'll have you executed.' + +The miserable Hatter dropped his teacup and bread-and-butter, and went +down on one knee. 'I'm a poor man, your Majesty,' he began. + +'You're a very poor speaker,' said the King. + +Here one of the guinea-pigs cheered, and was immediately suppressed by +the officers of the court. (As that is rather a hard word, I will just +explain to you how it was done. They had a large canvas bag, which tied +up at the mouth with strings: into this they slipped the guinea-pig, +head first, and then sat upon it.) + +'I'm glad I've seen that done,' thought Alice. 'I've so often read +in the newspapers, at the end of trials, "There was some attempts +at applause, which was immediately suppressed by the officers of the +court," and I never understood what it meant till now.' + +'If that's all you know about it, you may stand down,' continued the +King. + +'I can't go no lower,' said the Hatter: 'I'm on the floor, as it is.' + +'Then you may SIT down,' the King replied. + +Here the other guinea-pig cheered, and was suppressed. + +'Come, that finished the guinea-pigs!' thought Alice. 'Now we shall get +on better.' + +'I'd rather finish my tea,' said the Hatter, with an anxious look at the +Queen, who was reading the list of singers. + +'You may go,' said the King, and the Hatter hurriedly left the court, +without even waiting to put his shoes on. + +'--and just take his head off outside,' the Queen added to one of the +officers: but the Hatter was out of sight before the officer could get +to the door. + +'Call the next witness!' said the King. + +The next witness was the Duchess's cook. She carried the pepper-box in +her hand, and Alice guessed who it was, even before she got into the +court, by the way the people near the door began sneezing all at once. + +'Give your evidence,' said the King. + +'Shan't,' said the cook. + +The King looked anxiously at the White Rabbit, who said in a low voice, +'Your Majesty must cross-examine THIS witness.' + +'Well, if I must, I must,' the King said, with a melancholy air, and, +after folding his arms and frowning at the cook till his eyes were +nearly out of sight, he said in a deep voice, 'What are tarts made of?' + +'Pepper, mostly,' said the cook. + +'Treacle,' said a sleepy voice behind her. + +'Collar that Dormouse,' the Queen shrieked out. 'Behead that Dormouse! +Turn that Dormouse out of court! Suppress him! Pinch him! Off with his +whiskers!' + +For some minutes the whole court was in confusion, getting the Dormouse +turned out, and, by the time they had settled down again, the cook had +disappeared. + +'Never mind!' said the King, with an air of great relief. 'Call the next +witness.' And he added in an undertone to the Queen, 'Really, my dear, +YOU must cross-examine the next witness. It quite makes my forehead +ache!' + +Alice watched the White Rabbit as he fumbled over the list, feeling very +curious to see what the next witness would be like, '--for they haven't +got much evidence YET,' she said to herself. Imagine her surprise, when +the White Rabbit read out, at the top of his shrill little voice, the +name 'Alice!' + + + + +CHAPTER XII. Alice's Evidence + + +'Here!' cried Alice, quite forgetting in the flurry of the moment how +large she had grown in the last few minutes, and she jumped up in such +a hurry that she tipped over the jury-box with the edge of her skirt, +upsetting all the jurymen on to the heads of the crowd below, and there +they lay sprawling about, reminding her very much of a globe of goldfish +she had accidentally upset the week before. + +'Oh, I BEG your pardon!' she exclaimed in a tone of great dismay, and +began picking them up again as quickly as she could, for the accident of +the goldfish kept running in her head, and she had a vague sort of idea +that they must be collected at once and put back into the jury-box, or +they would die. + +'The trial cannot proceed,' said the King in a very grave voice, 'until +all the jurymen are back in their proper places--ALL,' he repeated with +great emphasis, looking hard at Alice as he said do. + +Alice looked at the jury-box, and saw that, in her haste, she had put +the Lizard in head downwards, and the poor little thing was waving its +tail about in a melancholy way, being quite unable to move. She soon got +it out again, and put it right; 'not that it signifies much,' she said +to herself; 'I should think it would be QUITE as much use in the trial +one way up as the other.' + +As soon as the jury had a little recovered from the shock of being +upset, and their slates and pencils had been found and handed back to +them, they set to work very diligently to write out a history of the +accident, all except the Lizard, who seemed too much overcome to do +anything but sit with its mouth open, gazing up into the roof of the +court. + +'What do you know about this business?' the King said to Alice. + +'Nothing,' said Alice. + +'Nothing WHATEVER?' persisted the King. + +'Nothing whatever,' said Alice. + +'That's very important,' the King said, turning to the jury. They were +just beginning to write this down on their slates, when the White Rabbit +interrupted: 'UNimportant, your Majesty means, of course,' he said in a +very respectful tone, but frowning and making faces at him as he spoke. + +'UNimportant, of course, I meant,' the King hastily said, and went on +to himself in an undertone, + +'important--unimportant--unimportant--important--' as if he were trying +which word sounded best. + +Some of the jury wrote it down 'important,' and some 'unimportant.' +Alice could see this, as she was near enough to look over their slates; +'but it doesn't matter a bit,' she thought to herself. + +At this moment the King, who had been for some time busily writing in +his note-book, cackled out 'Silence!' and read out from his book, 'Rule +Forty-two. ALL PERSONS MORE THAN A MILE HIGH TO LEAVE THE COURT.' + +Everybody looked at Alice. + +'I'M not a mile high,' said Alice. + +'You are,' said the King. + +'Nearly two miles high,' added the Queen. + +'Well, I shan't go, at any rate,' said Alice: 'besides, that's not a +regular rule: you invented it just now.' + +'It's the oldest rule in the book,' said the King. + +'Then it ought to be Number One,' said Alice. + +The King turned pale, and shut his note-book hastily. 'Consider your +verdict,' he said to the jury, in a low, trembling voice. + +'There's more evidence to come yet, please your Majesty,' said the White +Rabbit, jumping up in a great hurry; 'this paper has just been picked +up.' + +'What's in it?' said the Queen. + +'I haven't opened it yet,' said the White Rabbit, 'but it seems to be a +letter, written by the prisoner to--to somebody.' + +'It must have been that,' said the King, 'unless it was written to +nobody, which isn't usual, you know.' + +'Who is it directed to?' said one of the jurymen. + +'It isn't directed at all,' said the White Rabbit; 'in fact, there's +nothing written on the OUTSIDE.' He unfolded the paper as he spoke, and +added 'It isn't a letter, after all: it's a set of verses.' + +'Are they in the prisoner's handwriting?' asked another of the jurymen. + +'No, they're not,' said the White Rabbit, 'and that's the queerest thing +about it.' (The jury all looked puzzled.) + +'He must have imitated somebody else's hand,' said the King. (The jury +all brightened up again.) + +'Please your Majesty,' said the Knave, 'I didn't write it, and they +can't prove I did: there's no name signed at the end.' + +'If you didn't sign it,' said the King, 'that only makes the matter +worse. You MUST have meant some mischief, or else you'd have signed your +name like an honest man.' + +There was a general clapping of hands at this: it was the first really +clever thing the King had said that day. + +'That PROVES his guilt,' said the Queen. + +'It proves nothing of the sort!' said Alice. 'Why, you don't even know +what they're about!' + +'Read them,' said the King. + +The White Rabbit put on his spectacles. 'Where shall I begin, please +your Majesty?' he asked. + +'Begin at the beginning,' the King said gravely, 'and go on till you +come to the end: then stop.' + +These were the verses the White Rabbit read:-- + + 'They told me you had been to her, + And mentioned me to him: + She gave me a good character, + But said I could not swim. + + He sent them word I had not gone + (We know it to be true): + If she should push the matter on, + What would become of you? + + I gave her one, they gave him two, + You gave us three or more; + They all returned from him to you, + Though they were mine before. + + If I or she should chance to be + Involved in this affair, + He trusts to you to set them free, + Exactly as we were. + + My notion was that you had been + (Before she had this fit) + An obstacle that came between + Him, and ourselves, and it. + + Don't let him know she liked them best, + For this must ever be + A secret, kept from all the rest, + Between yourself and me.' + +'That's the most important piece of evidence we've heard yet,' said the +King, rubbing his hands; 'so now let the jury--' + +'If any one of them can explain it,' said Alice, (she had grown so large +in the last few minutes that she wasn't a bit afraid of interrupting +him,) 'I'll give him sixpence. _I_ don't believe there's an atom of +meaning in it.' + +The jury all wrote down on their slates, 'SHE doesn't believe there's an +atom of meaning in it,' but none of them attempted to explain the paper. + +'If there's no meaning in it,' said the King, 'that saves a world of +trouble, you know, as we needn't try to find any. And yet I don't know,' +he went on, spreading out the verses on his knee, and looking at them +with one eye; 'I seem to see some meaning in them, after all. "--SAID +I COULD NOT SWIM--" you can't swim, can you?' he added, turning to the +Knave. + +The Knave shook his head sadly. 'Do I look like it?' he said. (Which he +certainly did NOT, being made entirely of cardboard.) + +'All right, so far,' said the King, and he went on muttering over +the verses to himself: '"WE KNOW IT TO BE TRUE--" that's the jury, of +course--"I GAVE HER ONE, THEY GAVE HIM TWO--" why, that must be what he +did with the tarts, you know--' + +'But, it goes on "THEY ALL RETURNED FROM HIM TO YOU,"' said Alice. + +'Why, there they are!' said the King triumphantly, pointing to the tarts +on the table. 'Nothing can be clearer than THAT. Then again--"BEFORE SHE +HAD THIS FIT--" you never had fits, my dear, I think?' he said to the +Queen. + +'Never!' said the Queen furiously, throwing an inkstand at the Lizard +as she spoke. (The unfortunate little Bill had left off writing on his +slate with one finger, as he found it made no mark; but he now hastily +began again, using the ink, that was trickling down his face, as long as +it lasted.) + +'Then the words don't FIT you,' said the King, looking round the court +with a smile. There was a dead silence. + +'It's a pun!' the King added in an offended tone, and everybody laughed, +'Let the jury consider their verdict,' the King said, for about the +twentieth time that day. + +'No, no!' said the Queen. 'Sentence first--verdict afterwards.' + +'Stuff and nonsense!' said Alice loudly. 'The idea of having the +sentence first!' + +'Hold your tongue!' said the Queen, turning purple. + +'I won't!' said Alice. + +'Off with her head!' the Queen shouted at the top of her voice. Nobody +moved. + +'Who cares for you?' said Alice, (she had grown to her full size by this +time.) 'You're nothing but a pack of cards!' + +At this the whole pack rose up into the air, and came flying down upon +her: she gave a little scream, half of fright and half of anger, and +tried to beat them off, and found herself lying on the bank, with her +head in the lap of her sister, who was gently brushing away some dead +leaves that had fluttered down from the trees upon her face. + +'Wake up, Alice dear!' said her sister; 'Why, what a long sleep you've +had!' + +'Oh, I've had such a curious dream!' said Alice, and she told her +sister, as well as she could remember them, all these strange Adventures +of hers that you have just been reading about; and when she had +finished, her sister kissed her, and said, 'It WAS a curious dream, +dear, certainly: but now run in to your tea; it's getting late.' So +Alice got up and ran off, thinking while she ran, as well she might, +what a wonderful dream it had been. + +But her sister sat still just as she left her, leaning her head on her +hand, watching the setting sun, and thinking of little Alice and all her +wonderful Adventures, till she too began dreaming after a fashion, and +this was her dream:-- + +First, she dreamed of little Alice herself, and once again the tiny +hands were clasped upon her knee, and the bright eager eyes were looking +up into hers--she could hear the very tones of her voice, and see that +queer little toss of her head to keep back the wandering hair that +WOULD always get into her eyes--and still as she listened, or seemed to +listen, the whole place around her became alive with the strange creatures +of her little sister's dream. + +The long grass rustled at her feet as the White Rabbit hurried by--the +frightened Mouse splashed his way through the neighbouring pool--she +could hear the rattle of the teacups as the March Hare and his friends +shared their never-ending meal, and the shrill voice of the Queen +ordering off her unfortunate guests to execution--once more the pig-baby +was sneezing on the Duchess's knee, while plates and dishes crashed +around it--once more the shriek of the Gryphon, the squeaking of the +Lizard's slate-pencil, and the choking of the suppressed guinea-pigs, +filled the air, mixed up with the distant sobs of the miserable Mock +Turtle. + +So she sat on, with closed eyes, and half believed herself in +Wonderland, though she knew she had but to open them again, and all +would change to dull reality--the grass would be only rustling in the +wind, and the pool rippling to the waving of the reeds--the rattling +teacups would change to tinkling sheep-bells, and the Queen's shrill +cries to the voice of the shepherd boy--and the sneeze of the baby, the +shriek of the Gryphon, and all the other queer noises, would change (she +knew) to the confused clamour of the busy farm-yard--while the lowing +of the cattle in the distance would take the place of the Mock Turtle's +heavy sobs. + +Lastly, she pictured to herself how this same little sister of hers +would, in the after-time, be herself a grown woman; and how she would +keep, through all her riper years, the simple and loving heart of her +childhood: and how she would gather about her other little children, and +make THEIR eyes bright and eager with many a strange tale, perhaps even +with the dream of Wonderland of long ago: and how she would feel with +all their simple sorrows, and find a pleasure in all their simple joys, +remembering her own child-life, and the happy summer days. + + THE END + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, by Lewis Carroll + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND *** + +***** This file should be named 11.txt or 11.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/11/ + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Utf8String/EnglishMostlyAscii.txt b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Utf8String/EnglishMostlyAscii.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e8a827f3f19 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Utf8String/EnglishMostlyAscii.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3736 @@ +Project Gutenberg’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, by Lewis Carroll + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland + +Author: Lewis Carroll + +Posting Date: June 25, 2008 [EBook #11] +Release Date: March, 1994 +Last Updated: October 6, 2016 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALICE’S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND *** + + + + + + + + + + +ALICE’S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND + +Lewis Carroll + +THE MILLENNIUM FULCRUM EDITION 3.0 + + + + +CHAPTER I. Down the Rabbit-Hole + +Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the +bank, and of having nothing to do: once or twice she had peeped into the +book her sister was reading, but it had no pictures or conversations in +it, ‘and what is the use of a book,’ thought Alice ‘without pictures or +conversations?’ + +So she was considering in her own mind (as well as she could, for the +hot day made her feel very sleepy and stupid), whether the pleasure +of making a daisy-chain would be worth the trouble of getting up and +picking the daisies, when suddenly a White Rabbit with pink eyes ran +close by her. + +There was nothing so VERY remarkable in that; nor did Alice think it so +VERY much out of the way to hear the Rabbit say to itself, ‘Oh dear! +Oh dear! I shall be late!’ (when she thought it over afterwards, it +occurred to her that she ought to have wondered at this, but at the time +it all seemed quite natural); but when the Rabbit actually TOOK A WATCH +OUT OF ITS WAISTCOAT-POCKET, and looked at it, and then hurried on, +Alice started to her feet, for it flashed across her mind that she had +never before seen a rabbit with either a waistcoat-pocket, or a watch +to take out of it, and burning with curiosity, she ran across the field +after it, and fortunately was just in time to see it pop down a large +rabbit-hole under the hedge. + +In another moment down went Alice after it, never once considering how +in the world she was to get out again. + +The rabbit-hole went straight on like a tunnel for some way, and then +dipped suddenly down, so suddenly that Alice had not a moment to think +about stopping herself before she found herself falling down a very deep +well. + +Either the well was very deep, or she fell very slowly, for she had +plenty of time as she went down to look about her and to wonder what was +going to happen next. First, she tried to look down and make out what +she was coming to, but it was too dark to see anything; then she +looked at the sides of the well, and noticed that they were filled with +cupboards and book-shelves; here and there she saw maps and pictures +hung upon pegs. She took down a jar from one of the shelves as +she passed; it was labelled ‘ORANGE MARMALADE’, but to her great +disappointment it was empty: she did not like to drop the jar for fear +of killing somebody, so managed to put it into one of the cupboards as +she fell past it. + +‘Well!’ thought Alice to herself, ‘after such a fall as this, I shall +think nothing of tumbling down stairs! How brave they’ll all think me at +home! Why, I wouldn’t say anything about it, even if I fell off the top +of the house!’ (Which was very likely true.) + +Down, down, down. Would the fall NEVER come to an end! ‘I wonder how +many miles I’ve fallen by this time?’ she said aloud. ‘I must be getting +somewhere near the centre of the earth. Let me see: that would be four +thousand miles down, I think--’ (for, you see, Alice had learnt several +things of this sort in her lessons in the schoolroom, and though this +was not a VERY good opportunity for showing off her knowledge, as there +was no one to listen to her, still it was good practice to say it over) +‘--yes, that’s about the right distance--but then I wonder what Latitude +or Longitude I’ve got to?’ (Alice had no idea what Latitude was, or +Longitude either, but thought they were nice grand words to say.) + +Presently she began again. ‘I wonder if I shall fall right THROUGH the +earth! How funny it’ll seem to come out among the people that walk with +their heads downward! The Antipathies, I think--’ (she was rather glad +there WAS no one listening, this time, as it didn’t sound at all the +right word) ‘--but I shall have to ask them what the name of the country +is, you know. Please, Ma’am, is this New Zealand or Australia?’ (and +she tried to curtsey as she spoke--fancy CURTSEYING as you’re falling +through the air! Do you think you could manage it?) ‘And what an +ignorant little girl she’ll think me for asking! No, it’ll never do to +ask: perhaps I shall see it written up somewhere.’ + +Down, down, down. There was nothing else to do, so Alice soon began +talking again. ‘Dinah’ll miss me very much to-night, I should think!’ +(Dinah was the cat.) ‘I hope they’ll remember her saucer of milk at +tea-time. Dinah my dear! I wish you were down here with me! There are no +mice in the air, I’m afraid, but you might catch a bat, and that’s very +like a mouse, you know. But do cats eat bats, I wonder?’ And here Alice +began to get rather sleepy, and went on saying to herself, in a dreamy +sort of way, ‘Do cats eat bats? Do cats eat bats?’ and sometimes, ‘Do +bats eat cats?’ for, you see, as she couldn’t answer either question, +it didn’t much matter which way she put it. She felt that she was dozing +off, and had just begun to dream that she was walking hand in hand with +Dinah, and saying to her very earnestly, ‘Now, Dinah, tell me the truth: +did you ever eat a bat?’ when suddenly, thump! thump! down she came upon +a heap of sticks and dry leaves, and the fall was over. + +Alice was not a bit hurt, and she jumped up on to her feet in a moment: +she looked up, but it was all dark overhead; before her was another +long passage, and the White Rabbit was still in sight, hurrying down it. +There was not a moment to be lost: away went Alice like the wind, and +was just in time to hear it say, as it turned a corner, ‘Oh my ears +and whiskers, how late it’s getting!’ She was close behind it when she +turned the corner, but the Rabbit was no longer to be seen: she found +herself in a long, low hall, which was lit up by a row of lamps hanging +from the roof. + +There were doors all round the hall, but they were all locked; and when +Alice had been all the way down one side and up the other, trying every +door, she walked sadly down the middle, wondering how she was ever to +get out again. + +Suddenly she came upon a little three-legged table, all made of solid +glass; there was nothing on it except a tiny golden key, and Alice’s +first thought was that it might belong to one of the doors of the hall; +but, alas! either the locks were too large, or the key was too small, +but at any rate it would not open any of them. However, on the second +time round, she came upon a low curtain she had not noticed before, and +behind it was a little door about fifteen inches high: she tried the +little golden key in the lock, and to her great delight it fitted! + +Alice opened the door and found that it led into a small passage, not +much larger than a rat-hole: she knelt down and looked along the passage +into the loveliest garden you ever saw. How she longed to get out of +that dark hall, and wander about among those beds of bright flowers and +those cool fountains, but she could not even get her head through the +doorway; ‘and even if my head would go through,’ thought poor Alice, ‘it +would be of very little use without my shoulders. Oh, how I wish I could +shut up like a telescope! I think I could, if I only knew how to begin.’ +For, you see, so many out-of-the-way things had happened lately, +that Alice had begun to think that very few things indeed were really +impossible. + +There seemed to be no use in waiting by the little door, so she went +back to the table, half hoping she might find another key on it, or at +any rate a book of rules for shutting people up like telescopes: this +time she found a little bottle on it, [‘which certainly was not here +before,’ said Alice,) and round the neck of the bottle was a paper +label, with the words ‘DRINK ME’ beautifully printed on it in large +letters. + +It was all very well to say ‘Drink me,’ but the wise little Alice was +not going to do THAT in a hurry. ‘No, I’ll look first,’ she said, ‘and +see whether it’s marked “poison” or not’; for she had read several nice +little histories about children who had got burnt, and eaten up by wild +beasts and other unpleasant things, all because they WOULD not remember +the simple rules their friends had taught them: such as, that a red-hot +poker will burn you if you hold it too long; and that if you cut your +finger VERY deeply with a knife, it usually bleeds; and she had never +forgotten that, if you drink much from a bottle marked ‘poison,’ it is +almost certain to disagree with you, sooner or later. + +However, this bottle was NOT marked ‘poison,’ so Alice ventured to taste +it, and finding it very nice, (it had, in fact, a sort of mixed flavour +of cherry-tart, custard, pine-apple, roast turkey, toffee, and hot +buttered toast,) she very soon finished it off. + + * * * * * * * + + * * * * * * + + * * * * * * * + +‘What a curious feeling!’ said Alice; ‘I must be shutting up like a +telescope.’ + +And so it was indeed: she was now only ten inches high, and her face +brightened up at the thought that she was now the right size for going +through the little door into that lovely garden. First, however, she +waited for a few minutes to see if she was going to shrink any further: +she felt a little nervous about this; ‘for it might end, you know,’ said +Alice to herself, ‘in my going out altogether, like a candle. I wonder +what I should be like then?’ And she tried to fancy what the flame of a +candle is like after the candle is blown out, for she could not remember +ever having seen such a thing. + +After a while, finding that nothing more happened, she decided on going +into the garden at once; but, alas for poor Alice! when she got to the +door, she found she had forgotten the little golden key, and when she +went back to the table for it, she found she could not possibly reach +it: she could see it quite plainly through the glass, and she tried her +best to climb up one of the legs of the table, but it was too slippery; +and when she had tired herself out with trying, the poor little thing +sat down and cried. + +‘Come, there’s no use in crying like that!’ said Alice to herself, +rather sharply; ‘I advise you to leave off this minute!’ She generally +gave herself very good advice, (though she very seldom followed it), +and sometimes she scolded herself so severely as to bring tears into +her eyes; and once she remembered trying to box her own ears for having +cheated herself in a game of croquet she was playing against herself, +for this curious child was very fond of pretending to be two people. +‘But it’s no use now,’ thought poor Alice, ‘to pretend to be two people! +Why, there’s hardly enough of me left to make ONE respectable person!’ + +Soon her eye fell on a little glass box that was lying under the table: +she opened it, and found in it a very small cake, on which the words +‘EAT ME’ were beautifully marked in currants. ‘Well, I’ll eat it,’ said +Alice, ‘and if it makes me grow larger, I can reach the key; and if it +makes me grow smaller, I can creep under the door; so either way I’ll +get into the garden, and I don’t care which happens!’ + +She ate a little bit, and said anxiously to herself, ‘Which way? Which +way?’, holding her hand on the top of her head to feel which way it was +growing, and she was quite surprised to find that she remained the same +size: to be sure, this generally happens when one eats cake, but Alice +had got so much into the way of expecting nothing but out-of-the-way +things to happen, that it seemed quite dull and stupid for life to go on +in the common way. + +So she set to work, and very soon finished off the cake. + + * * * * * * * + + * * * * * * + + * * * * * * * + + + + +CHAPTER II. The Pool of Tears + +‘Curiouser and curiouser!’ cried Alice (she was so much surprised, that +for the moment she quite forgot how to speak good English); ‘now I’m +opening out like the largest telescope that ever was! Good-bye, feet!’ +(for when she looked down at her feet, they seemed to be almost out of +sight, they were getting so far off). ‘Oh, my poor little feet, I wonder +who will put on your shoes and stockings for you now, dears? I’m sure +_I_ shan’t be able! I shall be a great deal too far off to trouble +myself about you: you must manage the best way you can;--but I must be +kind to them,’ thought Alice, ‘or perhaps they won’t walk the way I want +to go! Let me see: I’ll give them a new pair of boots every Christmas.’ + +And she went on planning to herself how she would manage it. ‘They must +go by the carrier,’ she thought; ‘and how funny it’ll seem, sending +presents to one’s own feet! And how odd the directions will look! + + ALICE’S RIGHT FOOT, ESQ. + HEARTHRUG, + NEAR THE FENDER, + (WITH ALICE’S LOVE). + +Oh dear, what nonsense I’m talking!’ + +Just then her head struck against the roof of the hall: in fact she was +now more than nine feet high, and she at once took up the little golden +key and hurried off to the garden door. + +Poor Alice! It was as much as she could do, lying down on one side, to +look through into the garden with one eye; but to get through was more +hopeless than ever: she sat down and began to cry again. + +‘You ought to be ashamed of yourself,’ said Alice, ‘a great girl like +you,’ (she might well say this), ‘to go on crying in this way! Stop this +moment, I tell you!’ But she went on all the same, shedding gallons of +tears, until there was a large pool all round her, about four inches +deep and reaching half down the hall. + +After a time she heard a little pattering of feet in the distance, and +she hastily dried her eyes to see what was coming. It was the White +Rabbit returning, splendidly dressed, with a pair of white kid gloves in +one hand and a large fan in the other: he came trotting along in a great +hurry, muttering to himself as he came, ‘Oh! the Duchess, the Duchess! +Oh! won’t she be savage if I’ve kept her waiting!’ Alice felt so +desperate that she was ready to ask help of any one; so, when the Rabbit +came near her, she began, in a low, timid voice, ‘If you please, sir--’ +The Rabbit started violently, dropped the white kid gloves and the fan, +and skurried away into the darkness as hard as he could go. + +Alice took up the fan and gloves, and, as the hall was very hot, she +kept fanning herself all the time she went on talking: ‘Dear, dear! How +queer everything is to-day! And yesterday things went on just as usual. +I wonder if I’ve been changed in the night? Let me think: was I the +same when I got up this morning? I almost think I can remember feeling a +little different. But if I’m not the same, the next question is, Who +in the world am I? Ah, THAT’S the great puzzle!’ And she began thinking +over all the children she knew that were of the same age as herself, to +see if she could have been changed for any of them. + +‘I’m sure I’m not Ada,’ she said, ‘for her hair goes in such long +ringlets, and mine doesn’t go in ringlets at all; and I’m sure I can’t +be Mabel, for I know all sorts of things, and she, oh! she knows such a +very little! Besides, SHE’S she, and I’m I, and--oh dear, how puzzling +it all is! I’ll try if I know all the things I used to know. Let me +see: four times five is twelve, and four times six is thirteen, and +four times seven is--oh dear! I shall never get to twenty at that rate! +However, the Multiplication Table doesn’t signify: let’s try Geography. +London is the capital of Paris, and Paris is the capital of Rome, and +Rome--no, THAT’S all wrong, I’m certain! I must have been changed for +Mabel! I’ll try and say “How doth the little--“’ and she crossed her +hands on her lap as if she were saying lessons, and began to repeat it, +but her voice sounded hoarse and strange, and the words did not come the +same as they used to do:-- + + ‘How doth the little crocodile + Improve his shining tail, + And pour the waters of the Nile + On every golden scale! + + ‘How cheerfully he seems to grin, + How neatly spread his claws, + And welcome little fishes in + With gently smiling jaws!’ + +‘I’m sure those are not the right words,’ said poor Alice, and her eyes +filled with tears again as she went on, ‘I must be Mabel after all, and +I shall have to go and live in that poky little house, and have next to +no toys to play with, and oh! ever so many lessons to learn! No, I’ve +made up my mind about it; if I’m Mabel, I’ll stay down here! It’ll be no +use their putting their heads down and saying “Come up again, dear!” I +shall only look up and say “Who am I then? Tell me that first, and then, +if I like being that person, I’ll come up: if not, I’ll stay down here +till I’m somebody else”--but, oh dear!’ cried Alice, with a sudden burst +of tears, ‘I do wish they WOULD put their heads down! I am so VERY tired +of being all alone here!’ + +As she said this she looked down at her hands, and was surprised to see +that she had put on one of the Rabbit’s little white kid gloves while +she was talking. ‘How CAN I have done that?’ she thought. ‘I must +be growing small again.’ She got up and went to the table to measure +herself by it, and found that, as nearly as she could guess, she was now +about two feet high, and was going on shrinking rapidly: she soon found +out that the cause of this was the fan she was holding, and she dropped +it hastily, just in time to avoid shrinking away altogether. + +‘That WAS a narrow escape!’ said Alice, a good deal frightened at the +sudden change, but very glad to find herself still in existence; ‘and +now for the garden!’ and she ran with all speed back to the little door: +but, alas! the little door was shut again, and the little golden key was +lying on the glass table as before, ‘and things are worse than ever,’ +thought the poor child, ‘for I never was so small as this before, never! +And I declare it’s too bad, that it is!’ + +As she said these words her foot slipped, and in another moment, splash! +she was up to her chin in salt water. Her first idea was that she +had somehow fallen into the sea, ‘and in that case I can go back by +railway,’ she said to herself. (Alice had been to the seaside once in +her life, and had come to the general conclusion, that wherever you go +to on the English coast you find a number of bathing machines in the +sea, some children digging in the sand with wooden spades, then a row +of lodging houses, and behind them a railway station.) However, she soon +made out that she was in the pool of tears which she had wept when she +was nine feet high. + +‘I wish I hadn’t cried so much!’ said Alice, as she swam about, trying +to find her way out. ‘I shall be punished for it now, I suppose, by +being drowned in my own tears! That WILL be a queer thing, to be sure! +However, everything is queer to-day.’ + +Just then she heard something splashing about in the pool a little way +off, and she swam nearer to make out what it was: at first she thought +it must be a walrus or hippopotamus, but then she remembered how small +she was now, and she soon made out that it was only a mouse that had +slipped in like herself. + +‘Would it be of any use, now,’ thought Alice, ‘to speak to this mouse? +Everything is so out-of-the-way down here, that I should think very +likely it can talk: at any rate, there’s no harm in trying.’ So she +began: ‘O Mouse, do you know the way out of this pool? I am very tired +of swimming about here, O Mouse!’ (Alice thought this must be the right +way of speaking to a mouse: she had never done such a thing before, but +she remembered having seen in her brother’s Latin Grammar, ‘A mouse--of +a mouse--to a mouse--a mouse--O mouse!’) The Mouse looked at her rather +inquisitively, and seemed to her to wink with one of its little eyes, +but it said nothing. + +‘Perhaps it doesn’t understand English,’ thought Alice; ‘I daresay it’s +a French mouse, come over with William the Conqueror.’ (For, with all +her knowledge of history, Alice had no very clear notion how long ago +anything had happened.) So she began again: ‘Ou est ma chatte?’ which +was the first sentence in her French lesson-book. The Mouse gave a +sudden leap out of the water, and seemed to quiver all over with fright. +‘Oh, I beg your pardon!’ cried Alice hastily, afraid that she had hurt +the poor animal’s feelings. ‘I quite forgot you didn’t like cats.’ + +‘Not like cats!’ cried the Mouse, in a shrill, passionate voice. ‘Would +YOU like cats if you were me?’ + +‘Well, perhaps not,’ said Alice in a soothing tone: ‘don’t be angry +about it. And yet I wish I could show you our cat Dinah: I think you’d +take a fancy to cats if you could only see her. She is such a dear quiet +thing,’ Alice went on, half to herself, as she swam lazily about in the +pool, ‘and she sits purring so nicely by the fire, licking her paws and +washing her face--and she is such a nice soft thing to nurse--and she’s +such a capital one for catching mice--oh, I beg your pardon!’ cried +Alice again, for this time the Mouse was bristling all over, and she +felt certain it must be really offended. ‘We won’t talk about her any +more if you’d rather not.’ + +‘We indeed!’ cried the Mouse, who was trembling down to the end of his +tail. ‘As if I would talk on such a subject! Our family always HATED +cats: nasty, low, vulgar things! Don’t let me hear the name again!’ + +‘I won’t indeed!’ said Alice, in a great hurry to change the subject of +conversation. ‘Are you--are you fond--of--of dogs?’ The Mouse did not +answer, so Alice went on eagerly: ‘There is such a nice little dog near +our house I should like to show you! A little bright-eyed terrier, you +know, with oh, such long curly brown hair! And it’ll fetch things when +you throw them, and it’ll sit up and beg for its dinner, and all sorts +of things--I can’t remember half of them--and it belongs to a farmer, +you know, and he says it’s so useful, it’s worth a hundred pounds! He +says it kills all the rats and--oh dear!’ cried Alice in a sorrowful +tone, ‘I’m afraid I’ve offended it again!’ For the Mouse was swimming +away from her as hard as it could go, and making quite a commotion in +the pool as it went. + +So she called softly after it, ‘Mouse dear! Do come back again, and we +won’t talk about cats or dogs either, if you don’t like them!’ When the +Mouse heard this, it turned round and swam slowly back to her: its +face was quite pale (with passion, Alice thought), and it said in a low +trembling voice, ‘Let us get to the shore, and then I’ll tell you my +history, and you’ll understand why it is I hate cats and dogs.’ + +It was high time to go, for the pool was getting quite crowded with the +birds and animals that had fallen into it: there were a Duck and a Dodo, +a Lory and an Eaglet, and several other curious creatures. Alice led the +way, and the whole party swam to the shore. + + + + +CHAPTER III. A Caucus-Race and a Long Tale + +They were indeed a queer-looking party that assembled on the bank--the +birds with draggled feathers, the animals with their fur clinging close +to them, and all dripping wet, cross, and uncomfortable. + +The first question of course was, how to get dry again: they had a +consultation about this, and after a few minutes it seemed quite natural +to Alice to find herself talking familiarly with them, as if she had +known them all her life. Indeed, she had quite a long argument with the +Lory, who at last turned sulky, and would only say, ‘I am older than +you, and must know better’; and this Alice would not allow without +knowing how old it was, and, as the Lory positively refused to tell its +age, there was no more to be said. + +At last the Mouse, who seemed to be a person of authority among them, +called out, ‘Sit down, all of you, and listen to me! I’LL soon make you +dry enough!’ They all sat down at once, in a large ring, with the Mouse +in the middle. Alice kept her eyes anxiously fixed on it, for she felt +sure she would catch a bad cold if she did not get dry very soon. + +‘Ahem!’ said the Mouse with an important air, ‘are you all ready? This +is the driest thing I know. Silence all round, if you please! “William +the Conqueror, whose cause was favoured by the pope, was soon submitted +to by the English, who wanted leaders, and had been of late much +accustomed to usurpation and conquest. Edwin and Morcar, the earls of +Mercia and Northumbria--“’ + +‘Ugh!’ said the Lory, with a shiver. + +‘I beg your pardon!’ said the Mouse, frowning, but very politely: ‘Did +you speak?’ + +‘Not I!’ said the Lory hastily. + +‘I thought you did,’ said the Mouse. ‘--I proceed. “Edwin and Morcar, +the earls of Mercia and Northumbria, declared for him: and even Stigand, +the patriotic archbishop of Canterbury, found it advisable--“’ + +‘Found WHAT?’ said the Duck. + +‘Found IT,’ the Mouse replied rather crossly: ‘of course you know what +“it” means.’ + +‘I know what “it” means well enough, when I find a thing,’ said the +Duck: ‘it’s generally a frog or a worm. The question is, what did the +archbishop find?’ + +The Mouse did not notice this question, but hurriedly went on, ‘“--found +it advisable to go with Edgar Atheling to meet William and offer him the +crown. William’s conduct at first was moderate. But the insolence of his +Normans--” How are you getting on now, my dear?’ it continued, turning +to Alice as it spoke. + +‘As wet as ever,’ said Alice in a melancholy tone: ‘it doesn’t seem to +dry me at all.’ + +‘In that case,’ said the Dodo solemnly, rising to its feet, ‘I move +that the meeting adjourn, for the immediate adoption of more energetic +remedies--’ + +‘Speak English!’ said the Eaglet. ‘I don’t know the meaning of half +those long words, and, what’s more, I don’t believe you do either!’ And +the Eaglet bent down its head to hide a smile: some of the other birds +tittered audibly. + +‘What I was going to say,’ said the Dodo in an offended tone, ‘was, that +the best thing to get us dry would be a Caucus-race.’ + +‘What IS a Caucus-race?’ said Alice; not that she wanted much to know, +but the Dodo had paused as if it thought that SOMEBODY ought to speak, +and no one else seemed inclined to say anything. + +‘Why,’ said the Dodo, ‘the best way to explain it is to do it.’ (And, as +you might like to try the thing yourself, some winter day, I will tell +you how the Dodo managed it.) + +First it marked out a race-course, in a sort of circle, [‘the exact +shape doesn’t matter,’ it said,) and then all the party were placed +along the course, here and there. There was no ‘One, two, three, and +away,’ but they began running when they liked, and left off when they +liked, so that it was not easy to know when the race was over. However, +when they had been running half an hour or so, and were quite dry again, +the Dodo suddenly called out ‘The race is over!’ and they all crowded +round it, panting, and asking, ‘But who has won?’ + +This question the Dodo could not answer without a great deal of thought, +and it sat for a long time with one finger pressed upon its forehead +(the position in which you usually see Shakespeare, in the pictures +of him), while the rest waited in silence. At last the Dodo said, +‘EVERYBODY has won, and all must have prizes.’ + +‘But who is to give the prizes?’ quite a chorus of voices asked. + +‘Why, SHE, of course,’ said the Dodo, pointing to Alice with one finger; +and the whole party at once crowded round her, calling out in a confused +way, ‘Prizes! Prizes!’ + +Alice had no idea what to do, and in despair she put her hand in her +pocket, and pulled out a box of comfits, (luckily the salt water had +not got into it), and handed them round as prizes. There was exactly one +a-piece all round. + +‘But she must have a prize herself, you know,’ said the Mouse. + +‘Of course,’ the Dodo replied very gravely. ‘What else have you got in +your pocket?’ he went on, turning to Alice. + +‘Only a thimble,’ said Alice sadly. + +‘Hand it over here,’ said the Dodo. + +Then they all crowded round her once more, while the Dodo solemnly +presented the thimble, saying ‘We beg your acceptance of this elegant +thimble’; and, when it had finished this short speech, they all cheered. + +Alice thought the whole thing very absurd, but they all looked so grave +that she did not dare to laugh; and, as she could not think of anything +to say, she simply bowed, and took the thimble, looking as solemn as she +could. + +The next thing was to eat the comfits: this caused some noise and +confusion, as the large birds complained that they could not taste +theirs, and the small ones choked and had to be patted on the back. +However, it was over at last, and they sat down again in a ring, and +begged the Mouse to tell them something more. + +‘You promised to tell me your history, you know,’ said Alice, ‘and why +it is you hate--C and D,’ she added in a whisper, half afraid that it +would be offended again. + +‘Mine is a long and a sad tale!’ said the Mouse, turning to Alice, and +sighing. + +‘It IS a long tail, certainly,’ said Alice, looking down with wonder at +the Mouse’s tail; ‘but why do you call it sad?’ And she kept on puzzling +about it while the Mouse was speaking, so that her idea of the tale was +something like this:-- + + ‘Fury said to a + mouse, That he + met in the + house, + “Let us + both go to + law: I will + prosecute + YOU.--Come, + I’ll take no + denial; We + must have a + trial: For + really this + morning I’ve + nothing + to do.” + Said the + mouse to the + cur, “Such + a trial, + dear Sir, + With + no jury + or judge, + would be + wasting + our + breath.” + “I’ll be + judge, I’ll + be jury,” + Said + cunning + old Fury: + “I’ll + try the + whole + cause, + and + condemn + you + to + death.”’ + + +‘You are not attending!’ said the Mouse to Alice severely. ‘What are you +thinking of?’ + +‘I beg your pardon,’ said Alice very humbly: ‘you had got to the fifth +bend, I think?’ + +‘I had NOT!’ cried the Mouse, sharply and very angrily. + +‘A knot!’ said Alice, always ready to make herself useful, and looking +anxiously about her. ‘Oh, do let me help to undo it!’ + +‘I shall do nothing of the sort,’ said the Mouse, getting up and walking +away. ‘You insult me by talking such nonsense!’ + +‘I didn’t mean it!’ pleaded poor Alice. ‘But you’re so easily offended, +you know!’ + +The Mouse only growled in reply. + +‘Please come back and finish your story!’ Alice called after it; and the +others all joined in chorus, ‘Yes, please do!’ but the Mouse only shook +its head impatiently, and walked a little quicker. + +‘What a pity it wouldn’t stay!’ sighed the Lory, as soon as it was quite +out of sight; and an old Crab took the opportunity of saying to her +daughter ‘Ah, my dear! Let this be a lesson to you never to lose +YOUR temper!’ ‘Hold your tongue, Ma!’ said the young Crab, a little +snappishly. ‘You’re enough to try the patience of an oyster!’ + +‘I wish I had our Dinah here, I know I do!’ said Alice aloud, addressing +nobody in particular. ‘She’d soon fetch it back!’ + +‘And who is Dinah, if I might venture to ask the question?’ said the +Lory. + +Alice replied eagerly, for she was always ready to talk about her pet: +‘Dinah’s our cat. And she’s such a capital one for catching mice you +can’t think! And oh, I wish you could see her after the birds! Why, +she’ll eat a little bird as soon as look at it!’ + +This speech caused a remarkable sensation among the party. Some of the +birds hurried off at once: one old Magpie began wrapping itself up very +carefully, remarking, ‘I really must be getting home; the night-air +doesn’t suit my throat!’ and a Canary called out in a trembling voice to +its children, ‘Come away, my dears! It’s high time you were all in bed!’ +On various pretexts they all moved off, and Alice was soon left alone. + +‘I wish I hadn’t mentioned Dinah!’ she said to herself in a melancholy +tone. ‘Nobody seems to like her, down here, and I’m sure she’s the best +cat in the world! Oh, my dear Dinah! I wonder if I shall ever see you +any more!’ And here poor Alice began to cry again, for she felt very +lonely and low-spirited. In a little while, however, she again heard +a little pattering of footsteps in the distance, and she looked up +eagerly, half hoping that the Mouse had changed his mind, and was coming +back to finish his story. + + + + +CHAPTER IV. The Rabbit Sends in a Little Bill + +It was the White Rabbit, trotting slowly back again, and looking +anxiously about as it went, as if it had lost something; and she heard +it muttering to itself ‘The Duchess! The Duchess! Oh my dear paws! Oh +my fur and whiskers! She’ll get me executed, as sure as ferrets are +ferrets! Where CAN I have dropped them, I wonder?’ Alice guessed in a +moment that it was looking for the fan and the pair of white kid gloves, +and she very good-naturedly began hunting about for them, but they were +nowhere to be seen--everything seemed to have changed since her swim in +the pool, and the great hall, with the glass table and the little door, +had vanished completely. + +Very soon the Rabbit noticed Alice, as she went hunting about, and +called out to her in an angry tone, ‘Why, Mary Ann, what ARE you doing +out here? Run home this moment, and fetch me a pair of gloves and a fan! +Quick, now!’ And Alice was so much frightened that she ran off at once +in the direction it pointed to, without trying to explain the mistake it +had made. + +‘He took me for his housemaid,’ she said to herself as she ran. ‘How +surprised he’ll be when he finds out who I am! But I’d better take him +his fan and gloves--that is, if I can find them.’ As she said this, she +came upon a neat little house, on the door of which was a bright brass +plate with the name ‘W. RABBIT’ engraved upon it. She went in without +knocking, and hurried upstairs, in great fear lest she should meet the +real Mary Ann, and be turned out of the house before she had found the +fan and gloves. + +‘How queer it seems,’ Alice said to herself, ‘to be going messages for +a rabbit! I suppose Dinah’ll be sending me on messages next!’ And she +began fancying the sort of thing that would happen: ‘“Miss Alice! Come +here directly, and get ready for your walk!” “Coming in a minute, +nurse! But I’ve got to see that the mouse doesn’t get out.” Only I don’t +think,’ Alice went on, ‘that they’d let Dinah stop in the house if it +began ordering people about like that!’ + +By this time she had found her way into a tidy little room with a table +in the window, and on it (as she had hoped) a fan and two or three pairs +of tiny white kid gloves: she took up the fan and a pair of the gloves, +and was just going to leave the room, when her eye fell upon a little +bottle that stood near the looking-glass. There was no label this time +with the words ‘DRINK ME,’ but nevertheless she uncorked it and put it +to her lips. ‘I know SOMETHING interesting is sure to happen,’ she said +to herself, ‘whenever I eat or drink anything; so I’ll just see what +this bottle does. I do hope it’ll make me grow large again, for really +I’m quite tired of being such a tiny little thing!’ + +It did so indeed, and much sooner than she had expected: before she had +drunk half the bottle, she found her head pressing against the ceiling, +and had to stoop to save her neck from being broken. She hastily put +down the bottle, saying to herself ‘That’s quite enough--I hope I shan’t +grow any more--As it is, I can’t get out at the door--I do wish I hadn’t +drunk quite so much!’ + +Alas! it was too late to wish that! She went on growing, and growing, +and very soon had to kneel down on the floor: in another minute there +was not even room for this, and she tried the effect of lying down with +one elbow against the door, and the other arm curled round her head. +Still she went on growing, and, as a last resource, she put one arm out +of the window, and one foot up the chimney, and said to herself ‘Now I +can do no more, whatever happens. What WILL become of me?’ + +Luckily for Alice, the little magic bottle had now had its full effect, +and she grew no larger: still it was very uncomfortable, and, as there +seemed to be no sort of chance of her ever getting out of the room +again, no wonder she felt unhappy. + +‘It was much pleasanter at home,’ thought poor Alice, ‘when one wasn’t +always growing larger and smaller, and being ordered about by mice and +rabbits. I almost wish I hadn’t gone down that rabbit-hole--and yet--and +yet--it’s rather curious, you know, this sort of life! I do wonder what +CAN have happened to me! When I used to read fairy-tales, I fancied that +kind of thing never happened, and now here I am in the middle of one! +There ought to be a book written about me, that there ought! And when I +grow up, I’ll write one--but I’m grown up now,’ she added in a sorrowful +tone; ‘at least there’s no room to grow up any more HERE.’ + +‘But then,’ thought Alice, ‘shall I NEVER get any older than I am +now? That’ll be a comfort, one way--never to be an old woman--but +then--always to have lessons to learn! Oh, I shouldn’t like THAT!’ + +‘Oh, you foolish Alice!’ she answered herself. ‘How can you learn +lessons in here? Why, there’s hardly room for YOU, and no room at all +for any lesson-books!’ + +And so she went on, taking first one side and then the other, and making +quite a conversation of it altogether; but after a few minutes she heard +a voice outside, and stopped to listen. + +‘Mary Ann! Mary Ann!’ said the voice. ‘Fetch me my gloves this moment!’ +Then came a little pattering of feet on the stairs. Alice knew it was +the Rabbit coming to look for her, and she trembled till she shook the +house, quite forgetting that she was now about a thousand times as large +as the Rabbit, and had no reason to be afraid of it. + +Presently the Rabbit came up to the door, and tried to open it; but, as +the door opened inwards, and Alice’s elbow was pressed hard against it, +that attempt proved a failure. Alice heard it say to itself ‘Then I’ll +go round and get in at the window.’ + +‘THAT you won’t’ thought Alice, and, after waiting till she fancied +she heard the Rabbit just under the window, she suddenly spread out her +hand, and made a snatch in the air. She did not get hold of anything, +but she heard a little shriek and a fall, and a crash of broken glass, +from which she concluded that it was just possible it had fallen into a +cucumber-frame, or something of the sort. + +Next came an angry voice--the Rabbit’s--‘Pat! Pat! Where are you?’ And +then a voice she had never heard before, ‘Sure then I’m here! Digging +for apples, yer honour!’ + +‘Digging for apples, indeed!’ said the Rabbit angrily. ‘Here! Come and +help me out of THIS!’ (Sounds of more broken glass.) + +‘Now tell me, Pat, what’s that in the window?’ + +‘Sure, it’s an arm, yer honour!’ (He pronounced it ‘arrum.’) + +‘An arm, you goose! Who ever saw one that size? Why, it fills the whole +window!’ + +‘Sure, it does, yer honour: but it’s an arm for all that.’ + +‘Well, it’s got no business there, at any rate: go and take it away!’ + +There was a long silence after this, and Alice could only hear whispers +now and then; such as, ‘Sure, I don’t like it, yer honour, at all, at +all!’ ‘Do as I tell you, you coward!’ and at last she spread out her +hand again, and made another snatch in the air. This time there were +TWO little shrieks, and more sounds of broken glass. ‘What a number of +cucumber-frames there must be!’ thought Alice. ‘I wonder what they’ll do +next! As for pulling me out of the window, I only wish they COULD! I’m +sure I don’t want to stay in here any longer!’ + +She waited for some time without hearing anything more: at last came a +rumbling of little cartwheels, and the sound of a good many voices +all talking together: she made out the words: ‘Where’s the other +ladder?--Why, I hadn’t to bring but one; Bill’s got the other--Bill! +fetch it here, lad!--Here, put ‘em up at this corner--No, tie ‘em +together first--they don’t reach half high enough yet--Oh! they’ll +do well enough; don’t be particular--Here, Bill! catch hold of this +rope--Will the roof bear?--Mind that loose slate--Oh, it’s coming +down! Heads below!’ (a loud crash)--‘Now, who did that?--It was Bill, I +fancy--Who’s to go down the chimney?--Nay, I shan’t! YOU do it!--That I +won’t, then!--Bill’s to go down--Here, Bill! the master says you’re to +go down the chimney!’ + +‘Oh! So Bill’s got to come down the chimney, has he?’ said Alice to +herself. ‘Shy, they seem to put everything upon Bill! I wouldn’t be in +Bill’s place for a good deal: this fireplace is narrow, to be sure; but +I THINK I can kick a little!’ + +She drew her foot as far down the chimney as she could, and waited +till she heard a little animal (she couldn’t guess of what sort it was) +scratching and scrambling about in the chimney close above her: then, +saying to herself ‘This is Bill,’ she gave one sharp kick, and waited to +see what would happen next. + +The first thing she heard was a general chorus of ‘There goes Bill!’ +then the Rabbit’s voice along--‘Catch him, you by the hedge!’ then +silence, and then another confusion of voices--‘Hold up his head--Brandy +now--Don’t choke him--How was it, old fellow? What happened to you? Tell +us all about it!’ + +Last came a little feeble, squeaking voice, [‘That’s Bill,’ thought +Alice,) ‘Well, I hardly know--No more, thank ye; I’m better now--but I’m +a deal too flustered to tell you--all I know is, something comes at me +like a Jack-in-the-box, and up I goes like a sky-rocket!’ + +‘So you did, old fellow!’ said the others. + +‘We must burn the house down!’ said the Rabbit’s voice; and Alice called +out as loud as she could, ‘If you do. I’ll set Dinah at you!’ + +There was a dead silence instantly, and Alice thought to herself, ‘I +wonder what they WILL do next! If they had any sense, they’d take the +roof off.’ After a minute or two, they began moving about again, and +Alice heard the Rabbit say, ‘A barrowful will do, to begin with.’ + +‘A barrowful of WHAT?’ thought Alice; but she had not long to doubt, +for the next moment a shower of little pebbles came rattling in at the +window, and some of them hit her in the face. ‘I’ll put a stop to this,’ +she said to herself, and shouted out, ‘You’d better not do that again!’ +which produced another dead silence. + +Alice noticed with some surprise that the pebbles were all turning into +little cakes as they lay on the floor, and a bright idea came into her +head. ‘If I eat one of these cakes,’ she thought, ‘it’s sure to make +SOME change in my size; and as it can’t possibly make me larger, it must +make me smaller, I suppose.’ + +So she swallowed one of the cakes, and was delighted to find that she +began shrinking directly. As soon as she was small enough to get through +the door, she ran out of the house, and found quite a crowd of little +animals and birds waiting outside. The poor little Lizard, Bill, was +in the middle, being held up by two guinea-pigs, who were giving it +something out of a bottle. They all made a rush at Alice the moment she +appeared; but she ran off as hard as she could, and soon found herself +safe in a thick wood. + +‘The first thing I’ve got to do,’ said Alice to herself, as she wandered +about in the wood, ‘is to grow to my right size again; and the second +thing is to find my way into that lovely garden. I think that will be +the best plan.’ + +It sounded an excellent plan, no doubt, and very neatly and simply +arranged; the only difficulty was, that she had not the smallest idea +how to set about it; and while she was peering about anxiously among +the trees, a little sharp bark just over her head made her look up in a +great hurry. + +An enormous puppy was looking down at her with large round eyes, and +feebly stretching out one paw, trying to touch her. ‘Poor little thing!’ +said Alice, in a coaxing tone, and she tried hard to whistle to it; but +she was terribly frightened all the time at the thought that it might be +hungry, in which case it would be very likely to eat her up in spite of +all her coaxing. + +Hardly knowing what she did, she picked up a little bit of stick, and +held it out to the puppy; whereupon the puppy jumped into the air off +all its feet at once, with a yelp of delight, and rushed at the stick, +and made believe to worry it; then Alice dodged behind a great thistle, +to keep herself from being run over; and the moment she appeared on the +other side, the puppy made another rush at the stick, and tumbled head +over heels in its hurry to get hold of it; then Alice, thinking it was +very like having a game of play with a cart-horse, and expecting every +moment to be trampled under its feet, ran round the thistle again; then +the puppy began a series of short charges at the stick, running a very +little way forwards each time and a long way back, and barking hoarsely +all the while, till at last it sat down a good way off, panting, with +its tongue hanging out of its mouth, and its great eyes half shut. + +This seemed to Alice a good opportunity for making her escape; so she +set off at once, and ran till she was quite tired and out of breath, and +till the puppy’s bark sounded quite faint in the distance. + +‘And yet what a dear little puppy it was!’ said Alice, as she leant +against a buttercup to rest herself, and fanned herself with one of the +leaves: ‘I should have liked teaching it tricks very much, if--if I’d +only been the right size to do it! Oh dear! I’d nearly forgotten that +I’ve got to grow up again! Let me see--how IS it to be managed? I +suppose I ought to eat or drink something or other; but the great +question is, what?’ + +The great question certainly was, what? Alice looked all round her at +the flowers and the blades of grass, but she did not see anything that +looked like the right thing to eat or drink under the circumstances. +There was a large mushroom growing near her, about the same height as +herself; and when she had looked under it, and on both sides of it, and +behind it, it occurred to her that she might as well look and see what +was on the top of it. + +She stretched herself up on tiptoe, and peeped over the edge of the +mushroom, and her eyes immediately met those of a large caterpillar, +that was sitting on the top with its arms folded, quietly smoking a long +hookah, and taking not the smallest notice of her or of anything else. + + + + +CHAPTER V. Advice from a Caterpillar + +The Caterpillar and Alice looked at each other for some time in silence: +at last the Caterpillar took the hookah out of its mouth, and addressed +her in a languid, sleepy voice. + +‘Who are YOU?’ said the Caterpillar. + +This was not an encouraging opening for a conversation. Alice replied, +rather shyly, ‘I--I hardly know, sir, just at present--at least I know +who I WAS when I got up this morning, but I think I must have been +changed several times since then.’ + +‘What do you mean by that?’ said the Caterpillar sternly. ‘Explain +yourself!’ + +‘I can’t explain MYSELF, I’m afraid, sir’ said Alice, ‘because I’m not +myself, you see.’ + +‘I don’t see,’ said the Caterpillar. + +‘I’m afraid I can’t put it more clearly,’ Alice replied very politely, +‘for I can’t understand it myself to begin with; and being so many +different sizes in a day is very confusing.’ + +‘It isn’t,’ said the Caterpillar. + +‘Well, perhaps you haven’t found it so yet,’ said Alice; ‘but when you +have to turn into a chrysalis--you will some day, you know--and then +after that into a butterfly, I should think you’ll feel it a little +queer, won’t you?’ + +‘Not a bit,’ said the Caterpillar. + +‘Well, perhaps your feelings may be different,’ said Alice; ‘all I know +is, it would feel very queer to ME.’ + +‘You!’ said the Caterpillar contemptuously. ‘Who are YOU?’ + +Which brought them back again to the beginning of the conversation. +Alice felt a little irritated at the Caterpillar’s making such VERY +short remarks, and she drew herself up and said, very gravely, ‘I think, +you ought to tell me who YOU are, first.’ + +‘Why?’ said the Caterpillar. + +Here was another puzzling question; and as Alice could not think of any +good reason, and as the Caterpillar seemed to be in a VERY unpleasant +state of mind, she turned away. + +‘Come back!’ the Caterpillar called after her. ‘I’ve something important +to say!’ + +This sounded promising, certainly: Alice turned and came back again. + +‘Keep your temper,’ said the Caterpillar. + +‘Is that all?’ said Alice, swallowing down her anger as well as she +could. + +‘No,’ said the Caterpillar. + +Alice thought she might as well wait, as she had nothing else to do, and +perhaps after all it might tell her something worth hearing. For some +minutes it puffed away without speaking, but at last it unfolded its +arms, took the hookah out of its mouth again, and said, ‘So you think +you’re changed, do you?’ + +‘I’m afraid I am, sir,’ said Alice; ‘I can’t remember things as I +used--and I don’t keep the same size for ten minutes together!’ + +‘Can’t remember WHAT things?’ said the Caterpillar. + +‘Well, I’ve tried to say “HOW DOTH THE LITTLE BUSY BEE,” but it all came +different!’ Alice replied in a very melancholy voice. + +‘Repeat, “YOU ARE OLD, FATHER WILLIAM,”’ said the Caterpillar. + +Alice folded her hands, and began:-- + + ‘You are old, Father William,’ the young man said, + ‘And your hair has become very white; + And yet you incessantly stand on your head-- + Do you think, at your age, it is right?’ + + ‘In my youth,’ Father William replied to his son, + ‘I feared it might injure the brain; + But, now that I’m perfectly sure I have none, + Why, I do it again and again.’ + + ‘You are old,’ said the youth, ‘as I mentioned before, + And have grown most uncommonly fat; + Yet you turned a back-somersault in at the door-- + Pray, what is the reason of that?’ + + ‘In my youth,’ said the sage, as he shook his grey locks, + ‘I kept all my limbs very supple + By the use of this ointment--one shilling the box-- + Allow me to sell you a couple?’ + + ‘You are old,’ said the youth, ‘and your jaws are too weak + For anything tougher than suet; + Yet you finished the goose, with the bones and the beak-- + Pray how did you manage to do it?’ + + ‘In my youth,’ said his father, ‘I took to the law, + And argued each case with my wife; + And the muscular strength, which it gave to my jaw, + Has lasted the rest of my life.’ + + ‘You are old,’ said the youth, ‘one would hardly suppose + That your eye was as steady as ever; + Yet you balanced an eel on the end of your nose-- + What made you so awfully clever?’ + + ‘I have answered three questions, and that is enough,’ + Said his father; ‘don’t give yourself airs! + Do you think I can listen all day to such stuff? + Be off, or I’ll kick you down stairs!’ + + +‘That is not said right,’ said the Caterpillar. + +‘Not QUITE right, I’m afraid,’ said Alice, timidly; ‘some of the words +have got altered.’ + +‘It is wrong from beginning to end,’ said the Caterpillar decidedly, and +there was silence for some minutes. + +The Caterpillar was the first to speak. + +‘What size do you want to be?’ it asked. + +‘Oh, I’m not particular as to size,’ Alice hastily replied; ‘only one +doesn’t like changing so often, you know.’ + +‘I DON’T know,’ said the Caterpillar. + +Alice said nothing: she had never been so much contradicted in her life +before, and she felt that she was losing her temper. + +‘Are you content now?’ said the Caterpillar. + +‘Well, I should like to be a LITTLE larger, sir, if you wouldn’t mind,’ +said Alice: ‘three inches is such a wretched height to be.’ + +‘It is a very good height indeed!’ said the Caterpillar angrily, rearing +itself upright as it spoke (it was exactly three inches high). + +‘But I’m not used to it!’ pleaded poor Alice in a piteous tone. And +she thought of herself, ‘I wish the creatures wouldn’t be so easily +offended!’ + +‘You’ll get used to it in time,’ said the Caterpillar; and it put the +hookah into its mouth and began smoking again. + +This time Alice waited patiently until it chose to speak again. In +a minute or two the Caterpillar took the hookah out of its mouth +and yawned once or twice, and shook itself. Then it got down off the +mushroom, and crawled away in the grass, merely remarking as it went, +‘One side will make you grow taller, and the other side will make you +grow shorter.’ + +‘One side of WHAT? The other side of WHAT?’ thought Alice to herself. + +‘Of the mushroom,’ said the Caterpillar, just as if she had asked it +aloud; and in another moment it was out of sight. + +Alice remained looking thoughtfully at the mushroom for a minute, trying +to make out which were the two sides of it; and as it was perfectly +round, she found this a very difficult question. However, at last she +stretched her arms round it as far as they would go, and broke off a bit +of the edge with each hand. + +‘And now which is which?’ she said to herself, and nibbled a little of +the right-hand bit to try the effect: the next moment she felt a violent +blow underneath her chin: it had struck her foot! + +She was a good deal frightened by this very sudden change, but she felt +that there was no time to be lost, as she was shrinking rapidly; so she +set to work at once to eat some of the other bit. Her chin was pressed +so closely against her foot, that there was hardly room to open her +mouth; but she did it at last, and managed to swallow a morsel of the +lefthand bit. + + + * * * * * * * + + * * * * * * + + * * * * * * * + +‘Come, my head’s free at last!’ said Alice in a tone of delight, which +changed into alarm in another moment, when she found that her shoulders +were nowhere to be found: all she could see, when she looked down, was +an immense length of neck, which seemed to rise like a stalk out of a +sea of green leaves that lay far below her. + +‘What CAN all that green stuff be?’ said Alice. ‘And where HAVE my +shoulders got to? And oh, my poor hands, how is it I can’t see you?’ +She was moving them about as she spoke, but no result seemed to follow, +except a little shaking among the distant green leaves. + +As there seemed to be no chance of getting her hands up to her head, she +tried to get her head down to them, and was delighted to find that her +neck would bend about easily in any direction, like a serpent. She had +just succeeded in curving it down into a graceful zigzag, and was going +to dive in among the leaves, which she found to be nothing but the tops +of the trees under which she had been wandering, when a sharp hiss made +her draw back in a hurry: a large pigeon had flown into her face, and +was beating her violently with its wings. + +‘Serpent!’ screamed the Pigeon. + +‘I’m NOT a serpent!’ said Alice indignantly. ‘Let me alone!’ + +‘Serpent, I say again!’ repeated the Pigeon, but in a more subdued tone, +and added with a kind of sob, ‘I’ve tried every way, and nothing seems +to suit them!’ + +‘I haven’t the least idea what you’re talking about,’ said Alice. + +‘I’ve tried the roots of trees, and I’ve tried banks, and I’ve tried +hedges,’ the Pigeon went on, without attending to her; ‘but those +serpents! There’s no pleasing them!’ + +Alice was more and more puzzled, but she thought there was no use in +saying anything more till the Pigeon had finished. + +‘As if it wasn’t trouble enough hatching the eggs,’ said the Pigeon; +‘but I must be on the look-out for serpents night and day! Why, I +haven’t had a wink of sleep these three weeks!’ + +‘I’m very sorry you’ve been annoyed,’ said Alice, who was beginning to +see its meaning. + +‘And just as I’d taken the highest tree in the wood,’ continued the +Pigeon, raising its voice to a shriek, ‘and just as I was thinking I +should be free of them at last, they must needs come wriggling down from +the sky! Ugh, Serpent!’ + +‘But I’m NOT a serpent, I tell you!’ said Alice. ‘I’m a--I’m a--’ + +‘Well! WHAT are you?’ said the Pigeon. ‘I can see you’re trying to +invent something!’ + +‘I--I’m a little girl,’ said Alice, rather doubtfully, as she remembered +the number of changes she had gone through that day. + +‘A likely story indeed!’ said the Pigeon in a tone of the deepest +contempt. ‘I’ve seen a good many little girls in my time, but never ONE +with such a neck as that! No, no! You’re a serpent; and there’s no use +denying it. I suppose you’ll be telling me next that you never tasted an +egg!’ + +‘I HAVE tasted eggs, certainly,’ said Alice, who was a very truthful +child; ‘but little girls eat eggs quite as much as serpents do, you +know.’ + +‘I don’t believe it,’ said the Pigeon; ‘but if they do, why then they’re +a kind of serpent, that’s all I can say.’ + +This was such a new idea to Alice, that she was quite silent for a +minute or two, which gave the Pigeon the opportunity of adding, ‘You’re +looking for eggs, I know THAT well enough; and what does it matter to me +whether you’re a little girl or a serpent?’ + +‘It matters a good deal to ME,’ said Alice hastily; ‘but I’m not looking +for eggs, as it happens; and if I was, I shouldn’t want YOURS: I don’t +like them raw.’ + +‘Well, be off, then!’ said the Pigeon in a sulky tone, as it settled +down again into its nest. Alice crouched down among the trees as well as +she could, for her neck kept getting entangled among the branches, and +every now and then she had to stop and untwist it. After a while she +remembered that she still held the pieces of mushroom in her hands, and +she set to work very carefully, nibbling first at one and then at the +other, and growing sometimes taller and sometimes shorter, until she had +succeeded in bringing herself down to her usual height. + +It was so long since she had been anything near the right size, that it +felt quite strange at first; but she got used to it in a few minutes, +and began talking to herself, as usual. ‘Come, there’s half my plan done +now! How puzzling all these changes are! I’m never sure what I’m going +to be, from one minute to another! However, I’ve got back to my right +size: the next thing is, to get into that beautiful garden--how IS that +to be done, I wonder?’ As she said this, she came suddenly upon an open +place, with a little house in it about four feet high. ‘Whoever lives +there,’ thought Alice, ‘it’ll never do to come upon them THIS size: why, +I should frighten them out of their wits!’ So she began nibbling at the +righthand bit again, and did not venture to go near the house till she +had brought herself down to nine inches high. + + + + +CHAPTER VI. Pig and Pepper + +For a minute or two she stood looking at the house, and wondering what +to do next, when suddenly a footman in livery came running out of the +wood--(she considered him to be a footman because he was in livery: +otherwise, judging by his face only, she would have called him a +fish)--and rapped loudly at the door with his knuckles. It was opened +by another footman in livery, with a round face, and large eyes like a +frog; and both footmen, Alice noticed, had powdered hair that curled all +over their heads. She felt very curious to know what it was all about, +and crept a little way out of the wood to listen. + +The Fish-Footman began by producing from under his arm a great letter, +nearly as large as himself, and this he handed over to the other, +saying, in a solemn tone, ‘For the Duchess. An invitation from the Queen +to play croquet.’ The Frog-Footman repeated, in the same solemn tone, +only changing the order of the words a little, ‘From the Queen. An +invitation for the Duchess to play croquet.’ + +Then they both bowed low, and their curls got entangled together. + +Alice laughed so much at this, that she had to run back into the +wood for fear of their hearing her; and when she next peeped out the +Fish-Footman was gone, and the other was sitting on the ground near the +door, staring stupidly up into the sky. + +Alice went timidly up to the door, and knocked. + +‘There’s no sort of use in knocking,’ said the Footman, ‘and that for +two reasons. First, because I’m on the same side of the door as you +are; secondly, because they’re making such a noise inside, no one could +possibly hear you.’ And certainly there was a most extraordinary noise +going on within--a constant howling and sneezing, and every now and then +a great crash, as if a dish or kettle had been broken to pieces. + +‘Please, then,’ said Alice, ‘how am I to get in?’ + +‘There might be some sense in your knocking,’ the Footman went on +without attending to her, ‘if we had the door between us. For instance, +if you were INSIDE, you might knock, and I could let you out, you know.’ +He was looking up into the sky all the time he was speaking, and this +Alice thought decidedly uncivil. ‘But perhaps he can’t help it,’ she +said to herself; ‘his eyes are so VERY nearly at the top of his head. +But at any rate he might answer questions.--How am I to get in?’ she +repeated, aloud. + +‘I shall sit here,’ the Footman remarked, ‘till tomorrow--’ + +At this moment the door of the house opened, and a large plate came +skimming out, straight at the Footman’s head: it just grazed his nose, +and broke to pieces against one of the trees behind him. + +‘--or next day, maybe,’ the Footman continued in the same tone, exactly +as if nothing had happened. + +‘How am I to get in?’ asked Alice again, in a louder tone. + +‘ARE you to get in at all?’ said the Footman. ‘That’s the first +question, you know.’ + +It was, no doubt: only Alice did not like to be told so. ‘It’s really +dreadful,’ she muttered to herself, ‘the way all the creatures argue. +It’s enough to drive one crazy!’ + +The Footman seemed to think this a good opportunity for repeating his +remark, with variations. ‘I shall sit here,’ he said, ‘on and off, for +days and days.’ + +‘But what am I to do?’ said Alice. + +‘Anything you like,’ said the Footman, and began whistling. + +‘Oh, there’s no use in talking to him,’ said Alice desperately: ‘he’s +perfectly idiotic!’ And she opened the door and went in. + +The door led right into a large kitchen, which was full of smoke from +one end to the other: the Duchess was sitting on a three-legged stool in +the middle, nursing a baby; the cook was leaning over the fire, stirring +a large cauldron which seemed to be full of soup. + +‘There’s certainly too much pepper in that soup!’ Alice said to herself, +as well as she could for sneezing. + +There was certainly too much of it in the air. Even the Duchess +sneezed occasionally; and as for the baby, it was sneezing and howling +alternately without a moment’s pause. The only things in the kitchen +that did not sneeze, were the cook, and a large cat which was sitting on +the hearth and grinning from ear to ear. + +‘Please would you tell me,’ said Alice, a little timidly, for she was +not quite sure whether it was good manners for her to speak first, ‘why +your cat grins like that?’ + +‘It’s a Cheshire cat,’ said the Duchess, ‘and that’s why. Pig!’ + +She said the last word with such sudden violence that Alice quite +jumped; but she saw in another moment that it was addressed to the baby, +and not to her, so she took courage, and went on again:-- + +‘I didn’t know that Cheshire cats always grinned; in fact, I didn’t know +that cats COULD grin.’ + +‘They all can,’ said the Duchess; ‘and most of ‘em do.’ + +‘I don’t know of any that do,’ Alice said very politely, feeling quite +pleased to have got into a conversation. + +‘You don’t know much,’ said the Duchess; ‘and that’s a fact.’ + +Alice did not at all like the tone of this remark, and thought it would +be as well to introduce some other subject of conversation. While she +was trying to fix on one, the cook took the cauldron of soup off the +fire, and at once set to work throwing everything within her reach at +the Duchess and the baby--the fire-irons came first; then followed a +shower of saucepans, plates, and dishes. The Duchess took no notice of +them even when they hit her; and the baby was howling so much already, +that it was quite impossible to say whether the blows hurt it or not. + +‘Oh, PLEASE mind what you’re doing!’ cried Alice, jumping up and down in +an agony of terror. ‘Oh, there goes his PRECIOUS nose’; as an unusually +large saucepan flew close by it, and very nearly carried it off. + +‘If everybody minded their own business,’ the Duchess said in a hoarse +growl, ‘the world would go round a deal faster than it does.’ + +‘Which would NOT be an advantage,’ said Alice, who felt very glad to get +an opportunity of showing off a little of her knowledge. ‘Just think of +what work it would make with the day and night! You see the earth takes +twenty-four hours to turn round on its axis--’ + +‘Talking of axes,’ said the Duchess, ‘chop off her head!’ + +Alice glanced rather anxiously at the cook, to see if she meant to take +the hint; but the cook was busily stirring the soup, and seemed not to +be listening, so she went on again: ‘Twenty-four hours, I THINK; or is +it twelve? I--’ + +‘Oh, don’t bother ME,’ said the Duchess; ‘I never could abide figures!’ +And with that she began nursing her child again, singing a sort of +lullaby to it as she did so, and giving it a violent shake at the end of +every line: + + ‘Speak roughly to your little boy, + And beat him when he sneezes: + He only does it to annoy, + Because he knows it teases.’ + + CHORUS. + + (In which the cook and the baby joined):-- + + ‘Wow! wow! wow!’ + +While the Duchess sang the second verse of the song, she kept tossing +the baby violently up and down, and the poor little thing howled so, +that Alice could hardly hear the words:-- + + ‘I speak severely to my boy, + I beat him when he sneezes; + For he can thoroughly enjoy + The pepper when he pleases!’ + + CHORUS. + + ‘Wow! wow! wow!’ + +‘Here! you may nurse it a bit, if you like!’ the Duchess said to Alice, +flinging the baby at her as she spoke. ‘I must go and get ready to play +croquet with the Queen,’ and she hurried out of the room. The cook threw +a frying-pan after her as she went out, but it just missed her. + +Alice caught the baby with some difficulty, as it was a queer-shaped +little creature, and held out its arms and legs in all directions, ‘just +like a star-fish,’ thought Alice. The poor little thing was snorting +like a steam-engine when she caught it, and kept doubling itself up and +straightening itself out again, so that altogether, for the first minute +or two, it was as much as she could do to hold it. + +As soon as she had made out the proper way of nursing it, (which was to +twist it up into a sort of knot, and then keep tight hold of its right +ear and left foot, so as to prevent its undoing itself,) she carried +it out into the open air. ‘IF I don’t take this child away with me,’ +thought Alice, ‘they’re sure to kill it in a day or two: wouldn’t it be +murder to leave it behind?’ She said the last words out loud, and the +little thing grunted in reply (it had left off sneezing by this time). +‘Don’t grunt,’ said Alice; ‘that’s not at all a proper way of expressing +yourself.’ + +The baby grunted again, and Alice looked very anxiously into its face to +see what was the matter with it. There could be no doubt that it had +a VERY turn-up nose, much more like a snout than a real nose; also its +eyes were getting extremely small for a baby: altogether Alice did not +like the look of the thing at all. ‘But perhaps it was only sobbing,’ +she thought, and looked into its eyes again, to see if there were any +tears. + +No, there were no tears. ‘If you’re going to turn into a pig, my dear,’ +said Alice, seriously, ‘I’ll have nothing more to do with you. Mind +now!’ The poor little thing sobbed again (or grunted, it was impossible +to say which), and they went on for some while in silence. + +Alice was just beginning to think to herself, ‘Now, what am I to do with +this creature when I get it home?’ when it grunted again, so violently, +that she looked down into its face in some alarm. This time there could +be NO mistake about it: it was neither more nor less than a pig, and she +felt that it would be quite absurd for her to carry it further. + +So she set the little creature down, and felt quite relieved to see +it trot away quietly into the wood. ‘If it had grown up,’ she said +to herself, ‘it would have made a dreadfully ugly child: but it makes +rather a handsome pig, I think.’ And she began thinking over other +children she knew, who might do very well as pigs, and was just saying +to herself, ‘if one only knew the right way to change them--’ when she +was a little startled by seeing the Cheshire Cat sitting on a bough of a +tree a few yards off. + +The Cat only grinned when it saw Alice. It looked good-natured, she +thought: still it had VERY long claws and a great many teeth, so she +felt that it ought to be treated with respect. + +‘Cheshire Puss,’ she began, rather timidly, as she did not at all know +whether it would like the name: however, it only grinned a little wider. +‘Come, it’s pleased so far,’ thought Alice, and she went on. ‘Would you +tell me, please, which way I ought to go from here?’ + +‘That depends a good deal on where you want to get to,’ said the Cat. + +‘I don’t much care where--’ said Alice. + +‘Then it doesn’t matter which way you go,’ said the Cat. + +‘--so long as I get SOMEWHERE,’ Alice added as an explanation. + +‘Oh, you’re sure to do that,’ said the Cat, ‘if you only walk long +enough.’ + +Alice felt that this could not be denied, so she tried another question. +‘What sort of people live about here?’ + +‘In THAT direction,’ the Cat said, waving its right paw round, ‘lives +a Hatter: and in THAT direction,’ waving the other paw, ‘lives a March +Hare. Visit either you like: they’re both mad.’ + +‘But I don’t want to go among mad people,’ Alice remarked. + +‘Oh, you can’t help that,’ said the Cat: ‘we’re all mad here. I’m mad. +You’re mad.’ + +‘How do you know I’m mad?’ said Alice. + +‘You must be,’ said the Cat, ‘or you wouldn’t have come here.’ + +Alice didn’t think that proved it at all; however, she went on ‘And how +do you know that you’re mad?’ + +‘To begin with,’ said the Cat, ‘a dog’s not mad. You grant that?’ + +‘I suppose so,’ said Alice. + +‘Well, then,’ the Cat went on, ‘you see, a dog growls when it’s angry, +and wags its tail when it’s pleased. Now I growl when I’m pleased, and +wag my tail when I’m angry. Therefore I’m mad.’ + +‘I call it purring, not growling,’ said Alice. + +‘Call it what you like,’ said the Cat. ‘Do you play croquet with the +Queen to-day?’ + +‘I should like it very much,’ said Alice, ‘but I haven’t been invited +yet.’ + +‘You’ll see me there,’ said the Cat, and vanished. + +Alice was not much surprised at this, she was getting so used to queer +things happening. While she was looking at the place where it had been, +it suddenly appeared again. + +‘By-the-bye, what became of the baby?’ said the Cat. ‘I’d nearly +forgotten to ask.’ + +‘It turned into a pig,’ Alice quietly said, just as if it had come back +in a natural way. + +‘I thought it would,’ said the Cat, and vanished again. + +Alice waited a little, half expecting to see it again, but it did not +appear, and after a minute or two she walked on in the direction in +which the March Hare was said to live. ‘I’ve seen hatters before,’ she +said to herself; ‘the March Hare will be much the most interesting, and +perhaps as this is May it won’t be raving mad--at least not so mad as +it was in March.’ As she said this, she looked up, and there was the Cat +again, sitting on a branch of a tree. + +‘Did you say pig, or fig?’ said the Cat. + +‘I said pig,’ replied Alice; ‘and I wish you wouldn’t keep appearing and +vanishing so suddenly: you make one quite giddy.’ + +‘All right,’ said the Cat; and this time it vanished quite slowly, +beginning with the end of the tail, and ending with the grin, which +remained some time after the rest of it had gone. + +‘Well! I’ve often seen a cat without a grin,’ thought Alice; ‘but a grin +without a cat! It’s the most curious thing I ever saw in my life!’ + +She had not gone much farther before she came in sight of the house +of the March Hare: she thought it must be the right house, because the +chimneys were shaped like ears and the roof was thatched with fur. It +was so large a house, that she did not like to go nearer till she had +nibbled some more of the lefthand bit of mushroom, and raised herself to +about two feet high: even then she walked up towards it rather timidly, +saying to herself ‘Suppose it should be raving mad after all! I almost +wish I’d gone to see the Hatter instead!’ + + + + +CHAPTER VII. A Mad Tea-Party + +There was a table set out under a tree in front of the house, and the +March Hare and the Hatter were having tea at it: a Dormouse was sitting +between them, fast asleep, and the other two were using it as a +cushion, resting their elbows on it, and talking over its head. ‘Very +uncomfortable for the Dormouse,’ thought Alice; ‘only, as it’s asleep, I +suppose it doesn’t mind.’ + +The table was a large one, but the three were all crowded together at +one corner of it: ‘No room! No room!’ they cried out when they saw Alice +coming. ‘There’s PLENTY of room!’ said Alice indignantly, and she sat +down in a large arm-chair at one end of the table. + +‘Have some wine,’ the March Hare said in an encouraging tone. + +Alice looked all round the table, but there was nothing on it but tea. +‘I don’t see any wine,’ she remarked. + +‘There isn’t any,’ said the March Hare. + +‘Then it wasn’t very civil of you to offer it,’ said Alice angrily. + +‘It wasn’t very civil of you to sit down without being invited,’ said +the March Hare. + +‘I didn’t know it was YOUR table,’ said Alice; ‘it’s laid for a great +many more than three.’ + +‘Your hair wants cutting,’ said the Hatter. He had been looking at Alice +for some time with great curiosity, and this was his first speech. + +‘You should learn not to make personal remarks,’ Alice said with some +severity; ‘it’s very rude.’ + +The Hatter opened his eyes very wide on hearing this; but all he SAID +was, ‘Why is a raven like a writing-desk?’ + +‘Come, we shall have some fun now!’ thought Alice. ‘I’m glad they’ve +begun asking riddles.--I believe I can guess that,’ she added aloud. + +‘Do you mean that you think you can find out the answer to it?’ said the +March Hare. + +‘Exactly so,’ said Alice. + +‘Then you should say what you mean,’ the March Hare went on. + +‘I do,’ Alice hastily replied; ‘at least--at least I mean what I +say--that’s the same thing, you know.’ + +‘Not the same thing a bit!’ said the Hatter. ‘You might just as well say +that “I see what I eat” is the same thing as “I eat what I see”!’ + +‘You might just as well say,’ added the March Hare, ‘that “I like what I +get” is the same thing as “I get what I like”!’ + +‘You might just as well say,’ added the Dormouse, who seemed to be +talking in his sleep, ‘that “I breathe when I sleep” is the same thing +as “I sleep when I breathe”!’ + +‘It IS the same thing with you,’ said the Hatter, and here the +conversation dropped, and the party sat silent for a minute, while Alice +thought over all she could remember about ravens and writing-desks, +which wasn’t much. + +The Hatter was the first to break the silence. ‘What day of the month +is it?’ he said, turning to Alice: he had taken his watch out of his +pocket, and was looking at it uneasily, shaking it every now and then, +and holding it to his ear. + +Alice considered a little, and then said ‘The fourth.’ + +‘Two days wrong!’ sighed the Hatter. ‘I told you butter wouldn’t suit +the works!’ he added looking angrily at the March Hare. + +‘It was the BEST butter,’ the March Hare meekly replied. + +‘Yes, but some crumbs must have got in as well,’ the Hatter grumbled: +‘you shouldn’t have put it in with the bread-knife.’ + +The March Hare took the watch and looked at it gloomily: then he dipped +it into his cup of tea, and looked at it again: but he could think of +nothing better to say than his first remark, ‘It was the BEST butter, +you know.’ + +Alice had been looking over his shoulder with some curiosity. ‘What a +funny watch!’ she remarked. ‘It tells the day of the month, and doesn’t +tell what o’clock it is!’ + +‘Why should it?’ muttered the Hatter. ‘Does YOUR watch tell you what +year it is?’ + +‘Of course not,’ Alice replied very readily: ‘but that’s because it +stays the same year for such a long time together.’ + +‘Which is just the case with MINE,’ said the Hatter. + +Alice felt dreadfully puzzled. The Hatter’s remark seemed to have no +sort of meaning in it, and yet it was certainly English. ‘I don’t quite +understand you,’ she said, as politely as she could. + +‘The Dormouse is asleep again,’ said the Hatter, and he poured a little +hot tea upon its nose. + +The Dormouse shook its head impatiently, and said, without opening its +eyes, ‘Of course, of course; just what I was going to remark myself.’ + +‘Have you guessed the riddle yet?’ the Hatter said, turning to Alice +again. + +‘No, I give it up,’ Alice replied: ‘what’s the answer?’ + +‘I haven’t the slightest idea,’ said the Hatter. + +‘Nor I,’ said the March Hare. + +Alice sighed wearily. ‘I think you might do something better with the +time,’ she said, ‘than waste it in asking riddles that have no answers.’ + +‘If you knew Time as well as I do,’ said the Hatter, ‘you wouldn’t talk +about wasting IT. It’s HIM.’ + +‘I don’t know what you mean,’ said Alice. + +‘Of course you don’t!’ the Hatter said, tossing his head contemptuously. +‘I dare say you never even spoke to Time!’ + +‘Perhaps not,’ Alice cautiously replied: ‘but I know I have to beat time +when I learn music.’ + +‘Ah! that accounts for it,’ said the Hatter. ‘He won’t stand beating. +Now, if you only kept on good terms with him, he’d do almost anything +you liked with the clock. For instance, suppose it were nine o’clock in +the morning, just time to begin lessons: you’d only have to whisper a +hint to Time, and round goes the clock in a twinkling! Half-past one, +time for dinner!’ + +[‘I only wish it was,’ the March Hare said to itself in a whisper.) + +‘That would be grand, certainly,’ said Alice thoughtfully: ‘but then--I +shouldn’t be hungry for it, you know.’ + +‘Not at first, perhaps,’ said the Hatter: ‘but you could keep it to +half-past one as long as you liked.’ + +‘Is that the way YOU manage?’ Alice asked. + +The Hatter shook his head mournfully. ‘Not I!’ he replied. ‘We +quarrelled last March--just before HE went mad, you know--’ (pointing +with his tea spoon at the March Hare,) ‘--it was at the great concert +given by the Queen of Hearts, and I had to sing + + “Twinkle, twinkle, little bat! + How I wonder what you’re at!” + +You know the song, perhaps?’ + +‘I’ve heard something like it,’ said Alice. + +‘It goes on, you know,’ the Hatter continued, ‘in this way:-- + + “Up above the world you fly, + Like a tea-tray in the sky. + Twinkle, twinkle--“’ + +Here the Dormouse shook itself, and began singing in its sleep ‘Twinkle, +twinkle, twinkle, twinkle--’ and went on so long that they had to pinch +it to make it stop. + +‘Well, I’d hardly finished the first verse,’ said the Hatter, ‘when the +Queen jumped up and bawled out, “He’s murdering the time! Off with his +head!”’ + +‘How dreadfully savage!’ exclaimed Alice. + +‘And ever since that,’ the Hatter went on in a mournful tone, ‘he won’t +do a thing I ask! It’s always six o’clock now.’ + +A bright idea came into Alice’s head. ‘Is that the reason so many +tea-things are put out here?’ she asked. + +‘Yes, that’s it,’ said the Hatter with a sigh: ‘it’s always tea-time, +and we’ve no time to wash the things between whiles.’ + +‘Then you keep moving round, I suppose?’ said Alice. + +‘Exactly so,’ said the Hatter: ‘as the things get used up.’ + +‘But what happens when you come to the beginning again?’ Alice ventured +to ask. + +‘Suppose we change the subject,’ the March Hare interrupted, yawning. +‘I’m getting tired of this. I vote the young lady tells us a story.’ + +‘I’m afraid I don’t know one,’ said Alice, rather alarmed at the +proposal. + +‘Then the Dormouse shall!’ they both cried. ‘Wake up, Dormouse!’ And +they pinched it on both sides at once. + +The Dormouse slowly opened his eyes. ‘I wasn’t asleep,’ he said in a +hoarse, feeble voice: ‘I heard every word you fellows were saying.’ + +‘Tell us a story!’ said the March Hare. + +‘Yes, please do!’ pleaded Alice. + +‘And be quick about it,’ added the Hatter, ‘or you’ll be asleep again +before it’s done.’ + +‘Once upon a time there were three little sisters,’ the Dormouse began +in a great hurry; ‘and their names were Elsie, Lacie, and Tillie; and +they lived at the bottom of a well--’ + +‘What did they live on?’ said Alice, who always took a great interest in +questions of eating and drinking. + +‘They lived on treacle,’ said the Dormouse, after thinking a minute or +two. + +‘They couldn’t have done that, you know,’ Alice gently remarked; ‘they’d +have been ill.’ + +‘So they were,’ said the Dormouse; ‘VERY ill.’ + +Alice tried to fancy to herself what such an extraordinary ways of +living would be like, but it puzzled her too much, so she went on: ‘But +why did they live at the bottom of a well?’ + +‘Take some more tea,’ the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly. + +‘I’ve had nothing yet,’ Alice replied in an offended tone, ‘so I can’t +take more.’ + +‘You mean you can’t take LESS,’ said the Hatter: ‘it’s very easy to take +MORE than nothing.’ + +‘Nobody asked YOUR opinion,’ said Alice. + +‘Who’s making personal remarks now?’ the Hatter asked triumphantly. + +Alice did not quite know what to say to this: so she helped herself +to some tea and bread-and-butter, and then turned to the Dormouse, and +repeated her question. ‘Why did they live at the bottom of a well?’ + +The Dormouse again took a minute or two to think about it, and then +said, ‘It was a treacle-well.’ + +‘There’s no such thing!’ Alice was beginning very angrily, but the +Hatter and the March Hare went ‘Sh! sh!’ and the Dormouse sulkily +remarked, ‘If you can’t be civil, you’d better finish the story for +yourself.’ + +‘No, please go on!’ Alice said very humbly; ‘I won’t interrupt again. I +dare say there may be ONE.’ + +‘One, indeed!’ said the Dormouse indignantly. However, he consented to +go on. ‘And so these three little sisters--they were learning to draw, +you know--’ + +‘What did they draw?’ said Alice, quite forgetting her promise. + +‘Treacle,’ said the Dormouse, without considering at all this time. + +‘I want a clean cup,’ interrupted the Hatter: ‘let’s all move one place +on.’ + +He moved on as he spoke, and the Dormouse followed him: the March Hare +moved into the Dormouse’s place, and Alice rather unwillingly took +the place of the March Hare. The Hatter was the only one who got any +advantage from the change: and Alice was a good deal worse off than +before, as the March Hare had just upset the milk-jug into his plate. + +Alice did not wish to offend the Dormouse again, so she began very +cautiously: ‘But I don’t understand. Where did they draw the treacle +from?’ + +‘You can draw water out of a water-well,’ said the Hatter; ‘so I should +think you could draw treacle out of a treacle-well--eh, stupid?’ + +‘But they were IN the well,’ Alice said to the Dormouse, not choosing to +notice this last remark. + +‘Of course they were’, said the Dormouse; ‘--well in.’ + +This answer so confused poor Alice, that she let the Dormouse go on for +some time without interrupting it. + +‘They were learning to draw,’ the Dormouse went on, yawning and rubbing +its eyes, for it was getting very sleepy; ‘and they drew all manner of +things--everything that begins with an M--’ + +‘Why with an M?’ said Alice. + +‘Why not?’ said the March Hare. + +Alice was silent. + +The Dormouse had closed its eyes by this time, and was going off into +a doze; but, on being pinched by the Hatter, it woke up again with +a little shriek, and went on: ‘--that begins with an M, such as +mouse-traps, and the moon, and memory, and muchness--you know you say +things are “much of a muchness”--did you ever see such a thing as a +drawing of a muchness?’ + +‘Really, now you ask me,’ said Alice, very much confused, ‘I don’t +think--’ + +‘Then you shouldn’t talk,’ said the Hatter. + +This piece of rudeness was more than Alice could bear: she got up in +great disgust, and walked off; the Dormouse fell asleep instantly, and +neither of the others took the least notice of her going, though she +looked back once or twice, half hoping that they would call after her: +the last time she saw them, they were trying to put the Dormouse into +the teapot. + +‘At any rate I’ll never go THERE again!’ said Alice as she picked her +way through the wood. ‘It’s the stupidest tea-party I ever was at in all +my life!’ + +Just as she said this, she noticed that one of the trees had a door +leading right into it. ‘That’s very curious!’ she thought. ‘But +everything’s curious today. I think I may as well go in at once.’ And in +she went. + +Once more she found herself in the long hall, and close to the little +glass table. ‘Now, I’ll manage better this time,’ she said to herself, +and began by taking the little golden key, and unlocking the door that +led into the garden. Then she went to work nibbling at the mushroom (she +had kept a piece of it in her pocket) till she was about a foot high: +then she walked down the little passage: and THEN--she found herself at +last in the beautiful garden, among the bright flower-beds and the cool +fountains. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. The Queen’s Croquet-Ground + +A large rose-tree stood near the entrance of the garden: the roses +growing on it were white, but there were three gardeners at it, busily +painting them red. Alice thought this a very curious thing, and she went +nearer to watch them, and just as she came up to them she heard one of +them say, ‘Look out now, Five! Don’t go splashing paint over me like +that!’ + +‘I couldn’t help it,’ said Five, in a sulky tone; ‘Seven jogged my +elbow.’ + +On which Seven looked up and said, ‘That’s right, Five! Always lay the +blame on others!’ + +‘YOU’D better not talk!’ said Five. ‘I heard the Queen say only +yesterday you deserved to be beheaded!’ + +‘What for?’ said the one who had spoken first. + +‘That’s none of YOUR business, Two!’ said Seven. + +‘Yes, it IS his business!’ said Five, ‘and I’ll tell him--it was for +bringing the cook tulip-roots instead of onions.’ + +Seven flung down his brush, and had just begun ‘Well, of all the unjust +things--’ when his eye chanced to fall upon Alice, as she stood watching +them, and he checked himself suddenly: the others looked round also, and +all of them bowed low. + +‘Would you tell me,’ said Alice, a little timidly, ‘why you are painting +those roses?’ + +Five and Seven said nothing, but looked at Two. Two began in a low +voice, ‘Why the fact is, you see, Miss, this here ought to have been a +RED rose-tree, and we put a white one in by mistake; and if the Queen +was to find it out, we should all have our heads cut off, you know. +So you see, Miss, we’re doing our best, afore she comes, to--’ At this +moment Five, who had been anxiously looking across the garden, called +out ‘The Queen! The Queen!’ and the three gardeners instantly threw +themselves flat upon their faces. There was a sound of many footsteps, +and Alice looked round, eager to see the Queen. + +First came ten soldiers carrying clubs; these were all shaped like +the three gardeners, oblong and flat, with their hands and feet at the +corners: next the ten courtiers; these were ornamented all over with +diamonds, and walked two and two, as the soldiers did. After these came +the royal children; there were ten of them, and the little dears came +jumping merrily along hand in hand, in couples: they were all ornamented +with hearts. Next came the guests, mostly Kings and Queens, and among +them Alice recognised the White Rabbit: it was talking in a hurried +nervous manner, smiling at everything that was said, and went by without +noticing her. Then followed the Knave of Hearts, carrying the King’s +crown on a crimson velvet cushion; and, last of all this grand +procession, came THE KING AND QUEEN OF HEARTS. + +Alice was rather doubtful whether she ought not to lie down on her face +like the three gardeners, but she could not remember ever having heard +of such a rule at processions; ‘and besides, what would be the use of +a procession,’ thought she, ‘if people had all to lie down upon their +faces, so that they couldn’t see it?’ So she stood still where she was, +and waited. + +When the procession came opposite to Alice, they all stopped and looked +at her, and the Queen said severely ‘Who is this?’ She said it to the +Knave of Hearts, who only bowed and smiled in reply. + +‘Idiot!’ said the Queen, tossing her head impatiently; and, turning to +Alice, she went on, ‘What’s your name, child?’ + +‘My name is Alice, so please your Majesty,’ said Alice very politely; +but she added, to herself, ‘Why, they’re only a pack of cards, after +all. I needn’t be afraid of them!’ + +‘And who are THESE?’ said the Queen, pointing to the three gardeners who +were lying round the rosetree; for, you see, as they were lying on their +faces, and the pattern on their backs was the same as the rest of the +pack, she could not tell whether they were gardeners, or soldiers, or +courtiers, or three of her own children. + +‘How should I know?’ said Alice, surprised at her own courage. ‘It’s no +business of MINE.’ + +The Queen turned crimson with fury, and, after glaring at her for a +moment like a wild beast, screamed ‘Off with her head! Off--’ + +‘Nonsense!’ said Alice, very loudly and decidedly, and the Queen was +silent. + +The King laid his hand upon her arm, and timidly said ‘Consider, my +dear: she is only a child!’ + +The Queen turned angrily away from him, and said to the Knave ‘Turn them +over!’ + +The Knave did so, very carefully, with one foot. + +‘Get up!’ said the Queen, in a shrill, loud voice, and the three +gardeners instantly jumped up, and began bowing to the King, the Queen, +the royal children, and everybody else. + +‘Leave off that!’ screamed the Queen. ‘You make me giddy.’ And then, +turning to the rose-tree, she went on, ‘What HAVE you been doing here?’ + +‘May it please your Majesty,’ said Two, in a very humble tone, going +down on one knee as he spoke, ‘we were trying--’ + +‘I see!’ said the Queen, who had meanwhile been examining the roses. +‘Off with their heads!’ and the procession moved on, three of the +soldiers remaining behind to execute the unfortunate gardeners, who ran +to Alice for protection. + +‘You shan’t be beheaded!’ said Alice, and she put them into a large +flower-pot that stood near. The three soldiers wandered about for a +minute or two, looking for them, and then quietly marched off after the +others. + +‘Are their heads off?’ shouted the Queen. + +‘Their heads are gone, if it please your Majesty!’ the soldiers shouted +in reply. + +‘That’s right!’ shouted the Queen. ‘Can you play croquet?’ + +The soldiers were silent, and looked at Alice, as the question was +evidently meant for her. + +‘Yes!’ shouted Alice. + +‘Come on, then!’ roared the Queen, and Alice joined the procession, +wondering very much what would happen next. + +‘It’s--it’s a very fine day!’ said a timid voice at her side. She was +walking by the White Rabbit, who was peeping anxiously into her face. + +‘Very,’ said Alice: ‘--where’s the Duchess?’ + +‘Hush! Hush!’ said the Rabbit in a low, hurried tone. He looked +anxiously over his shoulder as he spoke, and then raised himself upon +tiptoe, put his mouth close to her ear, and whispered ‘She’s under +sentence of execution.’ + +‘What for?’ said Alice. + +‘Did you say “What a pity!”?’ the Rabbit asked. + +‘No, I didn’t,’ said Alice: ‘I don’t think it’s at all a pity. I said +“What for?”’ + +‘She boxed the Queen’s ears--’ the Rabbit began. Alice gave a little +scream of laughter. ‘Oh, hush!’ the Rabbit whispered in a frightened +tone. ‘The Queen will hear you! You see, she came rather late, and the +Queen said--’ + +‘Get to your places!’ shouted the Queen in a voice of thunder, and +people began running about in all directions, tumbling up against each +other; however, they got settled down in a minute or two, and the game +began. Alice thought she had never seen such a curious croquet-ground in +her life; it was all ridges and furrows; the balls were live hedgehogs, +the mallets live flamingoes, and the soldiers had to double themselves +up and to stand on their hands and feet, to make the arches. + +The chief difficulty Alice found at first was in managing her flamingo: +she succeeded in getting its body tucked away, comfortably enough, under +her arm, with its legs hanging down, but generally, just as she had got +its neck nicely straightened out, and was going to give the hedgehog a +blow with its head, it WOULD twist itself round and look up in her face, +with such a puzzled expression that she could not help bursting out +laughing: and when she had got its head down, and was going to begin +again, it was very provoking to find that the hedgehog had unrolled +itself, and was in the act of crawling away: besides all this, there was +generally a ridge or furrow in the way wherever she wanted to send the +hedgehog to, and, as the doubled-up soldiers were always getting up +and walking off to other parts of the ground, Alice soon came to the +conclusion that it was a very difficult game indeed. + +The players all played at once without waiting for turns, quarrelling +all the while, and fighting for the hedgehogs; and in a very short +time the Queen was in a furious passion, and went stamping about, and +shouting ‘Off with his head!’ or ‘Off with her head!’ about once in a +minute. + +Alice began to feel very uneasy: to be sure, she had not as yet had any +dispute with the Queen, but she knew that it might happen any minute, +‘and then,’ thought she, ‘what would become of me? They’re dreadfully +fond of beheading people here; the great wonder is, that there’s any one +left alive!’ + +She was looking about for some way of escape, and wondering whether she +could get away without being seen, when she noticed a curious appearance +in the air: it puzzled her very much at first, but, after watching it +a minute or two, she made it out to be a grin, and she said to herself +‘It’s the Cheshire Cat: now I shall have somebody to talk to.’ + +‘How are you getting on?’ said the Cat, as soon as there was mouth +enough for it to speak with. + +Alice waited till the eyes appeared, and then nodded. ‘It’s no use +speaking to it,’ she thought, ‘till its ears have come, or at least one +of them.’ In another minute the whole head appeared, and then Alice put +down her flamingo, and began an account of the game, feeling very glad +she had someone to listen to her. The Cat seemed to think that there was +enough of it now in sight, and no more of it appeared. + +‘I don’t think they play at all fairly,’ Alice began, in rather a +complaining tone, ‘and they all quarrel so dreadfully one can’t hear +oneself speak--and they don’t seem to have any rules in particular; +at least, if there are, nobody attends to them--and you’ve no idea how +confusing it is all the things being alive; for instance, there’s the +arch I’ve got to go through next walking about at the other end of the +ground--and I should have croqueted the Queen’s hedgehog just now, only +it ran away when it saw mine coming!’ + +‘How do you like the Queen?’ said the Cat in a low voice. + +‘Not at all,’ said Alice: ‘she’s so extremely--’ Just then she noticed +that the Queen was close behind her, listening: so she went on, +‘--likely to win, that it’s hardly worth while finishing the game.’ + +The Queen smiled and passed on. + +‘Who ARE you talking to?’ said the King, going up to Alice, and looking +at the Cat’s head with great curiosity. + +‘It’s a friend of mine--a Cheshire Cat,’ said Alice: ‘allow me to +introduce it.’ + +‘I don’t like the look of it at all,’ said the King: ‘however, it may +kiss my hand if it likes.’ + +‘I’d rather not,’ the Cat remarked. + +‘Don’t be impertinent,’ said the King, ‘and don’t look at me like that!’ +He got behind Alice as he spoke. + +‘A cat may look at a king,’ said Alice. ‘I’ve read that in some book, +but I don’t remember where.’ + +‘Well, it must be removed,’ said the King very decidedly, and he called +the Queen, who was passing at the moment, ‘My dear! I wish you would +have this cat removed!’ + +The Queen had only one way of settling all difficulties, great or small. +‘Off with his head!’ she said, without even looking round. + +‘I’ll fetch the executioner myself,’ said the King eagerly, and he +hurried off. + +Alice thought she might as well go back, and see how the game was going +on, as she heard the Queen’s voice in the distance, screaming with +passion. She had already heard her sentence three of the players to be +executed for having missed their turns, and she did not like the look +of things at all, as the game was in such confusion that she never knew +whether it was her turn or not. So she went in search of her hedgehog. + +The hedgehog was engaged in a fight with another hedgehog, which seemed +to Alice an excellent opportunity for croqueting one of them with the +other: the only difficulty was, that her flamingo was gone across to the +other side of the garden, where Alice could see it trying in a helpless +sort of way to fly up into a tree. + +By the time she had caught the flamingo and brought it back, the fight +was over, and both the hedgehogs were out of sight: ‘but it doesn’t +matter much,’ thought Alice, ‘as all the arches are gone from this side +of the ground.’ So she tucked it away under her arm, that it might not +escape again, and went back for a little more conversation with her +friend. + +When she got back to the Cheshire Cat, she was surprised to find quite a +large crowd collected round it: there was a dispute going on between +the executioner, the King, and the Queen, who were all talking at once, +while all the rest were quite silent, and looked very uncomfortable. + +The moment Alice appeared, she was appealed to by all three to settle +the question, and they repeated their arguments to her, though, as they +all spoke at once, she found it very hard indeed to make out exactly +what they said. + +The executioner’s argument was, that you couldn’t cut off a head unless +there was a body to cut it off from: that he had never had to do such a +thing before, and he wasn’t going to begin at HIS time of life. + +The King’s argument was, that anything that had a head could be +beheaded, and that you weren’t to talk nonsense. + +The Queen’s argument was, that if something wasn’t done about it in less +than no time she’d have everybody executed, all round. (It was this last +remark that had made the whole party look so grave and anxious.) + +Alice could think of nothing else to say but ‘It belongs to the Duchess: +you’d better ask HER about it.’ + +‘She’s in prison,’ the Queen said to the executioner: ‘fetch her here.’ +And the executioner went off like an arrow. + + The Cat’s head began fading away the moment he was gone, and, +by the time he had come back with the Duchess, it had entirely +disappeared; so the King and the executioner ran wildly up and down +looking for it, while the rest of the party went back to the game. + + + + +CHAPTER IX. The Mock Turtle’s Story + +‘You can’t think how glad I am to see you again, you dear old thing!’ +said the Duchess, as she tucked her arm affectionately into Alice’s, and +they walked off together. + +Alice was very glad to find her in such a pleasant temper, and thought +to herself that perhaps it was only the pepper that had made her so +savage when they met in the kitchen. + +‘When I’M a Duchess,’ she said to herself, (not in a very hopeful tone +though), ‘I won’t have any pepper in my kitchen AT ALL. Soup does very +well without--Maybe it’s always pepper that makes people hot-tempered,’ +she went on, very much pleased at having found out a new kind of +rule, ‘and vinegar that makes them sour--and camomile that makes +them bitter--and--and barley-sugar and such things that make children +sweet-tempered. I only wish people knew that: then they wouldn’t be so +stingy about it, you know--’ + +She had quite forgotten the Duchess by this time, and was a little +startled when she heard her voice close to her ear. ‘You’re thinking +about something, my dear, and that makes you forget to talk. I can’t +tell you just now what the moral of that is, but I shall remember it in +a bit.’ + +‘Perhaps it hasn’t one,’ Alice ventured to remark. + +‘Tut, tut, child!’ said the Duchess. ‘Everything’s got a moral, if only +you can find it.’ And she squeezed herself up closer to Alice’s side as +she spoke. + +Alice did not much like keeping so close to her: first, because the +Duchess was VERY ugly; and secondly, because she was exactly the +right height to rest her chin upon Alice’s shoulder, and it was an +uncomfortably sharp chin. However, she did not like to be rude, so she +bore it as well as she could. + +‘The game’s going on rather better now,’ she said, by way of keeping up +the conversation a little. + +‘’Tis so,’ said the Duchess: ‘and the moral of that is--“Oh, ‘tis love, +‘tis love, that makes the world go round!”’ + +‘Somebody said,’ Alice whispered, ‘that it’s done by everybody minding +their own business!’ + +‘Ah, well! It means much the same thing,’ said the Duchess, digging her +sharp little chin into Alice’s shoulder as she added, ‘and the moral +of THAT is--“Take care of the sense, and the sounds will take care of +themselves.”’ + +‘How fond she is of finding morals in things!’ Alice thought to herself. + +‘I dare say you’re wondering why I don’t put my arm round your waist,’ +the Duchess said after a pause: ‘the reason is, that I’m doubtful about +the temper of your flamingo. Shall I try the experiment?’ + +‘HE might bite,’ Alice cautiously replied, not feeling at all anxious to +have the experiment tried. + +‘Very true,’ said the Duchess: ‘flamingoes and mustard both bite. And +the moral of that is--“Birds of a feather flock together.”’ + +‘Only mustard isn’t a bird,’ Alice remarked. + +‘Right, as usual,’ said the Duchess: ‘what a clear way you have of +putting things!’ + +‘It’s a mineral, I THINK,’ said Alice. + +‘Of course it is,’ said the Duchess, who seemed ready to agree to +everything that Alice said; ‘there’s a large mustard-mine near here. And +the moral of that is--“The more there is of mine, the less there is of +yours.”’ + +‘Oh, I know!’ exclaimed Alice, who had not attended to this last remark, +‘it’s a vegetable. It doesn’t look like one, but it is.’ + +‘I quite agree with you,’ said the Duchess; ‘and the moral of that +is--“Be what you would seem to be”--or if you’d like it put more +simply--“Never imagine yourself not to be otherwise than what it might +appear to others that what you were or might have been was not otherwise +than what you had been would have appeared to them to be otherwise.”’ + +‘I think I should understand that better,’ Alice said very politely, ‘if +I had it written down: but I can’t quite follow it as you say it.’ + +‘That’s nothing to what I could say if I chose,’ the Duchess replied, in +a pleased tone. + +‘Pray don’t trouble yourself to say it any longer than that,’ said +Alice. + +‘Oh, don’t talk about trouble!’ said the Duchess. ‘I make you a present +of everything I’ve said as yet.’ + +‘A cheap sort of present!’ thought Alice. ‘I’m glad they don’t give +birthday presents like that!’ But she did not venture to say it out +loud. + +‘Thinking again?’ the Duchess asked, with another dig of her sharp +little chin. + +‘I’ve a right to think,’ said Alice sharply, for she was beginning to +feel a little worried. + +‘Just about as much right,’ said the Duchess, ‘as pigs have to fly; and +the m--’ + +But here, to Alice’s great surprise, the Duchess’s voice died away, even +in the middle of her favourite word ‘moral,’ and the arm that was linked +into hers began to tremble. Alice looked up, and there stood the Queen +in front of them, with her arms folded, frowning like a thunderstorm. + +‘A fine day, your Majesty!’ the Duchess began in a low, weak voice. + +‘Now, I give you fair warning,’ shouted the Queen, stamping on the +ground as she spoke; ‘either you or your head must be off, and that in +about half no time! Take your choice!’ + +The Duchess took her choice, and was gone in a moment. + +‘Let’s go on with the game,’ the Queen said to Alice; and Alice was +too much frightened to say a word, but slowly followed her back to the +croquet-ground. + +The other guests had taken advantage of the Queen’s absence, and were +resting in the shade: however, the moment they saw her, they hurried +back to the game, the Queen merely remarking that a moment’s delay would +cost them their lives. + +All the time they were playing the Queen never left off quarrelling with +the other players, and shouting ‘Off with his head!’ or ‘Off with her +head!’ Those whom she sentenced were taken into custody by the soldiers, +who of course had to leave off being arches to do this, so that by +the end of half an hour or so there were no arches left, and all the +players, except the King, the Queen, and Alice, were in custody and +under sentence of execution. + +Then the Queen left off, quite out of breath, and said to Alice, ‘Have +you seen the Mock Turtle yet?’ + +‘No,’ said Alice. ‘I don’t even know what a Mock Turtle is.’ + +‘It’s the thing Mock Turtle Soup is made from,’ said the Queen. + +‘I never saw one, or heard of one,’ said Alice. + +‘Come on, then,’ said the Queen, ‘and he shall tell you his history,’ + +As they walked off together, Alice heard the King say in a low voice, +to the company generally, ‘You are all pardoned.’ ‘Come, THAT’S a good +thing!’ she said to herself, for she had felt quite unhappy at the +number of executions the Queen had ordered. + +They very soon came upon a Gryphon, lying fast asleep in the sun. +(IF you don’t know what a Gryphon is, look at the picture.) ‘Up, lazy +thing!’ said the Queen, ‘and take this young lady to see the Mock +Turtle, and to hear his history. I must go back and see after some +executions I have ordered’; and she walked off, leaving Alice alone with +the Gryphon. Alice did not quite like the look of the creature, but on +the whole she thought it would be quite as safe to stay with it as to go +after that savage Queen: so she waited. + +The Gryphon sat up and rubbed its eyes: then it watched the Queen till +she was out of sight: then it chuckled. ‘What fun!’ said the Gryphon, +half to itself, half to Alice. + +‘What IS the fun?’ said Alice. + +‘Why, SHE,’ said the Gryphon. ‘It’s all her fancy, that: they never +executes nobody, you know. Come on!’ + +‘Everybody says “come on!” here,’ thought Alice, as she went slowly +after it: ‘I never was so ordered about in all my life, never!’ + +They had not gone far before they saw the Mock Turtle in the distance, +sitting sad and lonely on a little ledge of rock, and, as they came +nearer, Alice could hear him sighing as if his heart would break. She +pitied him deeply. ‘What is his sorrow?’ she asked the Gryphon, and the +Gryphon answered, very nearly in the same words as before, ‘It’s all his +fancy, that: he hasn’t got no sorrow, you know. Come on!’ + +So they went up to the Mock Turtle, who looked at them with large eyes +full of tears, but said nothing. + +‘This here young lady,’ said the Gryphon, ‘she wants for to know your +history, she do.’ + +‘I’ll tell it her,’ said the Mock Turtle in a deep, hollow tone: ‘sit +down, both of you, and don’t speak a word till I’ve finished.’ + +So they sat down, and nobody spoke for some minutes. Alice thought to +herself, ‘I don’t see how he can EVEN finish, if he doesn’t begin.’ But +she waited patiently. + +‘Once,’ said the Mock Turtle at last, with a deep sigh, ‘I was a real +Turtle.’ + +These words were followed by a very long silence, broken only by an +occasional exclamation of ‘Hjckrrh!’ from the Gryphon, and the constant +heavy sobbing of the Mock Turtle. Alice was very nearly getting up and +saying, ‘Thank you, sir, for your interesting story,’ but she could +not help thinking there MUST be more to come, so she sat still and said +nothing. + +‘When we were little,’ the Mock Turtle went on at last, more calmly, +though still sobbing a little now and then, ‘we went to school in the +sea. The master was an old Turtle--we used to call him Tortoise--’ + +‘Why did you call him Tortoise, if he wasn’t one?’ Alice asked. + +‘We called him Tortoise because he taught us,’ said the Mock Turtle +angrily: ‘really you are very dull!’ + +‘You ought to be ashamed of yourself for asking such a simple question,’ +added the Gryphon; and then they both sat silent and looked at poor +Alice, who felt ready to sink into the earth. At last the Gryphon said +to the Mock Turtle, ‘Drive on, old fellow! Don’t be all day about it!’ +and he went on in these words: + +‘Yes, we went to school in the sea, though you mayn’t believe it--’ + +‘I never said I didn’t!’ interrupted Alice. + +‘You did,’ said the Mock Turtle. + +‘Hold your tongue!’ added the Gryphon, before Alice could speak again. +The Mock Turtle went on. + +‘We had the best of educations--in fact, we went to school every day--’ + +‘I’VE been to a day-school, too,’ said Alice; ‘you needn’t be so proud +as all that.’ + +‘With extras?’ asked the Mock Turtle a little anxiously. + +‘Yes,’ said Alice, ‘we learned French and music.’ + +‘And washing?’ said the Mock Turtle. + +‘Certainly not!’ said Alice indignantly. + +‘Ah! then yours wasn’t a really good school,’ said the Mock Turtle in +a tone of great relief. ‘Now at OURS they had at the end of the bill, +“French, music, AND WASHING--extra.”’ + +‘You couldn’t have wanted it much,’ said Alice; ‘living at the bottom of +the sea.’ + +‘I couldn’t afford to learn it.’ said the Mock Turtle with a sigh. ‘I +only took the regular course.’ + +‘What was that?’ inquired Alice. + +‘Reeling and Writhing, of course, to begin with,’ the Mock Turtle +replied; ‘and then the different branches of Arithmetic--Ambition, +Distraction, Uglification, and Derision.’ + +‘I never heard of “Uglification,”’ Alice ventured to say. ‘What is it?’ + +The Gryphon lifted up both its paws in surprise. ‘What! Never heard of +uglifying!’ it exclaimed. ‘You know what to beautify is, I suppose?’ + +‘Yes,’ said Alice doubtfully: ‘it means--to--make--anything--prettier.’ + +‘Well, then,’ the Gryphon went on, ‘if you don’t know what to uglify is, +you ARE a simpleton.’ + +Alice did not feel encouraged to ask any more questions about it, so she +turned to the Mock Turtle, and said ‘What else had you to learn?’ + +‘Well, there was Mystery,’ the Mock Turtle replied, counting off +the subjects on his flappers, ‘--Mystery, ancient and modern, with +Seaography: then Drawling--the Drawling-master was an old conger-eel, +that used to come once a week: HE taught us Drawling, Stretching, and +Fainting in Coils.’ + +‘What was THAT like?’ said Alice. + +‘Well, I can’t show it you myself,’ the Mock Turtle said: ‘I’m too +stiff. And the Gryphon never learnt it.’ + +‘Hadn’t time,’ said the Gryphon: ‘I went to the Classics master, though. +He was an old crab, HE was.’ + +‘I never went to him,’ the Mock Turtle said with a sigh: ‘he taught +Laughing and Grief, they used to say.’ + +‘So he did, so he did,’ said the Gryphon, sighing in his turn; and both +creatures hid their faces in their paws. + +‘And how many hours a day did you do lessons?’ said Alice, in a hurry to +change the subject. + +‘Ten hours the first day,’ said the Mock Turtle: ‘nine the next, and so +on.’ + +‘What a curious plan!’ exclaimed Alice. + +‘That’s the reason they’re called lessons,’ the Gryphon remarked: +‘because they lessen from day to day.’ + +This was quite a new idea to Alice, and she thought it over a little +before she made her next remark. ‘Then the eleventh day must have been a +holiday?’ + +‘Of course it was,’ said the Mock Turtle. + +‘And how did you manage on the twelfth?’ Alice went on eagerly. + +‘That’s enough about lessons,’ the Gryphon interrupted in a very decided +tone: ‘tell her something about the games now.’ + + + + +CHAPTER X. The Lobster Quadrille + +The Mock Turtle sighed deeply, and drew the back of one flapper across +his eyes. He looked at Alice, and tried to speak, but for a minute or +two sobs choked his voice. ‘Same as if he had a bone in his throat,’ +said the Gryphon: and it set to work shaking him and punching him in +the back. At last the Mock Turtle recovered his voice, and, with tears +running down his cheeks, he went on again:-- + +‘You may not have lived much under the sea--’ [‘I haven’t,’ said +Alice)--‘and perhaps you were never even introduced to a lobster--’ +(Alice began to say ‘I once tasted--’ but checked herself hastily, and +said ‘No, never’) ‘--so you can have no idea what a delightful thing a +Lobster Quadrille is!’ + +‘No, indeed,’ said Alice. ‘What sort of a dance is it?’ + +‘Why,’ said the Gryphon, ‘you first form into a line along the +sea-shore--’ + +‘Two lines!’ cried the Mock Turtle. ‘Seals, turtles, salmon, and so on; +then, when you’ve cleared all the jelly-fish out of the way--’ + +‘THAT generally takes some time,’ interrupted the Gryphon. + +‘--you advance twice--’ + +‘Each with a lobster as a partner!’ cried the Gryphon. + +‘Of course,’ the Mock Turtle said: ‘advance twice, set to partners--’ + +‘--change lobsters, and retire in same order,’ continued the Gryphon. + +‘Then, you know,’ the Mock Turtle went on, ‘you throw the--’ + +‘The lobsters!’ shouted the Gryphon, with a bound into the air. + +‘--as far out to sea as you can--’ + +‘Swim after them!’ screamed the Gryphon. + +‘Turn a somersault in the sea!’ cried the Mock Turtle, capering wildly +about. + +‘Change lobsters again!’ yelled the Gryphon at the top of its voice. + +‘Back to land again, and that’s all the first figure,’ said the Mock +Turtle, suddenly dropping his voice; and the two creatures, who had been +jumping about like mad things all this time, sat down again very sadly +and quietly, and looked at Alice. + +‘It must be a very pretty dance,’ said Alice timidly. + +‘Would you like to see a little of it?’ said the Mock Turtle. + +‘Very much indeed,’ said Alice. + +‘Come, let’s try the first figure!’ said the Mock Turtle to the Gryphon. +‘We can do without lobsters, you know. Which shall sing?’ + +‘Oh, YOU sing,’ said the Gryphon. ‘I’ve forgotten the words.’ + +So they began solemnly dancing round and round Alice, every now and +then treading on her toes when they passed too close, and waving their +forepaws to mark the time, while the Mock Turtle sang this, very slowly +and sadly:-- + + ‘“Will you walk a little faster?” said a whiting to a snail. + “There’s a porpoise close behind us, and he’s treading on my tail. + + See how eagerly the lobsters and the turtles all advance! + They are waiting on the shingle--will you come and join the dance? + + Will you, won’t you, will you, won’t you, will you join the dance? + Will you, won’t you, will you, won’t you, won’t you join the dance? + + “You can really have no notion how delightful it will be + When they take us up and throw us, with the lobsters, out to sea!” + But the snail replied “Too far, too far!” and gave a look askance-- + Said he thanked the whiting kindly, but he would not join the dance. + + Would not, could not, would not, could not, would not join the dance. + Would not, could not, would not, could not, could not join the dance. + + ‘“What matters it how far we go?” his scaly friend replied. + “There is another shore, you know, upon the other side. + The further off from England the nearer is to France-- + Then turn not pale, beloved snail, but come and join the dance. + + Will you, won’t you, will you, won’t you, will you join the dance? + Will you, won’t you, will you, won’t you, won’t you join the dance?”’ + +‘Thank you, it’s a very interesting dance to watch,’ said Alice, feeling +very glad that it was over at last: ‘and I do so like that curious song +about the whiting!’ + +‘Oh, as to the whiting,’ said the Mock Turtle, ‘they--you’ve seen them, +of course?’ + +‘Yes,’ said Alice, ‘I’ve often seen them at dinn--’ she checked herself +hastily. + +‘I don’t know where Dinn may be,’ said the Mock Turtle, ‘but if you’ve +seen them so often, of course you know what they’re like.’ + +‘I believe so,’ Alice replied thoughtfully. ‘They have their tails in +their mouths--and they’re all over crumbs.’ + +‘You’re wrong about the crumbs,’ said the Mock Turtle: ‘crumbs would all +wash off in the sea. But they HAVE their tails in their mouths; and the +reason is--’ here the Mock Turtle yawned and shut his eyes.--‘Tell her +about the reason and all that,’ he said to the Gryphon. + +‘The reason is,’ said the Gryphon, ‘that they WOULD go with the lobsters +to the dance. So they got thrown out to sea. So they had to fall a long +way. So they got their tails fast in their mouths. So they couldn’t get +them out again. That’s all.’ + +‘Thank you,’ said Alice, ‘it’s very interesting. I never knew so much +about a whiting before.’ + +‘I can tell you more than that, if you like,’ said the Gryphon. ‘Do you +know why it’s called a whiting?’ + +‘I never thought about it,’ said Alice. ‘Why?’ + +‘IT DOES THE BOOTS AND SHOES.’ the Gryphon replied very solemnly. + +Alice was thoroughly puzzled. ‘Does the boots and shoes!’ she repeated +in a wondering tone. + +‘Why, what are YOUR shoes done with?’ said the Gryphon. ‘I mean, what +makes them so shiny?’ + +Alice looked down at them, and considered a little before she gave her +answer. ‘They’re done with blacking, I believe.’ + +‘Boots and shoes under the sea,’ the Gryphon went on in a deep voice, +‘are done with a whiting. Now you know.’ + +‘And what are they made of?’ Alice asked in a tone of great curiosity. + +‘Soles and eels, of course,’ the Gryphon replied rather impatiently: +‘any shrimp could have told you that.’ + +‘If I’d been the whiting,’ said Alice, whose thoughts were still running +on the song, ‘I’d have said to the porpoise, “Keep back, please: we +don’t want YOU with us!”’ + +‘They were obliged to have him with them,’ the Mock Turtle said: ‘no +wise fish would go anywhere without a porpoise.’ + +‘Wouldn’t it really?’ said Alice in a tone of great surprise. + +‘Of course not,’ said the Mock Turtle: ‘why, if a fish came to ME, and +told me he was going a journey, I should say “With what porpoise?”’ + +‘Don’t you mean “purpose”?’ said Alice. + +‘I mean what I say,’ the Mock Turtle replied in an offended tone. And +the Gryphon added ‘Come, let’s hear some of YOUR adventures.’ + +‘I could tell you my adventures--beginning from this morning,’ said +Alice a little timidly: ‘but it’s no use going back to yesterday, +because I was a different person then.’ + +‘Explain all that,’ said the Mock Turtle. + +‘No, no! The adventures first,’ said the Gryphon in an impatient tone: +‘explanations take such a dreadful time.’ + +So Alice began telling them her adventures from the time when she first +saw the White Rabbit. She was a little nervous about it just at first, +the two creatures got so close to her, one on each side, and opened +their eyes and mouths so VERY wide, but she gained courage as she went +on. Her listeners were perfectly quiet till she got to the part about +her repeating ‘YOU ARE OLD, FATHER WILLIAM,’ to the Caterpillar, and the +words all coming different, and then the Mock Turtle drew a long breath, +and said ‘That’s very curious.’ + +‘It’s all about as curious as it can be,’ said the Gryphon. + +‘It all came different!’ the Mock Turtle repeated thoughtfully. ‘I +should like to hear her try and repeat something now. Tell her to +begin.’ He looked at the Gryphon as if he thought it had some kind of +authority over Alice. + +‘Stand up and repeat “‘TIS THE VOICE OF THE SLUGGARD,”’ said the +Gryphon. + +‘How the creatures order one about, and make one repeat lessons!’ +thought Alice; ‘I might as well be at school at once.’ However, she +got up, and began to repeat it, but her head was so full of the Lobster +Quadrille, that she hardly knew what she was saying, and the words came +very queer indeed:-- + + ‘’Tis the voice of the Lobster; I heard him declare, + “You have baked me too brown, I must sugar my hair.” + As a duck with its eyelids, so he with his nose + Trims his belt and his buttons, and turns out his toes.’ + + [later editions continued as follows + When the sands are all dry, he is gay as a lark, + And will talk in contemptuous tones of the Shark, + But, when the tide rises and sharks are around, + His voice has a timid and tremulous sound.] + +‘That’s different from what I used to say when I was a child,’ said the +Gryphon. + +‘Well, I never heard it before,’ said the Mock Turtle; ‘but it sounds +uncommon nonsense.’ + +Alice said nothing; she had sat down with her face in her hands, +wondering if anything would EVER happen in a natural way again. + +‘I should like to have it explained,’ said the Mock Turtle. + +‘She can’t explain it,’ said the Gryphon hastily. ‘Go on with the next +verse.’ + +‘But about his toes?’ the Mock Turtle persisted. ‘How COULD he turn them +out with his nose, you know?’ + +‘It’s the first position in dancing.’ Alice said; but was dreadfully +puzzled by the whole thing, and longed to change the subject. + +‘Go on with the next verse,’ the Gryphon repeated impatiently: ‘it +begins “I passed by his garden.”’ + +Alice did not dare to disobey, though she felt sure it would all come +wrong, and she went on in a trembling voice:-- + + ‘I passed by his garden, and marked, with one eye, + How the Owl and the Panther were sharing a pie--’ + + [later editions continued as follows + The Panther took pie-crust, and gravy, and meat, + While the Owl had the dish as its share of the treat. + When the pie was all finished, the Owl, as a boon, + Was kindly permitted to pocket the spoon: + While the Panther received knife and fork with a growl, + And concluded the banquet--] + +‘What IS the use of repeating all that stuff,’ the Mock Turtle +interrupted, ‘if you don’t explain it as you go on? It’s by far the most +confusing thing I ever heard!’ + +‘Yes, I think you’d better leave off,’ said the Gryphon: and Alice was +only too glad to do so. + +‘Shall we try another figure of the Lobster Quadrille?’ the Gryphon went +on. ‘Or would you like the Mock Turtle to sing you a song?’ + +‘Oh, a song, please, if the Mock Turtle would be so kind,’ Alice +replied, so eagerly that the Gryphon said, in a rather offended tone, +‘Hm! No accounting for tastes! Sing her “Turtle Soup,” will you, old +fellow?’ + +The Mock Turtle sighed deeply, and began, in a voice sometimes choked +with sobs, to sing this:-- + + ‘Beautiful Soup, so rich and green, + Waiting in a hot tureen! + Who for such dainties would not stoop? + Soup of the evening, beautiful Soup! + Soup of the evening, beautiful Soup! + Beau--ootiful Soo--oop! + Beau--ootiful Soo--oop! + Soo--oop of the e--e--evening, + Beautiful, beautiful Soup! + + ‘Beautiful Soup! Who cares for fish, + Game, or any other dish? + Who would not give all else for two + Pennyworth only of beautiful Soup? + Pennyworth only of beautiful Soup? + Beau--ootiful Soo--oop! + Beau--ootiful Soo--oop! + Soo--oop of the e--e--evening, + Beautiful, beauti--FUL SOUP!’ + +‘Chorus again!’ cried the Gryphon, and the Mock Turtle had just begun +to repeat it, when a cry of ‘The trial’s beginning!’ was heard in the +distance. + +‘Come on!’ cried the Gryphon, and, taking Alice by the hand, it hurried +off, without waiting for the end of the song. + +‘What trial is it?’ Alice panted as she ran; but the Gryphon only +answered ‘Come on!’ and ran the faster, while more and more faintly +came, carried on the breeze that followed them, the melancholy words:-- + + ‘Soo--oop of the e--e--evening, + Beautiful, beautiful Soup!’ + + + + +CHAPTER XI. Who Stole the Tarts? + +The King and Queen of Hearts were seated on their throne when they +arrived, with a great crowd assembled about them--all sorts of little +birds and beasts, as well as the whole pack of cards: the Knave was +standing before them, in chains, with a soldier on each side to guard +him; and near the King was the White Rabbit, with a trumpet in one hand, +and a scroll of parchment in the other. In the very middle of the court +was a table, with a large dish of tarts upon it: they looked so good, +that it made Alice quite hungry to look at them--‘I wish they’d get the +trial done,’ she thought, ‘and hand round the refreshments!’ But there +seemed to be no chance of this, so she began looking at everything about +her, to pass away the time. + +Alice had never been in a court of justice before, but she had read +about them in books, and she was quite pleased to find that she knew +the name of nearly everything there. ‘That’s the judge,’ she said to +herself, ‘because of his great wig.’ + +The judge, by the way, was the King; and as he wore his crown over the +wig, (look at the frontispiece if you want to see how he did it,) he did +not look at all comfortable, and it was certainly not becoming. + +‘And that’s the jury-box,’ thought Alice, ‘and those twelve creatures,’ +(she was obliged to say ‘creatures,’ you see, because some of them were +animals, and some were birds,) ‘I suppose they are the jurors.’ She said +this last word two or three times over to herself, being rather proud of +it: for she thought, and rightly too, that very few little girls of her +age knew the meaning of it at all. However, ‘jury-men’ would have done +just as well. + +The twelve jurors were all writing very busily on slates. ‘What are they +doing?’ Alice whispered to the Gryphon. ‘They can’t have anything to put +down yet, before the trial’s begun.’ + +‘They’re putting down their names,’ the Gryphon whispered in reply, ‘for +fear they should forget them before the end of the trial.’ + +‘Stupid things!’ Alice began in a loud, indignant voice, but she stopped +hastily, for the White Rabbit cried out, ‘Silence in the court!’ and the +King put on his spectacles and looked anxiously round, to make out who +was talking. + +Alice could see, as well as if she were looking over their shoulders, +that all the jurors were writing down ‘stupid things!’ on their slates, +and she could even make out that one of them didn’t know how to spell +‘stupid,’ and that he had to ask his neighbour to tell him. ‘A nice +muddle their slates’ll be in before the trial’s over!’ thought Alice. + +One of the jurors had a pencil that squeaked. This of course, Alice +could not stand, and she went round the court and got behind him, and +very soon found an opportunity of taking it away. She did it so quickly +that the poor little juror (it was Bill, the Lizard) could not make out +at all what had become of it; so, after hunting all about for it, he was +obliged to write with one finger for the rest of the day; and this was +of very little use, as it left no mark on the slate. + +‘Herald, read the accusation!’ said the King. + +On this the White Rabbit blew three blasts on the trumpet, and then +unrolled the parchment scroll, and read as follows:-- + + ‘The Queen of Hearts, she made some tarts, + All on a summer day: + The Knave of Hearts, he stole those tarts, + And took them quite away!’ + +‘Consider your verdict,’ the King said to the jury. + +‘Not yet, not yet!’ the Rabbit hastily interrupted. ‘There’s a great +deal to come before that!’ + +‘Call the first witness,’ said the King; and the White Rabbit blew three +blasts on the trumpet, and called out, ‘First witness!’ + +The first witness was the Hatter. He came in with a teacup in one +hand and a piece of bread-and-butter in the other. ‘I beg pardon, your +Majesty,’ he began, ‘for bringing these in: but I hadn’t quite finished +my tea when I was sent for.’ + +‘You ought to have finished,’ said the King. ‘When did you begin?’ + +The Hatter looked at the March Hare, who had followed him into the +court, arm-in-arm with the Dormouse. ‘Fourteenth of March, I think it +was,’ he said. + +‘Fifteenth,’ said the March Hare. + +‘Sixteenth,’ added the Dormouse. + +‘Write that down,’ the King said to the jury, and the jury eagerly +wrote down all three dates on their slates, and then added them up, and +reduced the answer to shillings and pence. + +‘Take off your hat,’ the King said to the Hatter. + +‘It isn’t mine,’ said the Hatter. + +‘Stolen!’ the King exclaimed, turning to the jury, who instantly made a +memorandum of the fact. + +‘I keep them to sell,’ the Hatter added as an explanation; ‘I’ve none of +my own. I’m a hatter.’ + +Here the Queen put on her spectacles, and began staring at the Hatter, +who turned pale and fidgeted. + +‘Give your evidence,’ said the King; ‘and don’t be nervous, or I’ll have +you executed on the spot.’ + +This did not seem to encourage the witness at all: he kept shifting +from one foot to the other, looking uneasily at the Queen, and in +his confusion he bit a large piece out of his teacup instead of the +bread-and-butter. + +Just at this moment Alice felt a very curious sensation, which puzzled +her a good deal until she made out what it was: she was beginning to +grow larger again, and she thought at first she would get up and leave +the court; but on second thoughts she decided to remain where she was as +long as there was room for her. + +‘I wish you wouldn’t squeeze so.’ said the Dormouse, who was sitting +next to her. ‘I can hardly breathe.’ + +‘I can’t help it,’ said Alice very meekly: ‘I’m growing.’ + +‘You’ve no right to grow here,’ said the Dormouse. + +‘Don’t talk nonsense,’ said Alice more boldly: ‘you know you’re growing +too.’ + +‘Yes, but I grow at a reasonable pace,’ said the Dormouse: ‘not in that +ridiculous fashion.’ And he got up very sulkily and crossed over to the +other side of the court. + +All this time the Queen had never left off staring at the Hatter, and, +just as the Dormouse crossed the court, she said to one of the officers +of the court, ‘Bring me the list of the singers in the last concert!’ on +which the wretched Hatter trembled so, that he shook both his shoes off. + +‘Give your evidence,’ the King repeated angrily, ‘or I’ll have you +executed, whether you’re nervous or not.’ + +‘I’m a poor man, your Majesty,’ the Hatter began, in a trembling voice, +‘--and I hadn’t begun my tea--not above a week or so--and what with the +bread-and-butter getting so thin--and the twinkling of the tea--’ + +‘The twinkling of the what?’ said the King. + +‘It began with the tea,’ the Hatter replied. + +‘Of course twinkling begins with a T!’ said the King sharply. ‘Do you +take me for a dunce? Go on!’ + +‘I’m a poor man,’ the Hatter went on, ‘and most things twinkled after +that--only the March Hare said--’ + +‘I didn’t!’ the March Hare interrupted in a great hurry. + +‘You did!’ said the Hatter. + +‘I deny it!’ said the March Hare. + +‘He denies it,’ said the King: ‘leave out that part.’ + +‘Well, at any rate, the Dormouse said--’ the Hatter went on, looking +anxiously round to see if he would deny it too: but the Dormouse denied +nothing, being fast asleep. + +‘After that,’ continued the Hatter, ‘I cut some more bread-and-butter--’ + +‘But what did the Dormouse say?’ one of the jury asked. + +‘That I can’t remember,’ said the Hatter. + +‘You MUST remember,’ remarked the King, ‘or I’ll have you executed.’ + +The miserable Hatter dropped his teacup and bread-and-butter, and went +down on one knee. ‘I’m a poor man, your Majesty,’ he began. + +‘You’re a very poor speaker,’ said the King. + +Here one of the guinea-pigs cheered, and was immediately suppressed by +the officers of the court. (As that is rather a hard word, I will just +explain to you how it was done. They had a large canvas bag, which tied +up at the mouth with strings: into this they slipped the guinea-pig, +head first, and then sat upon it.) + +‘I’m glad I’ve seen that done,’ thought Alice. ‘I’ve so often read +in the newspapers, at the end of trials, “There was some attempts +at applause, which was immediately suppressed by the officers of the +court,” and I never understood what it meant till now.’ + +‘If that’s all you know about it, you may stand down,’ continued the +King. + +‘I can’t go no lower,’ said the Hatter: ‘I’m on the floor, as it is.’ + +‘Then you may SIT down,’ the King replied. + +Here the other guinea-pig cheered, and was suppressed. + +‘Come, that finished the guinea-pigs!’ thought Alice. ‘Now we shall get +on better.’ + +‘I’d rather finish my tea,’ said the Hatter, with an anxious look at the +Queen, who was reading the list of singers. + +‘You may go,’ said the King, and the Hatter hurriedly left the court, +without even waiting to put his shoes on. + +‘--and just take his head off outside,’ the Queen added to one of the +officers: but the Hatter was out of sight before the officer could get +to the door. + +‘Call the next witness!’ said the King. + +The next witness was the Duchess’s cook. She carried the pepper-box in +her hand, and Alice guessed who it was, even before she got into the +court, by the way the people near the door began sneezing all at once. + +‘Give your evidence,’ said the King. + +‘Shan’t,’ said the cook. + +The King looked anxiously at the White Rabbit, who said in a low voice, +‘Your Majesty must cross-examine THIS witness.’ + +‘Well, if I must, I must,’ the King said, with a melancholy air, and, +after folding his arms and frowning at the cook till his eyes were +nearly out of sight, he said in a deep voice, ‘What are tarts made of?’ + +‘Pepper, mostly,’ said the cook. + +‘Treacle,’ said a sleepy voice behind her. + +‘Collar that Dormouse,’ the Queen shrieked out. ‘Behead that Dormouse! +Turn that Dormouse out of court! Suppress him! Pinch him! Off with his +whiskers!’ + +For some minutes the whole court was in confusion, getting the Dormouse +turned out, and, by the time they had settled down again, the cook had +disappeared. + +‘Never mind!’ said the King, with an air of great relief. ‘Call the next +witness.’ And he added in an undertone to the Queen, ‘Really, my dear, +YOU must cross-examine the next witness. It quite makes my forehead +ache!’ + +Alice watched the White Rabbit as he fumbled over the list, feeling very +curious to see what the next witness would be like, ‘--for they haven’t +got much evidence YET,’ she said to herself. Imagine her surprise, when +the White Rabbit read out, at the top of his shrill little voice, the +name ‘Alice!’ + + + + +CHAPTER XII. Alice’s Evidence + + +‘Here!’ cried Alice, quite forgetting in the flurry of the moment how +large she had grown in the last few minutes, and she jumped up in such +a hurry that she tipped over the jury-box with the edge of her skirt, +upsetting all the jurymen on to the heads of the crowd below, and there +they lay sprawling about, reminding her very much of a globe of goldfish +she had accidentally upset the week before. + +‘Oh, I BEG your pardon!’ she exclaimed in a tone of great dismay, and +began picking them up again as quickly as she could, for the accident of +the goldfish kept running in her head, and she had a vague sort of idea +that they must be collected at once and put back into the jury-box, or +they would die. + +‘The trial cannot proceed,’ said the King in a very grave voice, ‘until +all the jurymen are back in their proper places--ALL,’ he repeated with +great emphasis, looking hard at Alice as he said do. + +Alice looked at the jury-box, and saw that, in her haste, she had put +the Lizard in head downwards, and the poor little thing was waving its +tail about in a melancholy way, being quite unable to move. She soon got +it out again, and put it right; ‘not that it signifies much,’ she said +to herself; ‘I should think it would be QUITE as much use in the trial +one way up as the other.’ + +As soon as the jury had a little recovered from the shock of being +upset, and their slates and pencils had been found and handed back to +them, they set to work very diligently to write out a history of the +accident, all except the Lizard, who seemed too much overcome to do +anything but sit with its mouth open, gazing up into the roof of the +court. + +‘What do you know about this business?’ the King said to Alice. + +‘Nothing,’ said Alice. + +‘Nothing WHATEVER?’ persisted the King. + +‘Nothing whatever,’ said Alice. + +‘That’s very important,’ the King said, turning to the jury. They were +just beginning to write this down on their slates, when the White Rabbit +interrupted: ‘UNimportant, your Majesty means, of course,’ he said in a +very respectful tone, but frowning and making faces at him as he spoke. + +‘UNimportant, of course, I meant,’ the King hastily said, and went on +to himself in an undertone, + +‘important--unimportant--unimportant--important--’ as if he were trying +which word sounded best. + +Some of the jury wrote it down ‘important,’ and some ‘unimportant.’ +Alice could see this, as she was near enough to look over their slates; +‘but it doesn’t matter a bit,’ she thought to herself. + +At this moment the King, who had been for some time busily writing in +his note-book, cackled out ‘Silence!’ and read out from his book, ‘Rule +Forty-two. ALL PERSONS MORE THAN A MILE HIGH TO LEAVE THE COURT.’ + +Everybody looked at Alice. + +‘I’M not a mile high,’ said Alice. + +‘You are,’ said the King. + +‘Nearly two miles high,’ added the Queen. + +‘Well, I shan’t go, at any rate,’ said Alice: ‘besides, that’s not a +regular rule: you invented it just now.’ + +‘It’s the oldest rule in the book,’ said the King. + +‘Then it ought to be Number One,’ said Alice. + +The King turned pale, and shut his note-book hastily. ‘Consider your +verdict,’ he said to the jury, in a low, trembling voice. + +‘There’s more evidence to come yet, please your Majesty,’ said the White +Rabbit, jumping up in a great hurry; ‘this paper has just been picked +up.’ + +‘What’s in it?’ said the Queen. + +‘I haven’t opened it yet,’ said the White Rabbit, ‘but it seems to be a +letter, written by the prisoner to--to somebody.’ + +‘It must have been that,’ said the King, ‘unless it was written to +nobody, which isn’t usual, you know.’ + +‘Who is it directed to?’ said one of the jurymen. + +‘It isn’t directed at all,’ said the White Rabbit; ‘in fact, there’s +nothing written on the OUTSIDE.’ He unfolded the paper as he spoke, and +added ‘It isn’t a letter, after all: it’s a set of verses.’ + +‘Are they in the prisoner’s handwriting?’ asked another of the jurymen. + +‘No, they’re not,’ said the White Rabbit, ‘and that’s the queerest thing +about it.’ (The jury all looked puzzled.) + +‘He must have imitated somebody else’s hand,’ said the King. (The jury +all brightened up again.) + +‘Please your Majesty,’ said the Knave, ‘I didn’t write it, and they +can’t prove I did: there’s no name signed at the end.’ + +‘If you didn’t sign it,’ said the King, ‘that only makes the matter +worse. You MUST have meant some mischief, or else you’d have signed your +name like an honest man.’ + +There was a general clapping of hands at this: it was the first really +clever thing the King had said that day. + +‘That PROVES his guilt,’ said the Queen. + +‘It proves nothing of the sort!’ said Alice. ‘Why, you don’t even know +what they’re about!’ + +‘Read them,’ said the King. + +The White Rabbit put on his spectacles. ‘Where shall I begin, please +your Majesty?’ he asked. + +‘Begin at the beginning,’ the King said gravely, ‘and go on till you +come to the end: then stop.’ + +These were the verses the White Rabbit read:-- + + ‘They told me you had been to her, + And mentioned me to him: + She gave me a good character, + But said I could not swim. + + He sent them word I had not gone + (We know it to be true): + If she should push the matter on, + What would become of you? + + I gave her one, they gave him two, + You gave us three or more; + They all returned from him to you, + Though they were mine before. + + If I or she should chance to be + Involved in this affair, + He trusts to you to set them free, + Exactly as we were. + + My notion was that you had been + (Before she had this fit) + An obstacle that came between + Him, and ourselves, and it. + + Don’t let him know she liked them best, + For this must ever be + A secret, kept from all the rest, + Between yourself and me.’ + +‘That’s the most important piece of evidence we’ve heard yet,’ said the +King, rubbing his hands; ‘so now let the jury--’ + +‘If any one of them can explain it,’ said Alice, (she had grown so large +in the last few minutes that she wasn’t a bit afraid of interrupting +him,) ‘I’ll give him sixpence. _I_ don’t believe there’s an atom of +meaning in it.’ + +The jury all wrote down on their slates, ‘SHE doesn’t believe there’s an +atom of meaning in it,’ but none of them attempted to explain the paper. + +‘If there’s no meaning in it,’ said the King, ‘that saves a world of +trouble, you know, as we needn’t try to find any. And yet I don’t know,’ +he went on, spreading out the verses on his knee, and looking at them +with one eye; ‘I seem to see some meaning in them, after all. “--SAID +I COULD NOT SWIM--” you can’t swim, can you?’ he added, turning to the +Knave. + +The Knave shook his head sadly. ‘Do I look like it?’ he said. (Which he +certainly did NOT, being made entirely of cardboard.) + +‘All right, so far,’ said the King, and he went on muttering over +the verses to himself: ‘“WE KNOW IT TO BE TRUE--” that’s the jury, of +course--“I GAVE HER ONE, THEY GAVE HIM TWO--” why, that must be what he +did with the tarts, you know--’ + +‘But, it goes on “THEY ALL RETURNED FROM HIM TO YOU,”’ said Alice. + +‘Why, there they are!’ said the King triumphantly, pointing to the tarts +on the table. ‘Nothing can be clearer than THAT. Then again--“BEFORE SHE +HAD THIS FIT--” you never had fits, my dear, I think?’ he said to the +Queen. + +‘Never!’ said the Queen furiously, throwing an inkstand at the Lizard +as she spoke. (The unfortunate little Bill had left off writing on his +slate with one finger, as he found it made no mark; but he now hastily +began again, using the ink, that was trickling down his face, as long as +it lasted.) + +‘Then the words don’t FIT you,’ said the King, looking round the court +with a smile. There was a dead silence. + +‘It’s a pun!’ the King added in an offended tone, and everybody laughed, +‘Let the jury consider their verdict,’ the King said, for about the +twentieth time that day. + +‘No, no!’ said the Queen. ‘Sentence first--verdict afterwards.’ + +‘Stuff and nonsense!’ said Alice loudly. ‘The idea of having the +sentence first!’ + +‘Hold your tongue!’ said the Queen, turning purple. + +‘I won’t!’ said Alice. + +‘Off with her head!’ the Queen shouted at the top of her voice. Nobody +moved. + +‘Who cares for you?’ said Alice, (she had grown to her full size by this +time.) ‘You’re nothing but a pack of cards!’ + +At this the whole pack rose up into the air, and came flying down upon +her: she gave a little scream, half of fright and half of anger, and +tried to beat them off, and found herself lying on the bank, with her +head in the lap of her sister, who was gently brushing away some dead +leaves that had fluttered down from the trees upon her face. + +‘Wake up, Alice dear!’ said her sister; ‘Why, what a long sleep you’ve +had!’ + +‘Oh, I’ve had such a curious dream!’ said Alice, and she told her +sister, as well as she could remember them, all these strange Adventures +of hers that you have just been reading about; and when she had +finished, her sister kissed her, and said, ‘It WAS a curious dream, +dear, certainly: but now run in to your tea; it’s getting late.’ So +Alice got up and ran off, thinking while she ran, as well she might, +what a wonderful dream it had been. + +But her sister sat still just as she left her, leaning her head on her +hand, watching the setting sun, and thinking of little Alice and all her +wonderful Adventures, till she too began dreaming after a fashion, and +this was her dream:-- + +First, she dreamed of little Alice herself, and once again the tiny +hands were clasped upon her knee, and the bright eager eyes were looking +up into hers--she could hear the very tones of her voice, and see that +queer little toss of her head to keep back the wandering hair that +WOULD always get into her eyes--and still as she listened, or seemed to +listen, the whole place around her became alive with the strange creatures +of her little sister’s dream. + +The long grass rustled at her feet as the White Rabbit hurried by--the +frightened Mouse splashed his way through the neighbouring pool--she +could hear the rattle of the teacups as the March Hare and his friends +shared their never-ending meal, and the shrill voice of the Queen +ordering off her unfortunate guests to execution--once more the pig-baby +was sneezing on the Duchess’s knee, while plates and dishes crashed +around it--once more the shriek of the Gryphon, the squeaking of the +Lizard’s slate-pencil, and the choking of the suppressed guinea-pigs, +filled the air, mixed up with the distant sobs of the miserable Mock +Turtle. + +So she sat on, with closed eyes, and half believed herself in +Wonderland, though she knew she had but to open them again, and all +would change to dull reality--the grass would be only rustling in the +wind, and the pool rippling to the waving of the reeds--the rattling +teacups would change to tinkling sheep-bells, and the Queen’s shrill +cries to the voice of the shepherd boy--and the sneeze of the baby, the +shriek of the Gryphon, and all the other queer noises, would change (she +knew) to the confused clamour of the busy farm-yard--while the lowing +of the cattle in the distance would take the place of the Mock Turtle’s +heavy sobs. + +Lastly, she pictured to herself how this same little sister of hers +would, in the after-time, be herself a grown woman; and how she would +keep, through all her riper years, the simple and loving heart of her +childhood: and how she would gather about her other little children, and +make THEIR eyes bright and eager with many a strange tale, perhaps even +with the dream of Wonderland of long ago: and how she would feel with +all their simple sorrows, and find a pleasure in all their simple joys, +remembering her own child-life, and the happy summer days. + + THE END + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, by Lewis Carroll + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALICE’S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND *** + +***** This file should be named 11-0.txt or 11-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/11/ + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Utf8String/Greek.txt b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Utf8String/Greek.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6adaa376fa9 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Utf8String/Greek.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2542 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Prometheus Bound, by Aeschylus + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Prometheus Bound + +Author: Aeschylus + +Translator: Ioannis Zervos + +Release Date: March 24, 2012 [EBook #39251] + +Language: Greek + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PROMETHEUS BOUND *** + + + + +Produced by Sophia Canoni + + + + +Note: The tonic system has been changed from polytonic to +monotonic. The spelling of the book has not been changed +otherwise. + +Σημείωση: Το τονικό σύστημα έχει αλλάξει από πολυτονικό σε +μονοτονικό. Κατά τα άλλα έχει διατηρηθεί η ορθογραφία του βιβλίου. + + +ΒΙΒΛΙΟΘΗΚΗ ΦΕΞΗ +ΑΡΧΑΙΩΝ ΕΛΛΗΝΩΝ ΣΥΓΓΡΑΦΕΩΝ + +ΑΙΣΧΥΛΟΥ +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ ΔΕΣΜΩΤΗΣ + +ΜΕΤΑΦΡΑΣΙΣ +ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ ΖΕΡΒΟΥ + +ΕΝ ΑΘΗΝΑΙΣ + +ΕΚΔΟΤΙΚΟΣ ΟΙΚΟΣ ΓΕΩΡΓΙΟΥ Δ. ΦΕΞΗ +1912 + +ΒΑΣΙΛΙΚΟΝ ΤΥΠΟΓΡΑΦΕΙΟΝ Ν. ΧΙΩΤΗ — ΑΘΗΝΑΙ, ΟΔΟΣ ΓΛΑΔΣΤΩΝΟΣ 4 + + + +ΥΠΟΘΕΣΙΣ + + + +Από την θαυμαστήν τριλογίαν του Αισχύλου «Προμηθεύς» μας +σώζεται μόνον το δεύτερον μέρος, ήτοι ο «Προμηθεύς δεσμώτης». — +Πρώτον μέρος ήτο ο «Πυρφόρος Προμηθεύς» και τρίτον ο «Προμηθεύς +λυόμενος». + +Φαίνεται δε η τριλογία αυτή να είναι από τα τελευταία έργα του +μεγίστου τραγικού, διότι εις το σωζόμενον δεύτερον μέρος της +υποφαίνεται η εισαγωγή τρίτου υποκριτού, ήτοι ο θεμελιώδης +νεωτερισμός, τον οποίον έφερεν εις το θέατρον ο Αισχύλος. + +Ο Προμηθεύς δεν έχει θέμα από την ιστορικήν παράδοσιν, αλλ' από +την θρησκευτικήν των Ελλήνων μυθολογίαν, παρουσιάζεται δε ο +ήρως του έργου μάλλον ως αιώνιον σύμβολον παρά ως εκπροσώπησις +ενός πάθους ή καιρικών συνθηκών — όμοιος με τον Προμηθέα της +Ησιοδείου Κοσμογονίας, ήτοι βοηθός της ανθρωπίνης σκέψεως και +ενεργείας, ανώτερος δε μάλιστα εις τον Αισχύλον παρ' ό,τι +ευρίσκεται εις τον Ησίοδον, διότι δυνατώτερα παρουσιάζεται η +αιωνία πάλη μεταξύ της φύσεως και του ανθρώπου και τραγικώτατα +φαίνεται η κακή μοίρα κάθε υπερτέρας και φιλανθρώπου διανοίας. + +Ο Προμηθεύς, ένας από τους Τιτάνας, ισχυρός και μετά την +καταστροφήν των άλλων Τιτάνων και την επικράτησιν του Διός, +διότι υπήρξε φίλος αυτού και βοηθός εις τον αγώνα, +παρουσιάζεται μεγάλος φίλος των ανθρώπων. Τους διδάσκει τας +τέχνας και τρόπους διά να καλυτερεύσουν την αθλίαν ζωήν των, +αποκρύπτει απ' αυτούς την φροντίδα και την πρόγνωσιν του +θανάτου, διά να ζουν ευδαιμονέστεροι και τέλος, υπερβαίνων το +μέτρον των αγαθών, τα οποία οι θεοί έταξαν διά τους ανθρώπους, +τους χαρίζει το πυρ, κλέψας αυτό από την κάμινον του Ηφαίστου. +Διά την πράξιν του όμως αυτήν οι θεοί οργίζονται εναντίον του +και ο Ζευς αποφασίζει την καταδίκην του. + +Έως εδώ ετελείωνε το πρώτον της τριλογίας δράμα, ο «Πυρφόρος +Προμηθεύς». + +Κατάδικος ο Προμηθεύς, μισητός από τους θεούς, απάγεται εις τον +Καύκασον υπό των εκτελεστών της θεϊκής αποφάσεως, το Κράτος, +την Βίαν και τον Ήφαιστον, τον μόνον που συμπονεί διά τα δεινά +του. Και απ' εδώ αρχίζει το δεύτερον δράμα, ο «Προμηθεύς +δεσμώτης». — Εκεί, επάνω εις απόκρημνον βράχον, ο Ήφαιστος με +θλίψιν του καρφώνει ορθόν τον φιλάνθρωπον Τιτάνα, δένοντάς τον +με δεσμά ακατάλυτα, δια να έρχεται ο αετός του Διός να του +κατατρώγη καθημέραν το ήπαρ. Και εκεί, ενώ θρηνεί ο Προμηθεύς +και διαμαρτύρεται, έρχονται αι Ωκεανίδες νύμφαι να τον +παρηγορήσουν, ο πατήρ Ωκεανός να τον συμβουλεύση, πρόθυμος να +τον βοηθήση, και ο Ερμής διά να τον χλευάση και να τον +απειλήση, ώστε να κάμψη την αγερωχίαν αυτού. Αλλά ο Προμηθεύς +αταπείνωτος, προλέγει δια το μέλλον τον εκθρονισμόν του Διός +και κρατεί κρυφόν το περί τούτο μάντευμα, που το είχεν ακούσει +από την Θέμιδα, την μητέρα του. Προτιμά να κατακεραυνωθή και να +ριφθή εις τα Τάρταρα, παρά να φανερώση την πρόρρησιν πριν τον +ελευθερώση ο Ζευς. Και το μοιραίον τέλος της αγερωχίας προς +τους θεούς επέρχεται• η κατακεραύνωσις του Προμηθέως, δια να +υποστή κατόπιν αυτός άλλας μεγαλυτέρας βασάνους, είναι το τέλος +του δευτέρου μέρους της τριλογίας. + +Η απολύτρωσις του Προμηθέως από τον Ηρακλή κατά συγκατάβασιν +του Διός και πιθανότατα η κατόπιν της θεϊκής επιεικείας υποταγή +του Τιτάνος εις τον Δία, τον εκπρόσωπον της Θείας Βουλής, +απετέλουν το τρίτον δράμα, ήτοι την ομαλήν και κατά το +ανθρώπινον αίσθημα λύσιν της όλης τριλογίας, σύμφωνα με τους +κανόνας της αρχαίας τραγωδίας. + +Αυτή περιληπτικώς είναι η υπόθεσις του Προμηθέως, που βέβαια +ήτο εις την αρχαιότητα και μένει έως σήμερον το πλέον γενικόν, +το πλέον συμβολικόν και το πλέον μεγαλήγορον δράμα όλων όσα +ποτέ εγράφησαν. +$$I. Ζ. + +Τα πρόσωπα της τραγωδίας + +ΚΡΑΤΟΣ και ΒΙΑ (προσωποποίησις) +ΗΦΑΙΣΤΟΣ +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ +ΧΟΡΟΣ ΩΚΕΑΝΙΔΩΝ (ΝΥΜΦΩΝ) +ΩΚΕΑΝΟΣ +ΙΩ η ΙΝΑΧΟΥ +ΕΡΜΗΣ + + + +ΑΙΣΧΥΛΟΥ + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ ΔΕΣΜΩΤΗΣ + + + +ΚΡΑΤΟΣ + +Σε απόμακρο πλέον εφθάσαμε της γης τόπο, +σε Σκυθικήν απάτητη κ' έρημη χώρα. +Και τώρα εσύ Ήφαιστε να γνοιασθής πρέπει +της προσταγές όσες εσέ ο πατέρας έχει δώση, +τον κακούργο αυτόν εδώ επάνω σε βράχους +ψηλόκρημνους μ' άσπαστες να τον καρφώσης +αλυσίδες διαμαντοδεμένες. Γιατί τον δικό σου +τον ανθό, της μυριότεχνης φωτιάς σου +τη λάμψι κλέβοντας, αυτός εδώρησέ την +στους θνητούς• ώστε γι' αυτό του εδώ το κρίμα +στους θεούς χρέος είναι αντίποινα να δώση +για να μάθη του Διός την εξουσία να στρέγη +και τη φιλάνθρωπη γνώμη του να παραιτήση. + +ΗΦΑΙΣΤΟΣ + +Κράτος και Βία, για σας του Διός φθάνει +η προσταγή και τίποτα δεν σας μποδίζει. +Όμως εμένα δεν μου βαστά η καρδιά μου• +με το ζόρι θεό συγγενικό μας να τον δέσω +σε βράχο κακοφούρτουνο. Αλλ' ανάγκη +είτ' έτσι είτ' αλλοιώς εγώ παίρνοντας θάρρος +σε τούτα να καταπιαστώ. Γιατ' είναι +βαρύ τον λόγο ν' αψηφάμε του πατέρα. +Της ορθόγνωμης Θέτιδος γυιέ υψηλογνώστη, +άθελά μου άθελον εσέ πρέπει να καρφώσω +με αλυσίδες ασύντριφτες πάνω σε τούτο +το έρημο απ' ανθρώπους πετροβούνι, +όπου ποτέ σου ουδέ φωνή ουδ' όψι ανθρώπου +θα ιδής και τ' άνθος της μορφής θ' αλλάξης +απ' του ήλιου τη λαμπρή φλόγα κτυπημένος, +έτσι που ευχάριστη θα σου είναι η νύχτα, +η πλουμιδόστολη, το φως να σου αποκρύβη. +Κι' ο ήλιος το δροσόπαγο θα σκορπάη πάλι. +Κ' έτσι πάντα θα γίνεται. Κ' εσένα ο πόνος +του κακού ολοένα θα σε τρώη, γιατί ακόμη +δεν έχει γεννηθή ο άξιος να στο ελαφρώση. +Τέτοια σ' ευρήκαν για την αγάπη των ανθρώπων. +Γιατί θεός εσύ, για των θεών μη έχοντας φόβο +την όργιτα, παράδωκες εις τους ανθρώπους +περσότερες τιμές απ' ό,τι ωρίσθη. +Γι' αυτό και τον άχαρο θα φυλάς βράχο τούτο +ορθόστητος και αγονάτιστος και δίχως ύπνο• +κι' ανώφελα πολλούς θρήνους και γόους θα φωνάζης. +Γιατί του Δία ο νους δύσκολα αλλάζει γνώμη, +κι' ο νειόφερτος στην εξουσία πάντα σκληρός είναι. + +ΚΡΑΤΟΣ + +Έτσι ας είναι. Τι χρονίζεις όμως και του κάκου +θλίβεσαι γι' αυτόν; Και τι δεν καταριέσαι +τον μισητότατον απ' τους θεούς θεόν ετούτον, +που το αγαθό σου δόλια επρόδωκεν εις τους ανθρώπους; + +ΗΦΑΙΣΤΟΣ + +Στη συγγένεια βαρυταίριαχτ' είναι η δικαιοσύνη. + +ΚΡΑΤΟΣ + +Σύμφωνος είμαι. Αλλά το λόγο του πατέρα +πώς είναι δυνατό να παρακούσης; +Τούτο περσότερο δεν το φοβάσαι; + +ΗΦΑΙΣΤΟΣ + +Πάντα εσύ άσπλαχνος κι' άγριος είσαι. + +ΚΡΑΤΟΣ + +Σε τίποτε δεν ωφελεί θρήνος για τούτον. +Και για τ' ανώφελα μάταιος είν' ο κόπος. + +ΗΦΑΙΣΤΟΣ + +Ω εσύ πολυμίσητη των χεριών μου τέχνη. + +ΚΡΑΤΟΣ + +Τι οκνεύεις; Των τωρινών ετούτων πόνων +αιτία δεν είν' η τέχνη σου, να στο πω έτσι. + +ΗΦΑΙΣΤΟΣ + +Όμως αυτή ενός άλλου ας είχε λάχει κλήρος. + +ΚΡΑΤΟΣ + +Όλα μελλάμενα μας είναι, εξόν μονάχα +τους θεούς να ορίζουμε, κι' άλλος κανένας +ελεύθερος δεν είναι εκτός ο Δίας. + +ΗΦΑΙΣΤΟΣ + +Γνωρίζω το και δεν μπορώ ν' αντιλογήσω. + +ΚΡΑΤΟΣ + +Δεν καταπιάνεσαι λοιπόν αυτόν να δέσης +εις τα δεσμά, μη σε νοιώση να οκνεύης ο πατέρας; + +ΗΦΑΙΣΤΟΣ + +Νά, μπροστά σου ιδές της χειροπέδες. + +ΚΡΑΤΟΣ + +Στα χέρια του βάνοντάς τες δυνατά και στέρεα +κτύπα με το σφυρί και κάρφωσ' τα στο βράχο. + +ΗΦΑΙΣΤΟΣ + +Τελειώνει όπου και νάν' και δεν αργεί το έργο τούτο. + +ΚΡΑΤΟΣ + +Πιότερο χτύπα, σφίγγε και χαλαρωμένα +τα δεσμά πούπετα μην αφήνης. Γιατί άξιος είναι +και στα πλέον αμήχανα γλυτωμό ναύρη. + +ΗΦΑΙΣΤΟΣ + +Ατράνταχτα είναι αυτός ο ώμος δεμένος. + +ΚΡΑΤΟΣ + +Και τον άλλο κάρφωσ' τον τώρ' ασφαλισμένα, +να μάθη ο δόλιος πως είν' αδεξιώτερος του Δία. + +ΗΦΑΙΣΤΟΣ + +Εξόν αυτός άλλος δεν δύναται κανένας +δίκηο παράπονο να έχη μαζί μου. + +ΚΡΑΤΟΣ + +Τώρα με σφήνας αδαμάντινης μυτερό δόντι +κάρφωσ' του δυνατά τα στήθη πέρα ως πέρα. + +ΗΦΑΙΣΤΟΣ + +Αχ, για τους πόνους σου, Προμηθέα, στενάζω. + +ΚΡΑΤΟΣ + +Και πάλι οκνεύεις συ και για του Δία +τους εχθρούς στενάζεις; Κύτταξε μη λάχη +να λυπηθής τον εαυτό σου καμμιά μέρα. + +ΗΦΑΙΣΤΟΣ + +Δεν βλέπεις θέαμα κακοθώρητο στα μάτια; + +ΚΡΑΤΟΣ + +Βλέπω να λαμβάνη αυτός όσα του αξίζουν. +Όμως τα δεσμά βάλε του στα πλευρά γύρω. + +ΗΦΑΙΣΤΟΣ + +Κι' αυτό να πράξω θέλω. Μη πολυπροστάζης. + +ΚΡΑΤΟΣ + +Να μην προστάζω; Και με κραυγές ακόμα +θα σου φωνάξω εγώ. Προχώρα κάτω +και στα δεσμά τα σκέλη δέσμεψέ του. + +ΗΦΑΙΣΤΟΣ + +Και τούτο εγίνηκε με λίγο κόπο. + +ΚΡΑΤΟΣ + +Των ποδιών τώρα τα σίδερα δυνατά χτύπα, +γιατ' άγριος είναι τός που επρόσταξε το έργο. + +ΗΦΑΙΣΤΟΣ + +Άγρια όμοια είν' η γλώσσα σου με τη μορφή σου. + +ΚΡΑΤΟΣ + +Ας είσαι μαλακός εσύ, και τη δική μου +την αγριότη και την όργιτά μου +την τραχειά μη μου χτυπάς εμένα. + +ΗΦΑΙΣΤΟΣ + +Πάμε• έχει πια δίχτυ γύρω στο κορμί του. + +ΚΡΑΤΟΣ + +Εδώ τώρ' αυθαδίαζε και τα καλά +των θεών κλέβοντας στους θεούς δίνε. +Σε τι τάχα οι θνητοί μπορούν να σ' ελαφρώσουν; +Οι Θεοί ψεύτικα Προμηθέα εσέ ονομάζουν• +χρειάζετ' εσέ του ίδιου κάποιος Προμηθέας +να μηχανευθή απ' αυτά τα δεσμά να σε λυτρώση. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Ω αιθέρα θείε κι' ω εσείς πνοές +γοργόφτερες κι' ω ποταμιών πηγές +κι' ω αναρίθμητο γέλιο των κυμάτων +του πόντου κι' ω των όλων μητέρα γη• +και τον στέφανο του ήλιου π' όλα θωρεί +κι' αυτόν καλώ διάδικο• ιδέστε όσα εγώ +δεινά, θεός όντας, από θεούς τραβώ• +ιδέστε από τι μαρτύρια σπαραγμένος +τον άμετρο χρόνο θα διαβαίνω. +Τέτοια ο νέος ηγεμόνας των θεών +άπρεπα εσκέφθη δεσμά για μένα. +Γι' αυτό και για το μελλάμενο κακό, ωιμένα, +στενάζω, πότε τάχα θάρθη μια μέρα +να δώση τέλος σ' αυτά τα βάσανά μου. +Όμως τι λέγω σου• όλα όσα μέλλονται γνωρίζω +ένα προς ένα κι αναπάντεχο κακό κανένα +δεν θα με πλήξη. Τα που η μοίρα έχει τάξει +πρέπει να δέχεται ατάραχα όποιος ξέρει +πως της ανάγκης η εξουσία ανίκητ' είναι. +Αλλ' ούτε να σιωπήσω κι' ούτε να μη σιωπήσω +τα δεινά μου αυτά δύναμαι, που για να δώσω +δώρα στους θνητούς ο άτυχος αυτά έχω πάθει. +Σαν κυνηγός μες σε κούφιο ξύλο επήρα +πηγή κλεμμένη της φωτιάς, αυτής που είναι κάθε τέχνης +διδάσκαλος στους θνητούς και ζωής τρόπος. +Τέτοιο της αμαρτίας μου αυτής πληρώνω +αντίποινο, σε τόπο ουρανοσκέπαστο δεμένος +μ' αλυσίδες. Όμως ποιος ήχος, τι οσμή έχει φθάσει +ως εδώ, αφανέρωτη πετώντας• τι να είναι +από θεούς ή από θνητούς ή μαζί κι' απ' τους δυο; +Τάχα κανείς στης γης την άκρη, σ' αυτόν το βράχο +ήρθε να ιδή τα βάσανά μου; ή τίποτε άλλο +ζητώντας ήρθε; Ιδέστε με θεό αλυσοδεμένο +τον άμοιρο που τόσο τον εχθρεύθη +ο Δίας κ' οι θεοί τον μίσησαν όλοι, +αυτοί που συχνά βρίσκονται στα δώματα του Δία, +για τη μεγάλη αγάπη που είχα στους ανθρώπους. +Αλλοί! τι φτερούγισμα πουλιών ακούω πάλι +κοντά μου; κι' ο αιθέρας γλυκά βουίζει +από ελαφρό φτερών αχό• μέσ' στην ψυχή μου +φόβο βάνει καθετί που εδώ ζυγώνει. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Στροφή α'. + +Μη φοβάσαι• φιλικό σου είναι +το πλήθος μας που με άμιλλα φτερών ανέβη +ως τον βράχο αυτό, μόλις έμαθε τη γνώμη +του πατέρα• και γοργόπνοες οι αύρες +μ' εξεπροβόδησαν, γιατί ο αχός του χτύπου +του σιδήρου ως τα έγκατα έφθασε των άντρων +των δικών μου κ' έδιωξε τη δειλή εντροπή μου +που μ' εσυγκρατούσε• κι' αδέσμευτα έτσι +στο φτερωτό μου άρμα χύμιξα για νάρθω. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Αλλοίμονό μου! κι' αλλοί! +ω βλαστοί εσείς της πολύτεκνης Τηθύος +και κόρες εκείνου που γυροφέρνει όλη +τη γη μ' ένα ανύπνωτο ρέμμα, +κόρες του Ωκεανού πατέρα, +αγναντεύτε με κ' ιδέστε με εδώ πέρα +με τι δεσμά καρφωμένος στου βράχου +τα πιο ακρινά γκρεμά εγώ μένω +φρουρός σε αζήλευτη φρουρά να στέκω. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Αντιστροφή α'. + +Το βλέπω εγώ και καταχνιά στα μάτια +μεστή φόβου, πολυδάκρυτη, ω Προμηθέα, +μου ήρθε, όταν είδα στους βράχους τούτους +το κορμί σου να καρφώνεται σφιγμένο +στα δεσμά τ' αδαμάντινα, γιατί νέοι ηγεμόνες +την εξουσία του Ολύμπου έχουν και με νέους +νόμους ο Δίας παράνομα τώρα +εξουσιάζει, κι' ό,τι σεβαστό και μεγάλο +πριν ήτον, σε αφάνειαν άδοξη το ρίχνει. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Ω είθε στα έγκατα να μ' είχε πετάξει +της γης και στου Άδη του νεκροδέχτη +τον απέραντο Τάρταρο, με σκληρές αλυσίδες +δεμένον, π' ουδέ θεός ουδ' άλλος κανένας +να χαίρεται γι' αυτά εδώ τα δεινά μου! +Των ανέμων τώρα παιγνίδι έχω γίνει +και των εχθρών μου ο άμοιρος γίνηκα το περιγέλιο. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Στροφή β'. + +Ποιος απ' τους θεούς σκληρός είναι τόσο +που να χαίρεται στη συμφορά σου; Ποιος άλλος, +εξόν ο Δίας, δεν θλίβεται για τα δεινά σου; +Ακούραστα εκείνος θυμωμένος, με γνώμη +αλύγιστη, βασανίζει τ' ουρανού ένα τέκνο +κι' ουδέ θα πάψη πριν η καρδιά του +χορτάση ή πριν με κάποια τόλμη +την αδικόπαρτη εξουσία κανείς του πάρη. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Θα χρειασθή, των θεών ο βασιληάς εμένα, +κι' ας είν' τα μέλη μου απ' τα σκληρά δεσμά βασανισμένα, +θα χρειασθή τη νέαν απόφασι να δείξω, +την που τιμές και σκήπτρο θα του αρπάξη. +Όμως με λόγια γλυκά και πειστικά αυτός τότε +δεν θα μπορέση να με σαγηνεύση, +ουδ' άγριες ποτέ θα φοβηθώ φοβέρες, +ώστε την νέαν αυτή απόφασι να καταδώσω, +πριχού απ' τα σκληρά δεσμά μου αυτά με λύση +και πριχού του μαρτυρίου μου θελήση +να πληρώση τ' αντίποινα ο ίδιος. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Αντιστροφή β'. + +Τολμηρός είσαι και απ' τα πικρά σου πάθη +διόλου δεν λυγίζεις νικημένος, +μόνο τολμηρά το στόμα ανοίγεις. +Μα εμένα την ψυχή μου φόβος +για σε κατέχει, πώς θα δυνηθής +λιμένα λυτρωμού να βρης +και πώς τέρμα θα ιδής των πόνων τούτων, +που αλύγιστ' είναι η γνώμη +του γυιού του Κρόνου κ' έχει +καρδιάν αμάλαχτη. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Ότι σκληρός ο Δίας είναι κι' ότι τον εαυτό του +έχει για νόμο το γνωρίζω, μα θα γίνη +μαλακός μια μέρα, όταν το χτύπημα θα λάβη +αυτό. Και τότε ταπεινώνοντας το σκληρό πείσμα +θα κλίνη τρέχοντας σ' αγάπη και φιλία +την προθυμία μου πληρώνοντας με προθυμία. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Με λόγο ξάστερο να μου εξηγήσης όλα^ +για ποιαν αιτία σ' έπιασε ο Δίας +κ' έτσι άπρεπα κι' άγρια σε βασανίζει• +'πές μας το, αν ο λόγος βλαβερός δεν σου είναι. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Πόνος για με να τα ιστορήσω και το ίδιο +πόνος να σιωπήσω• κ' έτσι κι' αλλέως είναι +δυστυχία. Αμέσως όταν οι θεοί την έχθρα +άρχισαν ανάμεσό τους κι' ανεφάνη μεταξύ τους +ο χωρισμός κι' άλλοι ήθελαν να πέση από το θρόνο +ο Κρόνος και νάναι βασιληάς ο Δίας +κι' άλλοι το ενάντιο, εξουσία αυτός ποτέ του +να μη λάβη, δεν δυνήθηκα εγώ τότε +να καταφέρω στη σωστή μου γνώμη τους Τιτάνες, +της Γης και τ' Ουρανού τα τέκνα, γιατί κάθε τρόπον +ήμερο αυτοί καταφρονώντας, ελογάριαζαν με βία +την εξουσία να λάβουν• όμως συχνά η μητέρα Θέμις +και Γαία, που μια με πολλά ονόματα είναι, +τα γραμμένα μου προμάντεψε, πως όχι +με βίαν αλλά με δόλ' ο νικητής θα λάβη +την εξουσία. Μα όσο κι' αν αυτά τους εξηγούσα, +δεν έστεργαν καθόλου να προσέξουν. +Και τότε απ' όλα πιο καλό ελόγιασα να πάρω +τη μητέρα και μαζί της να σταθώ στο πλάι +του Δία πρόθυμα. Κι' ομόγνωμα δικό του +και δικό μου βούλημα ήταν, να σκεπάση +του Ταρτάρου η σκοτεινή σπηλιά τον Κρόνο +τον πανάρχαιο μαζί μ' όλους τους δικούς του. +Κ' ενώ τέτοια καλά είχε από μένα ο ηγεμόνας +των θεών, πώς μ' ανταμείβει τώρα εσείς ιδέστε! +γιατί έτσι των βασιληάδων φυσικό είναι πάθος +στους φίλους τους δικούς των να μην έχουν πίστι. +Και τώρα το που με ρωτάτε, ποία είναι τάχα +η κατηγόρια που γι' αυτή με τιμωρεί, θα σας ξηγήσω. +Μόλις στον πατρικό του θρόνο ανέβη, αμέσως +δώρα στους θεούς έδωκε, άλλα στον καθένα, +κ' εμοίραζε σ' αυτούς το κράτος του κι' ουδένα +πόνον είχε για τους άμοιρους ανθρώπους, μόνο +εβουλήθη ολάκαιρο το γένος των να εξαφανίση +κι άλλο καινούργιο να φυτέψη. Και κανένας +σ' αυτά δεν αντεστάθη, εξόν εγώ, που μόνος +τόλμησα να λυτρώσω, τους θνητούς, μην όλοι +χαθούν και καταβούν στον Άδη• και για τούτο +τα βάσαν' αυτά μ' επλάκωσαν, που πόνο +γεμάτα είναι για με και δίνουν θλίψι εις τους άλλους. +Τους θνητούς γιατί ευσπλαχνίσθηκα δεν ηύρα +εγώ ευσπλαχνία, μόνον άσπλαχνα όπως βλέπεις +με κατάντησαν έτσι οι προσταγές του Δία. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Καρδιά θάχη από σίδερο +και θάχη πλασθή από πέτρα +όποιος δεν κλαίει τη δική σου +συμφορά, ω Προμηθέα. +Τέτοια δεινά τα μάτια μου +δεν απάντεχαν να ιδούν και τώρα +θωρώντας τα πόνεσεν η καρδιά μου. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Κ' οι εχθροί μου θωρώντας με αισθάνονται λύπη. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Μην έκαμες πιότερα κι' απ' όσα μου είπες; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Έκαμα έγνοιαν οι θνητοί να μη έχουν του θανάτου. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Του κακού αυτού ποιο φάρμακο γι' αυτούς ευρήκες; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Μες στης ψυχές τους τυφλές έχω βάλει ελπίδες. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Μεγάλο καλό εχάρισες σε αυτούς με τούτο. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Και τη φωτιά εγώ έδωκα σ' αυτούς ακόμα. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Και το φλογόμορφο σπέρμα οι πρόσκαιροι κατέχουν τώρα; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Και πλήθος τέχνες απ' αυτό θα μάθουν. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Αυτή λοιπόν την κατηγόρια δίνοντας σου ο Δίας +με το ανύποπτο αυτό σε τιμωρεί μαρτύριο; +Και τα βάσανά σου τελειωμό δεν έχουν; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Άλλον όχι παρά αν εκείνος το θελήση. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Εκείνος να θελήση; Και πώς; Γιατί το ελπίζεις; +Δεν το νοιώθεις και συ πως έσφαλες, αν και για μένα +να λέω αυτό χαρά δεν είναι και για σε είναι πόνος. +Αλλ' ας τ' αφήσωμ' αυτά και συ κάποιο τρόπο +ζήτησε αυτά τα δεσμά να σου λύση. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Δεν είναι δύσκολο όποιος στης δυστυχίες δεν είναι +με γλυκά να συμβουλεύη λόγια εκείνον +που υποφέρει. Όσα πριχού είπες όλα +εγώ τα γνώριζα, και θεληματικώς μου +έκαμα το σφάλμα, δεν τ' αρνούμαι, και γι' αγάπη +των θνητών ηύρα ο ίδιος πόνους• όμως με τέτοιες +τιμωρίες δεν απάντεχα να ξεραθώ σε τούτους +τους ψηλούς γκρεμούς, στον έρμο αυτό και άξενο βράχο +καταδικασμένος. Και σεις τα σκληρά μου μαρτύρια +μη μου κλαίτε, αλλά πάλι στη γη πατώντας ακούστε +τα δεινά που μ' ηύραν να τα μάθετε ως το τέλος όλα. +Νοιώστε, συμπονέστε το σκληρό μου μαρτύριο, +τι όμοια η συμφορά συχνοκαθίζει πλάγι +στον ένα ή στον άλλο, τριγυρνώντας ολούθε. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Όχι αθέλητα μας η φωνή σου +μας έσυρεν εδώ, ω Προμηθέα• +και νά που αλαφροπόδες +τον πολυαγάπητό μας θρόνο +και τον αιθέρα παραιτώντας, +που των πουλιών η πάναγνη είναι +στράτα, θα ζυγώσω +στους άγριους βράχους τούτους +και των βασάνων σου όλη +την ιστορία ποθώ ν' ακούσω. + +ΩΚΕΑΝΟΣ + +Από δρόμο μακρυνό εμπρός σου φθάνω, Προμηθέα, +το γοργόφτερο αυτό πτηνό οδηγώντας +με τη θέλησί μου μόνον, δίχως χαλινάρι, +και στη συμφορά σου μάθε άπονος δεν είμαι. +Σ' αυτό λογιάζω να με σπρώχνη και το δίκηο, +κι' όξω απ' τη γενειά μου άλλος δεν είναι +που τόση θα του είχα αγάπη όσην εσένα. +Θα ιδής πως λέω αλήθεια κι' ανωφέλευτος δεν είναι +ο γλυκός μου λόγος• σε τι χρειάζεται, πες μου +να σε βοηθήσω• τι απ' τον Ωκεανό πιο πιστό φίλο +δεν θα μπορέσης να πης ότι έχεις. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Τι μου είναι τούτο; Και συ τα βάσανά μου +ήρθες να ιδής, και πώς τ' ομώνυμό σου ρέμμα +και της θεόκτιστες και βραχόσκεπες σπηλιές σου +παραιτώντας, βάσταξε η καρδιά σου νάρθης +στη γην αυτή που του σιδήρου είν' η μητέρα; +Τα δεινά μου ήρθες να ιδής τάχα και στη δυστυχία μου +μαζί μου να πονέσης. Ιδέ κατάντια! +εμέ το φίλο του Δία, που σύμμαχός του +την εξουσία του εστερέωσα, ιδέ αυτός ο ίδιος +με ποια μαρτύρια τώρα με συντρίβει. + +ΩΚΕΑΝΟΣ + +Το βλέπω, Προμηθέα, κι' όσο πολύτεχνος κι' αν είσαι +θωρώ πως πρέπει εγώ το πιο καλό να σ' ορμηνέψω: +Τον ίδιο εαυτό σου να γνωρίσης κ' ήθη νέα +να λάβης όπως και νέος τ' ουρανού την εξουσία +επήρε. Γιατί, αν έτσι πειρακτικά και τραχιά λόγια +θα ξαπολάς, ίσως τ' ακούση αυτά ο Δίας. +και ψηλότερα ακόμη αν είναι απ' όπου στέκει, +και τότε το μαρτύριο που έχεις τώρα +παιγνίδι θα σου φαίνεται πως ήταν. +Μόνο για τα τωρινά δεινά, δυστυχισμένε, +μη μιλάς και λυτρωμό του κακού ζήτησε ναύρης. +Ίσως παλαιικά σου φαίνονται όσα λέγω, +αλλ' όμως τέτοια η ανταμοιβή είναι πάντα +της γλώσσας που μεγάλα λέει, ω Προμηθέα. +Περήφανος πάντα συ μπρος στα δεινά δεν σκύβεις +και πας γυρεύοντα άλλα να προσθέσης σε όσα +έχεις τώρα• μα τη συμβουλή μου ακολουθώντας, +το πόδι σου σε αγκάθια μην απλώνης. +μια που βλέπεις άγριος ηγεμόνας να ορίζη +κι' ανεξέλεγκτος. Τώρα εγώ πάω, κι' αν μου είναι +δυνατό θα δοκιμάσω απ' το μαρτύριο τούτο +να σε γλυτώσω• αλλά ήσυχος μένε και τη γλώσσα κράτα. +Εσύ που νου περίσσιον έχεις, δεν γνωρίζεις +πως γλώσσα ελεύθερη ατιμώρητη δεν μένει; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Σε ζηλεύω που κ' εις εσέ δεν ηύραν κατηγόρια +πως τη συμφορά μου τολμάς να συμπονέσης. +Όμως τώρα έγνοια μη λάβης• γιατί ο Δίας να στέρξη +μην ελπίζης• εύκολα δεν συγχωράει εκείνος• μόνο +ιδές μη συ ο ίδιος δώθε γυρνώντας πάθης. + +ΩΚΕΑΝΟΣ + +Καλύτερα τους άλλους ξέρεις να διδάξης +παρά τον εαυτό σου• όπως τα έργα μου το δείχνουν +κι' όχι τα λόγια• αλλά την προθυμία τη δική μου +μην εμποδίζης• το πίστευω εγώ πως θα μου δώση ο Δίας +χάρι, απ' τα δεινά να σε λυτρώσω ετούτα. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Πάντα γι' αυτά θα σ' επαινώ κι' ουδέ θα πάψω +τον έπαινο, που τόσο δείχνεις μου καλή γνώμη• +αλλ' όμως τίποτε μην κάμης• γιατί θάναι +άσκοπο κι' ανωφέλευτο για μένα το ό,τι κάμεις. +Μόνο ήσυχος και παράμερα εσύ μένε, +γιατί εγώ δυστυχισμένος αν και είμαι, αλλ' όμως +δεν θα ήθελα γι' αυτό σε άλλους πολλούς να λάχουν +δυστυχίες• όχι, διόλου δεν θα ήθελα γιατί κ' η τύχη +του αδελφού μου του Άτλαντα με θλίβει, που ορθός στέκει +στα εσπερία μέρη και της γης και τ' ουρανού της στήλες +στους ώμους του κρατάει βάρος, που δεν μπορεί να τ' αγκαλιάση. +Και της Γης το τέκνο, τον κάτοικο των Κιλικίων άντρων, +σαν είδα εγώ, πόνεσε η ψυχή μου, εκατοκέφαλο αυτός τέρας +άγριο, πολεμικό, να πέφτη νικημένος, +ο φοβερός Τυφών, που αγνάντια σ' όλους τους θεούς αντάμα +'στάθη και φόνος σφύριζε απ' τα φριχτά του τα λαρύγγια, +και λάμψι γοργόφωτη άστραφτέ του από τα μάτια, +τότε που ήθελε την εξουσία του Δία να γκρεμίση. +Μα του Δία τον βρήκε το άγρυπνο το βέλος, +η θεόρριχτη αστραπή η φλογισμένη, που έρριξέ τον +μακρυά απ' της μεγαλόλογες φοβέρες του. Και χτυπημένος +στης καρδιάς το φράχτη, εγίνηκε όλος +στάχτη και η ορμή του εκόπηκε, ώστε τώρα +ανώφελο και παραπεταμένο το κορμί του +κοίτεται δίπλα στου πελάου το στενό, από κάτω +απ' της ρίζες της Αίτνας πλακωμένο, +και στης κορυφές της καθιστός σφυροκοπάει ολοένα +ο Ήφαιστος, ως που μιαν ημέρα να ξεσπάσουν 'κείθε +ποταμοί φωτιάς και μ' άγριες σαγόνες να ξεσχίσουν +τους πλατείς και καρπερούς της Σικελίας κάμπους. +Με τέτοια θα ξεσπάση όργιτα ο Τυφών γύρω σκορπώντας +βέλη θερμά μιας ζάλης πύρινης κι' αχόρταγης, αν κ' είναι +απ' του Δία τ' αστροπελέκι ασβολωμένος. Πολλά ξέρεις +κ' εμέ χρεία δεν έχεις να σε μάθω• τον εαυτό σου +φύλαγε όπως ξέρεις. Και την κακήν τύχη που μ' ηύρε +θα υπομείνω εγώ ως που η οργή του Δία να ξεθυμάνη. + +ΩΚΕΑΝΟΣ + +Όμως τούτο, Προμηθέα, δεν το γνωρίζεις, +πως του άρρωστου θυμού είναι γιατρός ο λόγος. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Αν πρόκειται όχι ολόμεστο θυμό να λιγοστέψης +την ώρα που την καρδιά ζητάς να μαλακώσης. + +ΩΚΕΑΝΟΣ + +Κι' αν προβλέποντας κανείς το μάταιον, όμως να ενεργήση +τολμά, τι κακό σε αυτό ξεκρίνεις, πες μου. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Μάταιο έναν κόπο κ' ελαφρόνοη κρίσι. + +ΩΚΕΑΝΟΣ + +Άφησέ με τέτοια νάχω αρρώστια• κέρδος είναι +μεγάλο νάχης εσύ νου κι' άλλος να μη νοιώθη. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Αλλά δικό μου το σφάλμα θα λογίσουν τούτο. + +ΩΚΕΑΝΟΣ + +Ξεκάθαρα τα λόγια σου άπρακτο με στέρνουν. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Για να μη κάμη ο θρήνος σου κι' εχθρούς σ' εσένα. + +ΩΚΕΑΝΟΣ + +Μήπως αυτόν που τη μεγάλη αρχή κατέχει τώρα; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Πρόσεχε μην αυτός κάποτε οργισθή με σένα. + +ΩΚΕΑΝΟΣ + +Ως προς αυτό τη δική σου συμφορά έχω οδηγήτρα. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Πήγαινε, φύγε και τη γνώμη που έχεις κράτα. + +ΩΚΕΑΝΟΣ + +Στο ξεκίνημα μ' ηύρε ο λόγος σου. Του αιθέρα το μέγα +πλάτος σχίζει το τετράσκελο πτηνό με τα πτερά του +και χαρά του θα είχε στον καλό του σταύλο να γονατίση + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Στροφή α'. + +Για την κακή σου τύχη +κλαίω εγώ, ω Προμηθέα, +και δακρυστάλακτο ένα ρέμμα +απ' τα καλά μου μάτια βρέχει +με υγρές πηγές τα μάγουλά μου, +τι άσπλαχν' ο Δίας κυβερνώντας +με δικούς του νόμους, σκήπτρο +περήφανο στους θεούς δείχνει. + +Αντιστροφή α'. + +Και με στόνους φωνάζει όλ' η χώρα +τη μεγάλη σου κλαίγοντα δόξα, +εσένα και των δικών σου, την αρχαιόπρεπη. +Κι' όσοι της Ασίας την άγια χώρα +έχουν, στέρεα εκεί κατοικώντας, +όλοι συμπονούν τα πολυστέναχτα δεινά σου. + +Στροφή β'. + +Κι' όσες στης Κολχίδος τη χώρα +κατοικούν παρθένες, στη μάχη +ατρόμητες, κι' όλα τα πλήθη +των Σκυθών, που του κόσμου την άκρη +έχουν, κοντά στη Μαιώτιδα λίμνη, + +Αντιστροφή β'. + +κι' ο πολεμικός της Αραβίας ανθός +κι' όσοι στους ψηλόκρημνους βράχους +του Καυκάσου έχουν κάστρα, +που στρατός είν' μ' αγριόβροντες λόγχες. + +Επωδός + +Ένα μόνο θεό στο μαρτύριο, +Τιτάνα, με σφιχτές αλυσίδες δεμένον, +τον Άτλαντα, είδα εγώ πιο πρώτα, +που με δύναμι ασύγκρητη πάντα +βαστά τον ουράνιο θόλο στης πλάτες. +Χτυπώντας τον βουίζει του πελάου η ζάλη, +τα βύθη βογγάν κι' απ' της γης τα βάθη +βροντά κούφια ο τρισκόταδος Άδης +και των ποταμών των ωραίων το ρέμμα +με θλίψι συμπονέτρα στενάζει. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Μη παίρνετε γι' ανάπαυσι μηδέ για θράσος +τη σιωπή μου• μαύρη μια σκέψι σχίζει την καρδιά μου, +που βλέπω έτσι τον εαυτό μου ατιμασμένο. Αλλ' όμως +στους νέους αυτούς θεούς τα δώρα όσα έχουν +ποιος άλλος από εμέ σωστά τάχει ορίσει; +Μα τα σκοπώ αυτά• γιατί θα τάλεγα σε σας, όπου όλα +τα ξέρετε; και μόνον των θνητών τα πάθη ακούστε +πως αυτούς που άγνωροι πριν ήσαν, γνώσι +έκαμα νάχουν και μυαλό να βάλουν. +Να κατηγορήσω αυτούς με τούτο εγώ δεν θέλω, +αλλά μ' όσα έδωκα την καλοσύνη μου να δείξω, +τι πρώτα βλέποντας αυτοί του κάκου εβλέπαν +κι' ακούοντας δεν άκουαν, κι' όμοιοι με των ονείρων +τους ίσκιους, ανακάτευαν όπως ετύχαινε όλα +για πολύν καιρό, κι' ούτε πλιθοκτισμένα σπίτια +λιακωτά εγνώριζαν, ούτε την τέχνη +του ξύλου, μόνο σε σκαφτές σπηλιές αυτοί εζούσαν +σαν τα πολυκίνητα μυρμήγκια, μες στα ανήλια βάθη +των άντρων, και μήτε του χειμώνα βέβαιο είχαν σημάδι +μήτε της ανθοευωδιασμένης άνοιξης και μήτε +του καρπερού καλοκαιριού• κι' όλα ενεργούσαν +άγνωρα, ως που εγώ τους έδειξα των άστρων +της ανατολές και της δυσκολογνώριστες δύσες. +Και την έξοχη τέχνη του αριθμού τους ηύρα +και των γραμμάτων τη σύνθεσι κι' ακόμα +τη μνήμη, που όλων είναι εργατική μουσογεννήτρα. +Κ' εγώ πρώτος στο ζυγόν έζεψα τα κτήνη +στης ζεύγλες να δουλεύουν σκλάβα, κ' έτσι +διάδοχοι των θνητών στους τρανούς κόπους να γίνουν, +και κάτου απ' τ' άρματα έβαλα ημερωμένα +τ' άλογα, δόξα ακριβή του πλούτου. Κι' άλλος +παρά εγώ κανείς τα λινόφτερα δεν ηύρε, +τα θαλασσόδρομα των ναυτικών αμάξια. +Και τέτοιες ο άμοιρος για τους θνητούς έχοντας εύρει +τέχνες, δεν βρίσκω ατός μου τρόπο να γλυτώσω +απ' αυτή τη συμφορά οπού έχω τώρα. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Σ' ευρήκε άπρεπο κακό και χάνοντας τα φρένα +πλανιέσαι• κι' όπως κακός γιατρός, σε αρρώστια +πεσόντας λιγοψυχάς• κι' ουδέ να βρης γνωρίζεις +με ποια φάρμακα τον εαυτό σου τώρα να γιατρέψης. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ +Αν και τ' άλλα ακούσης, πιότερο εσύ θα σαστίσης +τι τέχνες εσοφίσθηκα και δόλους. +Και το μεγαλύτερο είναι, που αν κάνεις έπεφτε σ' αρρώστια, +κανένα γιατρικό γι' αυτόν δεν ήταν +μήτε φαγώσιμο, μήτε πιώσιμο κανένα, +μηδ' αλειφτό, αλλ' απ' την έλλειψι φαρμάκου +αδυνάτιζαν, ως που μαλακά φάρμακα να σμίγουν +εγώ τους έδειξα, που πολεμούν όλες της αρρώστιες. +Και τρόπους μαντικής πολλούς αράδιασα και πρώτος +ξεχώρισα ποια απ' τα ονείρατα είναι οπτασίες +και κλήδονες δυσκολογνώριστους τους έδειξα, κι' ακόμα +να ξεδιαλύνουν τους έδειξα το συναπάντημα του δρόμου. +Και για των γυρτόνυχων πουλιών το πέταγμα είπα +ποια καλοσήμαδα και ποια ανάποδα είναι +και τι λογής τάγισμα καθένα απ' αυτά έχει +και ποιες είν' οι έχθρες κ' οι έρωτες κ' οι σύναξές τους. +Και το καθάρισμα των σπλάχνων και, τι χρώμα αν έχουν +και ποιες καλόμορφες η χολή κι' ο λοβός όψες, +στους θεούς αρέσουν και του κρέατος τα κομμάτια +κνισοσκεπασμένα πυρώνοντας και τη μακρυά ράχη +σε δυσκολομάθητη ωδήγησα τους θνητούς τέχνη• +και τα μάτια τους άνοιξα για τα σημάδια +των φλογών, που κατασκότεινα γι' αυτούς πριν ήσαν. +Αυτά έτσι έγιναν όμως και ποιος θα πη ότι βρήκε +πριχού από με ωφελήματα για τους ανθρώπους +απ' όσα μέσα στης γης τα βάθη είναι κρυμμένα, +το χαλκό, το σίδερο και το χρυσάφι και τ' ασήμι; +Κανείς δεν θα το ειπή — το καλοξέρω — +εξόν μάταια αν θέλη να φλυαρήση. +Κοντολογής όλα μ' ένα λόγο μάθε τα• όλες +οι τέχνες απ' τον Προμηθέα στους θνητούς δοθήκαν. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Μην ωφελής τώρα τους θνητούς πιότερο παρ' όσο +πρέπει και μη αμελής τον εαυτό σου, πούναι +σε δυστυχία• γιατί εγώ μεγάλη έχω ελπίδα +πως τα δεσμά σου όταν λυθούν αυτά, θα γίνης +πάλι δυνατός όχι λιγώτερ' απ' τον Δία. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Μοίρα τελειωτική δεν είναι ακόμη πεπρωμένη +τέτοιο να δώση σ' αυτά τέλος• και μονάχα +μύρια βάσανα και συμφορές σαν με λυγίσουν, +απ' τα δεσμά μου τότε θα γλυτώσω• τι είναι η τέχνη +πολύ αδυνατώτερη από την ανάγκη. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Ποιος της ανάγκης είναι κυβερνήτης; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Οι τρίμορφες Μοίρες κ' οι ενδυμήτρες Ερινύες. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Ώστε απ' αυτές αδυνατώτερος κι' ο Δίας είναι; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Κι' αυτός δεν μπορεί το γραφτό του να ξεφύγη. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Και τι είν' γραφτό του παρά πάντα να άρχη; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Αυτό δεν θα το μάθης και μη ερώτα. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Κάτι φοβερό θάναι αυτό που κρύβεις. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Άλλα μελέτησέ μου, τι καιρός δεν είναι +να ξεστομίσω αυτό, και να το κρύψω +πρέπει όσο δύναμαι, γιατί φυλάγοντάς το μόνο +απ' τάπρεπα δεσμά και τα μαρτύρια θα γλυτώσω. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Στροφή α'. + +Ποτέ ο Δίας, που όλα κυβερνά, ας μη βάλη +τη δύναμί του αντίπαλο της δικής μου γνώμης• +και μ' ευλαβητική θυσία σφαχτών βωδιών +ας μη χρονίσω τους θεούς να ζυγώσω +κοντά στ' άσβεστο διάβα του πατέρα Ωκεανού. +Κι' ας μην αμαρταίνω με λόγια, +μόν’ αυτή μου η γνώμη μέσα μου ας μένη +και ποτέ να μη λυώση. + +Αντιστροφή α'. + +Γλυκύτατο είναι με θαρρετές ελπίδες +της μακρυάς ζωής να διαβαίνης το δρόμο +τρέφοντας μ' αθώες χαρές την καρδιά σου. +Αλλά τα μύρια δεινά που σε σπαράζουν +θωρώντας φρίττω . . . . . +Γιατί χωρίς να φοβηθής τον Δία +αυτόγνωμα εσύ, Προμηθέα, +πολυγνοιάζεσαι για τους θνητούς. + +Στροφή β'. + +Ιδές πόσο άχαρη, φίλε, είν' η χάρι• +πες πού είναι δύναμι για σένα τώρα; +ποιαν απ' τους θνητούς έχεις βοήθεια; +Δεν ξέκρινες τάχα την αργοκίνητη ατονία, +που όμοια όπως σ' όνειρο κρατά εμποδισμένο +το γένος το τυφλό των ανθρώπων; +Ποτέ την αρμονία του Δία +δεν περνάν οι βουλές των θνητών. + +Αντιστροφή β'. + +Γνώρισα τούτα θωρώντας +την κακή σου κατάντια, Προμηθέα. +Κ' ήρθε μου τώρα σκοπός τραγουδιού +αλλοιώτικος, παρ' όταν σου τραγουδούσα +τον Υμένεο σιμά στο λουτρό +και στην κλίνη την ημέρα του γάμου, +όταν την ομόπατρη Ησιώνη πήρες +πείθοντάς την με δώρα +γυναίκα σου ομοκρέββατη να γίνη. + +ΙΩ +Ποια γη; ποιο γένος; ποιον να ειπώ ότι βλέπω +μ' αυτά τα χαλινάρια στ' ακροβράχια +να παραδέρνη; +Ποιας αμαρτίας τιμωρία λαμβάνεις; +Πες μου σε ποιο μέρος +της γης πλανέθηκα η καϋμένη. +Ω! ωιμέ, ωιμένα. +Πάλι την άμοιρη κάποιο κεντρί με κεντάει +το φάντασμα του γηγενούς Άργου, ω γη, μάκρυνέ το• +φοβούμαι το μυριόμματο βοσκό θωρώντας. +Κ' έρχετ' αυτός με δολερό το μάτι, +που ουδέ πεθαμμένον η γη τον σκεπάζει, +μονάχα εμέ τη μαύρη +κυνηγά, περνώντας τον Άδη +και νηστικιά με κάνει στου γιαλού να πλανιέμαι την άμμο. + +Στροφή + +Κι' αχολογάει κερόπλαστη η φλογέρα +τον υπνοδότη αχό της. Αλλοί κι' ωιμέ, +ωιμένα, ως πού με παν πέρα +τα μακρυνά τα ξεπλανέματά μου. +Σε τι, ω τέκνο του Κρόνου, σε τι +μ' ηύρες φταίχτρα και με μπλέκεις +σε τούτα τα δόλια δεινά; +Κι' οιστρήλατη, τη μαύρη από φόβο +έτσι με βασανίζεις, ωιμέ; +Με φωτιά κάψε με ή θάψε με μέσα στη γη, +δος με στα ψάρια του πελάου βορά• +την τέτοια χάρι μη μ' αρνηθής, βασιληά. +Πολύ μ' εκουράσαν οι πολύπλανοι δρόμοι +κι' ουδέ ξέρω το πώς τα δεινά θα ξεφύγω. +Ακούς την ευχή εμέ της βοϊδοκέρατης κόρης; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Την οιστρόπληκτη πώς να μην ακούσω θυγατέρα +του Ινάχου, αυτήν που μ' έρωτα την καρδιά ζεσταίνει +του Δία και για τούτο από την Ήρα μισημένη +σε μακρυνούς αθέλητά της τρέχει ολοένα δρόμους; + +ΙΩ + +Πώς με του πατέρα μου τόνομα με κράζεις; +Ω, ποιος, πολυβασανισμένε, πες μου ποιος είσαι, +που εμέ την άμοιρη αλάθευτα ονομάζεις; +και το θεοκυνήγητό μου τούτο +κακό ξέρεις το, που με μαραίνει +μ' ένα κέντρισμα μανίας; +Αφάγωτη, με σκίρτημα τυραγνισμένο +γοργά ήρθα, ωιμένα, νικημένη +απ' την άγρια όργιτα της Ήρας. +Άλλος, αλλοίμονο, πολύπαθος ποιος είναι +τα βάσανά μου νάχη; Όμως συ τώρα +ξεδιάλυνέ μου τι μέλλεται ακόμα +να πάθω και με ποιο τρόπο τα βάσανά μου +μπορεί να γιατρευθούν• δείξε μου, αν ξέρης, +μίλησε, πες το σ' εμέ την παρθένα +την άμοιρη, που παραδέρνω. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Ξάστερα θα σου φωνάξω ότι ζητάς να ξέρης, +χωρίς να μπλέξω αινίγματα, μόνο μ' αλήθεια, +όπως το στόμα καθείς στο φίλο του πρέπει ν' ανοίγη. +Τον δωρητή της φωτιάς προς τους ανθρώπους, +τον Προμηθέα, βλέπεις μπροστά σου. + +ΙΩ + +Ω εσύ ωφέλεια των θνητών όλων, +άμοιρε Προμηθέα, πώς παθαίνεις τούτα; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Μόλις τώρα έπαψα κλαίοντας τα βάσανά μου. + +ΙΩ + +Κ' εμέ μια χάρι δεν θάστεργες να κάμης; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Πες τι από με θέλεις• όλα θα τα μάθης. + +ΙΩ + +Στο βράχο αυτό ποιος σ' έχει καρφώσει πες μου. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Του Δία το θέλημα και του Ηφαίστου το χέρι. + +ΙΩ + +Και για ποιο σου αμάρτημα την τιμωρία λαβαίνεις; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Αρκετό σου είναι ό,τι σου έχω φανερώσει. + +ΙΩ + +Και των βασάνων εμέ της άμοιρης ακόμα +φανέρωσέ μου ποιο το τέρμα θάναι. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Καλύτερά σου αυτό να μην το μάθης. + +ΙΩ + +Μα ό,τι κι αν μέλλεται να πάθω μη μου κρύψης. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Την τέτοια χάρι που ζητάς δεν τη ζηλεύω. + +ΙΩ + +Και γιατί τάχα αργείς ξάστερα να μου πης όλα; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Μόν' από φόβο μην θολώσω τα συλλογικά σου. + +ΙΩ + +Μη νοιάζεσαι γι' αυτό πιότερο από μένα που το θέλω. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Μια που το θέλεις, το λέγω κι' άκουσέ με. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Στάσου ακόμη• κ' εμέ κάμε μια χάρι. +Πρώτ' ας τη ρωτήσουμε τα βάσανά της +να τα ιστορήση πριν, κ' ύστερ' ας μάθη +από σε τα μελλάμενά της πάθη. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Ιώ, τη χάρι αυτή δεν πρέπει ν' αρνηθής στης κόρες, +γιατί είναι του πατέρα σου αδελφάδες• +και λογιάζω πως ανάξια κανείς δεν χάνει +τον καιρό, σαν δυστυχίες ιστορή με κλάμα πόνου +κι' όσοι ακούνε του αποκρίνονται με δάκρυ. + +ΙΩ + +Δεν δύναμαι να μη δεχθώ το ρώτημά σας, +κι' όλα, τα που ρωτάτε, ξάστερα θ' ακούστε, +αν και με πιάνει κλάμα στη διήγησί μου, +του πώς ήρθε βαρυχειμονιά σ' εμέ, και της μορφής μου +ο χαλασμός εμέ της άμοιρης πώς ήρθε. +Φαντάσματα ονείρων τη νύχτα συχνοτριγυρνώντας +στα παρθενικά μου δώματα μ' εξεπλανεύαν +μ' απλά λόγια τέτοια: «Μυριοευτυχισμένη κόρη, +γιατί παρθένα μένεις, ενώ στο χέρι σου είναι +πολυδοξασμένος γάμος; Ερωτικό ένα βέλος +καίει το Δία για σε και λαχταράει εκείνος +την αγκαλιά σου. Τέτοια, παιδί μου, κλίνη +μη την καταφρονέσης, μόν' έβγα στο πλατύ λιβάδι +της Λέρνης, όπου βόσκουνε του Ινάχου +τα βώδια και τα πρόβατα, ως που να σβύση +απ' του θεού το μάτι ο ερωτικός του πόθος». +Όνειρα τέτοια κάθε νύχτα ερχόνταν +σ' εμέ την άμοιρη, ως που δεν βάσταξε η καρδιά μου +κ' είπα τα οράματα της νύχτας στον πατέρα. +Κ' εκείνος θεοπρόπους στην Πυθώ και στη Δωδώνη +στέρνει πολλούς για να ρωτήσουν +με ποια λόγια ή έργα θα μπορέση +ν' αρέση στους θεούς. Κι' αυτοί εγυρίσαν +κ' έφεραν χρησμούς που άσχημα εξηγιόνταν +και σκοτεινά και δύσκολα ήσαν ειπωμένοι. +Και τέλος ξάστερο μήνυμα στον Ίναχο ήρθε +καθαρά προστάζοντάς τον να ξαπολύση εμένα +κι' απ' το σπίτι κι' απ' τη χώρα να με διώξη, +στ' άκρα πέρατα του κόσμου να πλανώμαι. +Κι' αν δεν στέρξη, φλογερός θάρθη απ' τον Δία +κεραυνός π' όλη τη γενειά θα ξεπαστρέψη. +Στα μαντεύματα αυτά υπακούοντας του Λοξίου +μ' έδιωξε και μ' επέταξε απ' το σπίτι +άθελην άθελος, γιατί τούτο να κάμη +τον ανάγκαζε ο χαλινός του Δία. +Κ' ευθύς η όψι μου και τα φρένα αναποδιάσαν +κ έχοντας κέρατα, ως θωρείτε, κεντημένη +απ' του οίστρου το κεντρί, μανιακά σκιρτώντας +ωρμούσα στο καλόπιοτο ρέμμα της Κερχνείας +και στα υψώματα της Λέρνης• κ' ένας ντόπιος βοηδολάτης +άσπλαχνος στην καρδιάν, ο Άργος, τα πατήματά μου +ακολουθούσε, κυττώντας με μ' άγρια μάτια. +Μ' αναπάντεχος θάνατος αιφνήδιος έκοψέ του +τη ζωή. Κ' οιστρόπληκτη εγώ με θεϊκό καμτσίκι +διώχνομαι από γη σε γη. Άκουσες τα γενομένα, +κι' αν μπορής να ειπής ποιες μέλλονται μου θλίψες +φανέρωσ' τα• κι' όχι από ευσπλαχνία με λόγια +ψεύτικα να με ζεσταίνης• γιατ' η πιο άσχημη αρρώστια +λέω πως είναι τα φτιασμένα λόγια. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Ωιμέ, ωιμέ, στάσου, αλλοίμονο. +ποτέ μου, ποτέ μου +δεν απάντεχα τέτοια απόκοτα +λόγια να φθάσουν +στην ακοή μου• +ουδέ τόσο κακοθώρητα κι' αβάσταχτα +δεινά, συμφορές, φόβοι, περνώντας +πέρα ως πέρα τη ψυχή μου να παγώσουν. +Αλλοίμονο, αλλοί, ω μοίρα κι' ω μοίρα, +έφριξα βλέποντας της Ιούς τα δεινά. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Πρόωρα στενάζεις κ' είσαι φόβο γεμάτη• +στάσου ως που και τα λοιπά να μάθης. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Λέγε, ιστόρησε• γλυκό στους παθιασμένους είναι +να μάθουν από πρωτήτερα τον επίλοιπο πόνο. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Ό,τι πριχού ποθούσατε, εύκολα ελάβατε από μένα, +γιατί ζητούσατε πρώτα ν' ακούστε η ίδια +να ιστορήση το μαρτύριο της• κι' ακούσετε τώρα +τάλλα πάθη όσα μέλλεται να λάβη +απ' την Ήρα η κόρη ετούτη. Και συ του Ινάχου +σπέρμα, τα λόγια μου βάλε στο νου σου +να μάθης έτσι του δρόμου σου το τέρμα. +Στρέψε απ' εδώ πρώτα, απ' όπου βγαίνει ο ήλιος, +και προς τους ανόργωτους τράβα τους κάμπους. +Στους Σκύθες θα φθάσης τους πλανήτες που σε πλεκτές στέγες +μετέωροι κατοικούν σε καλότροχα πάνω αμάξια +και μακροβόλα τόξα πάνω στον ώμο φέρνουν. +Σ' αυτούς μη πλησιάσης, αλλά σιμώνοντας στης ράχες +όπου βογγά το κύμα, διάβα παραπέρα. +Κι' αριστερόθε του σιδέρου οι εργάτες +οι Χάλυβες οικούν, κι' απ' αυτούς φυλάξου, +γιατί ανήμεροι είναι κι' απλησίαστοι στους ξένους. +Και σε ποταμό υβριστή — όνομα και πράμμα — +θα φθάσης και μη τον διαβής, τι καλοπέραστος δεν είναι, +προτού φθάσης να ιδής τον Καύκασο τον ίδιο +τον υπερύψηλο, που απ' τα μηνίγγια του ο ποταμός ξεσπάει +την ορμή του. Κ' εκεί πρέπει εσύ περνώντας +της αστρογείτονες κορφές του να μπης στο δρόμο +της μεσημβρίας εκεί όπου θα βρης της Αμαζόνες +της μίσανδρες. Αυτές μιαν ημέρα θε να χτίσουν +τη Θεμίσκυρα κοντά στον Θερμόδοντα, όπου κ' η τραχειά είναι +της Σαλμυδησού η σαγόνα, εχθρόξενη στους ναύτες, +μητρυιά των καραβιών. Αυτές θα σ' οδηγήσουν +πολύ πρόθυμες• και στο στενό των Κιμμερίων +θα φθάσης, μέσ' στης στενές της λίμνης πύλες, +που αφήνοντάς το πρέπει τολμηρά να ξεπεράσης +τη μάνδρα τη Μαιωτική• και μεγάλη φήμη +του ταξειδιού σου πάντα στους θνητούς θα απομείνη. +Και Βόσπορος το πέρασμα θα ονομασθή από σένα. +Θ' αφήσης τότε της Ευρώπης της χώρες +και στης στεριές θα φθάσης της Ασίας. +Δεν σας φαίνεται λοιπόν των θεών ο βασιλέας +πως το ίδιο ως προς όλα βίαιος είναι, +που θεός αυτός με μια θνητή να σμίξη +ποθώντας, την επαράδειρε έτσι; +Πικρός, ω κόρη, σου έλαχε μνηστήρας +γάμου. Τι τα λόγια που τώρα έχεις ακούσει +λόγιαζε πως δεν είναι ούτε η αρχή για σένα. + +ΙΩ + +Αλλοί μου, αλλοί, κι' ωιμένα! + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Φωνάζεις τώρα και στενάζεις• όμως τι θα κάμης +όταν και τα επίλοιπα δεινά σου μάθης; + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Κι' άλλα λοιπόν βάσανα θα ειπής δικά της; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Κακοφούρτουνο ένα πέλαγο βασάνων. + +ΙΩ + +Τι μ' ωφελεί να ζω τάχα και γοργά δεν τρέχω +να ριχτώ απ' αυτόν εδώ τον γκρεμό του βράχου, +ώστε σωριάζοντας χάμου απ' τα βάσανά μου όλα +ίσως γλυτώσω; Τι καλύτερο είναι +μια φορά να πεθαίνη κανένας παρ' όλες +της μέρες της ζωής του άθλια να πάσχη. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Πόσο δύσκολα εσύ θα βαστούσες τα δικά μου +μαρτύρια, που πεπρωμένο δεν είν' να πεθάνω! +γιατί αυτό γλυτωμός απ' τα βάσανα θα ήτον. +Και τώρα του κακού μου τελειωμός δεν είναι +πριχού ο Δίας απ' την εξουσία ξεπέση. + +ΙΩ + +Θα ξεπέση κάποτε απ' την εξουσία ο Δίας; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Θαρρώ πως τέτοια βλέποντας συμφορά θα χαιρόσουν. + +ΙΩ + +Και πώς όχι, που απ' τον Δία εγώ ταλαιπωρούμαι; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Μπορείς λοιπόν να ξέρης πως αυτό θέλει γίνει. + +ΙΩ + +Και ποιος του βασιληά το σκήπτρο θα τ' αρπάξη; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Του εαυτού του αυτός ο ίδιος από άμυαλη σκέψι. + +ΙΩ + +Και με ποιο τρόπος φανέρωσ' το, αν δεν σου φέρνη βλάβη. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Θα κάμη τέτοιο γάμο, που μια μέρα θα τον θλίψη. + +ΙΩ + +Με θεά ή γυναίκα; πες μου αν να ειπωθή μπορεί τούτο. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Τι με ρωτάς; Δεν μπορεί να ειπωθούνε τα τέτοια. + +ΙΩ + +Και θα τον πετάξη η ομοκρέββατη από τον θρόνο; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Γιατί γυιό δυνατότερο του πατέρα θα γεννήση. + +ΙΩ + +Και δεν υπάρχει γι' αυτόν γλυτωμός της τέτοιας τύχης; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Όχι, πριν εγώ απ' τα δεσμά τούτα λυμένος. . . . + +ΙΩ + +Και ποιος θα σε λύση, αν δεν το θέλη ο Δίας; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Κάποιος απόγονός σου πρέπεται νάναι εκείνος. + +ΙΩ + +Τι είπες; ένα παιδί μου απ' τα δεινά θα σ' απαλλάξη; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Στη γέννα την τρίτη και δεκάτη ακόμα. + +ΙΩ + +Αυτή η χρησμολογία ευκολονόητη δεν είναι. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Κι' ουδέ τα βάσανά σου μη ζητάς να μάθης. + +ΙΩ + +Δίνοντάς μου ένα καλό, μη κατόπι μου το πέρνης. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Από τους δυο λόγους θα σου χαρίσω εγώ τον ένα. + +ΙΩ + +Ποιους; εξήγησέ μου πριν και δος μου να εκλέξω. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Σου δίνω κ' έκλεξε• ξάστερα να σου ιστορήσω +ή τα λοιπά σου βάσανα ή αυτόν που εμέ θα ξελύση. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Θέλησε συ την μια απ' αυτές της χάρες +σε τούτην να κάμης κ' εις εμέ την άλλην +και μη τα λόγια μου περιφρονήσης• πες σε τούτην +την επίλοιπη περιπλάνησί της κ' εις εμένα +πες ποιος θα σε λύση• τι εγώ θέλω να το μάθω. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Μια που το ζητάτε, εγώ ενάντιος δεν θα είμαι +ώστε να μη σας φανερώσω το που επιθυμείτε. +Εις σε πρώτα, Ιώ, θα ειπώ την πολυταραγμένη +περιπλάνησι, που χάραξέ την μέσα στας δέλτους +του νου σου. Όταν περάσης το ρεύμα αυτό πούναι +σύνορο των δυο ηπείρων, προς της ανατολές που φλογισμένες +έχουν όψες ηλιόβριθες . . . +περνώντας του πελάου το φλοίσβο, ώστε να φθάσης +στους Γοργόνειους κάμπους της Κισθήνης, όπου +μένουν οι Φορκίδες, τρεις κόρες γηραλέες, +πώχουν μορφή κύκνου κ' ένα μόνον μάτι κ' ένα δόντι +κι' ούτ' ο ήλιος με της ακτίνες του ποτέ της βλέπει +μήτε η σελήνη η νυκτικιά ποτέ της. +Και κοντά τους τρεις φτερωτές είν’ αδελφές τους +φιδομαλλούσες, οι ανθρωπομίσητες εκείνες Γοργόνες, +που κανείς θνητός ιδόντας τες στη ζωή δεν εστάθη. +Τούτο για προφύλαξι έτσι σου το λέγω. +Κι' άκουσε έν' άλλο θώρημα φοβερό, γιατί πρέπει +να φυλαχθής απ' τους Γρύπες, τους μυτεροστόμους +σκύλλους του Δία, τους μουγγούς κι' απ' το μονόφθαλμο το πλήθος +το καβαλλάρικο των Αριμασπών, που κατοικούνε +στο χρυσό νερό του ποταμιού του Πλούτωνος τριγύρω. +Συ μη τους ζυγώνης. Κ' εις απόμακρη θα φθάσης χώρα +σε φυλή μαύρη που κοντά στου Ήλιου της πηγές οικούνε, +όπου είναι ο ποταμός Αιθίοψ. Τράβα δίπλα στης όχθες +τούτου, ως που την κατεβασιά να φθάσης όπου ρίχνει +το καλόπιστο και σεπτό νερό του ο Νείλος +απ' της Βύβλινες της ράχες. Κι' αυτός θα σ' οδηγήση +στην τρίγωνη Νειλέικη γη, όπου είναι πεπρωμένο +εσένα, Ιώ, και των παιδιών σου μια αποικία να χτίστε +μακρυνή. Κι' αν σκοτεινό απ' αυτά κανένα +σου είναι και δυσκολόβρετο, ξαναειπέ μου το εμένα +και ξάστερα καλόμαθε το, γιατί κι' όλα έχω +αδειά περσότερη εγώ απ' όση θέλω. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Αν τίποτ' άλλο ακόμη επίλοιπο ή λησμονημένο +μπορείς να της 'πής για την πολυπαθιασμένη +περιπλάνησί της, λέγε το• μ' αν όλα ειπωμένα τάχεις, +κάμε κ' εμάς τη χάρι που ζητάμε, ως ενθυμείσαι. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Άκουσε αυτή όλο του δρόμου της το τέρμα. +Μα όμως για να ξέρη πως δεν έχασε τον κόπο +ακούοντάς με, τώρα θενά ειπώ τα πάθη +όσα τράβηξε πριχού εδώ φθάση, δίνοντας εγώ τούτη +την απόδειξι πως αληθινά τα λόγια μου είναι. +Της ιστορίες όμως της περισσές θα παραλείψω +και σ' αυτό μόνο θα ερθώ της περιπλάνησης το τέλος. +Όταν τέλος έφθασες στων Μολοσσών τους τόπους +και της ψηλόρραχης Δωδώνης, όπου ο θρόνος είναι +και τα μαντεία του Θεσπρωτού Διός και — θάμα +απίστευτο — όπου οι δρύες μιλούν κι' οπού σε χαιρετίσαν +ξάστερα και διόλου αινιγματικά ως γυναίκα +μελλάμενη του Δία, πολυδοξασμένη, +που κάπως τα λόγια αυτά σ' αρέσαν, +εκείθε οιστροκεντρισμένη έφθασες στο δρόμο +τ' ακρογιαλιού, στης Ρέας τον κόλπο το μεγάλο +απ' όπου σε δρόμους παράδειρες ξαναπερπατημένους. +Κι' αυτός του πόντου ο κόλπος, καλογνώριζέ το, +στους καιρούς που θάρθουν, θα ονομασθή Ιόνιος +απ' όλους τους ανθρώπους, θύμημα του δικού σου +δρόμου. Αυτά εις εσέ σημάδια ας είναι του νου μου +πως περσότερο αυτός απ' το φανερό ξεκρίνει. +Κι' όσα απομένουν θα ιστορήσω και στους δύο, +γυρίζοντας στου πρωτήτερου λόγου μου τ' αχνάρια. +Είναί τη μια πόλι Κάνωβος στης γης την άκρη, +στο στόμιο καθαυτό και στην πρόσχωσι του Νείλου• +εκεί ο Δίας στα συλλογικά σου θα σε φέρη +με άβλαβη επαφή χεριού και μόνο εγγίζοντάς σε. +Και θα γεννήσης τον μαύρο Έπαφο, που τ' όνομά του +απ' αυτό θα πάρη και που τους καρπούς θ' απολαβαίνη όλους +της χώρας, που ο πλατυρρεύματος ποτίζει ο Νείλος. +Και πέμπτη ύστερ' απ' αυτόν γέννα από πενήντα +παιδιά, θηλύκια, θάρθη, όχι θέλοντας, εις τ' Άργος +φεύγοντας την παντρειά με συγγενείς ξαδέλφους. +Κι' αυτοί με ταραγμένα φρένα, σαν γεράκια +που όχι πολύ πίσω από περιστερές έχουν 'πομείνει, +θάρθουν να ζητήσουν γάμους τέτοιους που δεν ήταν +σωστό να κυνηγήσουν και θεός κάποιος τα κορμιά τους +θα ζηλέψη να πάρη• κι' από νυχτοφυλαγμένη +γυναίκεια τόλμη σφαγμένους τούτους θα σκεπάση +η Πελασγία γη• γιατί κάθε γυναίκα +τη ζωή καθενός άνδρα θα του κόψη, +δίστομο μέσ' στο λαιμό του βάφοντας μαχαίρι. +Τέτοια Αφροδίτη ηδονική και τους εχθρούς μου ναύρη. +Μα μια απ' της κόρες θα την μαγέψη ο πόθος, +ώστε τον ομοκρέββατό της να μη τον σφάξη +και να μαλαχθή η γνώμη της, κι' από τα δύο +να προτιμήση το ένα, κάλλιο +λιγόψυχη παρά φόνισσα να τήνε κράζουν. +Αυτή στο Άργος βασιλική γενειά θα δώση. +Λόγος μακρύς θα 'χρειάζετο για να ιστορήσω +σωστά όλα τούτα. Μ' απ' αυτό το σπέρμα +θα φυτρώση κάποιος τολμηρός και ξακουσμένος +στα τόξα, που αυτός απ' τα μαρτύρια τούτα +θα λυτρώση εμένα. Τέτοιο μου έχει δώσει +χρησμό η παλαιογέννητη δική μου μάννα, +η Τιτανίδα η Θέμις• το πώς θα γίνουν όμως τούτα +και το πού, γι' αυτό καιρός πολύς θα χρειαζότουν +να τα πω, και ξέροντάς τα εσύ όφελος δεν έχεις. + +ΙΩ + +Αλλοίμονό μου, αλλοίμονό μου. +παραζάλη εμένα και μανίες +φρενόπληκτες πάλι με θερμαίνουν +και το άφλογο κεντρί του οίστρου +με τρυπά. Κ' η καρδιά μου +με φόβο το φράχτη κτυπά +και σαν στρόβιλος στριφογυρίζει +η βλέψι μου κ' έξω του δρόμου +φέρνομαι απ' της λύσσας την άγρια πνοή. +Ακράτητη είναι μου η γλώσσα +κ' οι θολοί λογισμοί μου +χαμένοι χτυπιούνται +σε κύμα φριχτής συμφοράς. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Στροφή + +Βέβαια σοφός, βέβαια σοφός +ήταν εκείνος που πρώτος +εκράτησε τούτο στο νου του +και με τη γλώσσα εφανέρωσε σ' όλους +λέγοντας πως το καλύτερο απ' όλα +είναι συγγένεια κατά τη σειρά σου να κάνης• +και μήτε ανάμεσα σε όσους +ο πλούτος τους χαλά μήτε σε όσους +περηφάνεια για το γένος των έχουν +να ζητήσης, παντρειά να κάμης +όταν φτωχός συ ο ίδιος είσαι. + +Αντιστροφή + +Ποτέ μου, ω ποτέ μου +ας μη μου λάχη να με ιδήτε, +ω Μοίρες, σύνευνο του Δία +και μήτ' άλλου θεού παντρεμμένου +ποτέ ας μη ποθήσω το πλάι. +Γιατί τρέμω τη μίσανδρη θωρώντας +παρθενιά της Ιούς, που μαρτύρια +πολυπαθιασμένα την σπαράζουν +απ' την άπονην Ήρα. + +Επωδός + +Κ' εγώ σαν τακτικός είν' ο γάμος +φόβο απ' αυτόνε δεν έχω +κι' ούτε τον σκιάζομαι κ' είθε +θεού δυνατωτέρου πόθος +μη με κυττάζη με βλέμμα +που δεν θάχω απ' αυτό γλυτωμό. +Απολέμητος ο πόλεμος θάναι κι' αδιάβατό μου το διάβα +κι' ούτε γνωρίζω τι θα γινόμουν, +τι δεν βλέπω πώς απ' του Δία τους δόλους +θα μπορούσα ποτέ να ξεφύγω. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Όση κι' αν έχη περηφάνεια ο Δίας, αλλ' όμως +ταπεινός βέβαια θα γίνη με τον τέτοιο γάμο +που ετοιμάζει να κάμη, γιατί τούτος απ' το θρόνο +τον βασιλικό θα τον πετάξη κι' ακέρηα θα πιάση +η κατάρα τότε του πατέρα του Κρόνου, +που εφώναξέ την πέφτοντας απ' τον πανάρχαιο θρόνο. +Κ' εξόν από μένα κανείς θεός άλλος +δεν θα μπορούσε λυτρωμό να του δείξη +απ' αυτά τα πάθη. Εγώ μόνος γνωρίζω +κι' αυτά και του γλυτωμού τον τρόπο. Μ' ας κάθεται τώρα +στους ενάερους κρότους θωρώντας κι' ας σείη +το φλογόπνοο βέλος στα χέρια. Ολωσδιόλου +δεν θα του φθάσουν αυτά, ώστε ταπεινά να μη πέση +πέσιμο ανυπόφερτο. Έν' αντίπαλο τέτοιο +ο ίδιος του εαυτού του σήμερα ετοιμάζει, +έν' απολέμητο τέρας που κι' απ' τον κεραυνό θαύρη +καλύτερη φλόγα και δυνατώτερο απ' τη βροντή ένα κτύπο +και που την τρίαινα, την θαλάσσια κοσμοσείστρα, +του Ποσειδώνος το κοντάρι, αυτός θα σπάση. +Και στο κακό αυτό σκοντάβοντας ο Δίας θα μάθη +πόσο η αρχή απ' τη δουλείαν απέχουν. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Όσα εσύ ποθείς να γίνουν τα κοπανάς του Δία. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Τα όσα θα γίνουν κ' εγώ ποθώ, αυτά λέγω. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Να προσμένουμε πως θα ορίση τον Δία κάποιος; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Και μεγαλύτερα βάσανα παρά τούτα θάχη. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Και πώς δεν φοβάσαι τέτοια λόγια εσύ πετώντας; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Και τι να φοβηθώ, που θάνατο δεν έχω; + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Αλλά μαρτύριο μεγαλύτερο από τούτο μπορεί νάρθη. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Ας το κάμη κι' αυτό• εγώ όλα τ' απαντέχω. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Σοφοί είναι όποιοι την Αδράστεια προσκυνούνε. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Σέβου, παρακάλιε, χάιδευε συ αυτόν που ορίζει. +Μα εμένα ολότελα για τον Δία δεν με μέλει. +Ας εξουσιάζη αυτός κι' ας άρχη όπως του αρέσει +τον λίγο καιρό τούτο, γιατί πολύ ακόμη +δεν θα εξουσιάζη τους θεούς. Βλέπω όμως τώρα +του νέου βασιληά, του Δία, τον μαντατοφόρον +υπηρέτη• άφευκτα κάποιο νέο μήνυμα θα φέρνη. + +ΕΡΜΗΣ + +Εσένα τον πανούργο, που υβριστικά υβριστής είσαι, +που αμάρτησες προς τους θεούς τιμώντας +τους θνητούς, τον κλέφτη της φωτιάς, εσένα λέγω• +προστάζει σου ο πατέρας να εξηγήσης +ποιος είναι ο γάμος που απειλείς πως θα τον ρίξη +απ' την εξουσία• κι' όχι μ' αινίγματα να ειπής ετούτα, +μονάχα ξάστερα το καθετί, και μη με κάμης +δυο φορές το μακρύ δρόμο εγώ να πάρω, Προμηθέα. +Αλλέως το ξέρεις πως από τέτοια ο Δίας δεν μουδιάζει. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Μεγάλα κι' αλαζονεία γεμάτα είναι τα λόγια +τα δικά σου, σαν που των θεών είσαι υπηρέτης. +Νειόφερτοι εσείς μια νειόφερτη έχετε εξουσία +και θαρείτε πως στέρεα έχετε σεις τα κάστρα. +Μα μη δεν είδα εγώ δυο βασιληάδες +απ' αυτά να πέσουν; και γλήγορα θα ιδώ τρίτος να πέση +ντροπιασμένα — αυτός που τώρα εξουσιάζει. +Μη δα σου φαίνομαι πως τρέμω και φοβούμαι +τους νέους θεούς; μακρυά πολύ είμαι να το πάθω. +Και συ το δρόμο πούρθες ξαναπάρ' τον πάλι, +γιατί κανέν απ' όσα μ' ερωτάς δεν θέλει μάθης. + +ΕΡΜΗΣ + +Με τέτοιες αυθάδειες και πριν τον εαυτό σου +τον άραξες σε τέτοιων συμφορών λιμάνι. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Με τη δική σου δουλωσύνη εγώ τη δυστυχία μου +δεν θάθελα να την αλλάξω, γνώριζέ το. +Τι κάλλιο έχω νάμαι σκλάβος τούτης +της πέτρας παρά να καταντήσω εμπιστεμμένος +του Δία μαντατοφόρος• έτσι πρέπει +να βρίζουμ' εμείς εκείνον που μας βρίζει. + +ΕΡΜΗΣ + +Μοιάζεις σα να γλεντάς τη δυστυχία την τωρινή σου. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Γλεντώ; έτσι ας ιδώ και τους εχθρούς μου +να γλεντούν. Και σε μέσα σ' αυτούς λογιάζω. + +ΕΡΜΗΣ + +Μη για της συμφορές σου αιτία κ' εμέ νομίζεις; + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Κοντολογίς μισώ τους θεούς όλους, όσοι έλαβαν +καλά από μένα κι' άδικα κακό μου κάνουν. + +ΕΡΜΗΣ + +Ακούω πως του μυαλού αρρώστια όχι μικρή σε βρήκε. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Άρρωστος είμαι, αν των έχθρων το μίσημα είναι νόσος. + +ΕΡΜΗΣ + +Υποφερτός δεν θάσουν, αν βρισκόσουν σ' ευτυχία. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Ωιμέ. + +ΕΡΜΗΣ + +Από τέτοιο λόγο δεν καταλαβαίνει ο Δίας. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Όλα όμως μας τα διδάσκει ο καιρός γεράζοντάς μας. + +ΕΡΜΗΣ + +Κι' όμως ακόμα συ δεν έμαθες συνετός νάσαι. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Αλήθεια, αλλοιώς δεν θα μιλούσα εσένα του υπηρέτη. + +ΕΡΜΗΣ + +Τίποτε φαίνεται δεν θενά πης απ' όσα ρωτά ο Δίας. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Βέβαια, αν του χρωστούσα, θα του πλήρωνα τη χάρι. + +ΕΡΜΗΣ + +Μ' επείραξες, σαν παιδί εγώ νάμουν τάχα. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Μήπως κι' από παιδί πιο άμυαλος δεν είσαι +αν προσμένης από με να μάθης κάτι; +Δεν υπάρχει ούτε μαρτύριο ούτε τέχνασμα κανένα +για να με κάμη ο Δίας να ξεστομίσω τούτα, +πριν τα δεσμά αυτά που με παιδεύουν ξελυθούνε. +Κι' ακόμη ας ρίξη κατακαύτρα φλόγα +και με χιόνι λευκόφτερο και με καταχθόνιους βρόντους +όλ' ας ανακατέψη κι' ας ταράξη. Τι από τούτα +κανένα δεν θα με λυγίση να εξηγήσω +ποιος μέλλεται να τον πετάξη από τον θρόνο. + +ΕΡΜΗΣ + +Κύττα λοιπόν αν βρίσκεις πώς αυτά θα σ' ωφελήσουν. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Από καιρό εγώ τα είδα και τάχω μελετήσει + +ΕΡΜΗΣ + +Τόλμησε, ω μάταιε, τόλμησε μια φορά να δείξης +ανάλογη με αυτά τα βάσανά σου ορθή κρίσι. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Του κάκου με βαραίνει η παρηγοριά σου, που είναι +ανώφελη σαν κύμα. Κι' απ' το νου σου ας μη περάση +πως φοβάμενος του Δία τη γνώμη εγώ θα καταντήσω +σαν γυναίκα και τον πολυμίσητό μου τότε +θα παρακαλέσω υψώνοντας τα χέρια γυναικίσια +για να με λύση απ' τα δεσμά. Μακρυά από τέτοια είμαι. + +ΕΡΜΗΣ + +Φαίνεται πως πολλά εγώ είπα και του κάκου. +Διόλου δεν σε συγκινούν αυτά• κι' ουδέ καν μαλακώνεις +με τα παρακάλια• μόν' δαγκάνοντας εσύ το λουροστόμι +σαν νιοχαλινάρωτο πουλάρι αγώνα κάνεις +και στο χαλινό αντιστέκεις. Και με μια σου σκέψι +αχαμνή ξανάβεις. Όμως σαν δρόμο λαθεμένο +η σκέψις παίρνει, δύναμι καμμιά δεν έχει τότε. +Και λόγιασε αν ακρόασι στα λόγια μου δεν δώσης, +τι βαρυχειμωνιά κι' από βάσανα τι ζάλη +θα σ' εύρη δίχως γλυτωμό• τον άγριο γκρεμό πρώτα +με τη βροντή και με τον κεραυνό ο πατέρας θα τον σχίση +και μέσ' αυτόν θα σε καταχωνιάση κι' αγκαλιά του +θα σε βαστάξη ο βράχος. Και σαν του καιρού μάκρος +μεγάλο περάση, πάλι στο φως θάρθης, και του Δία +ο φτερωτός ο σκύλος, ο αετός ο αιματοπότης, +μ' ορμή θα σχίζη το μεγάλο του κορμιού σου +ξεσκλίδι, ακάλεστος φαγάς ολημερνίς εδώ πετώντας +και μέσ’ στο μαύρο σου σκώτι θα χορταίνη. +Και τέλος του μαρτυρίου αυτού μη περιμένης, +πριν διάδοχος στα βάσανα σου κανείς άλλος +θεός φανή και μέσ' στον άφεγγο τον Άδη στέρξη +να μπη. Σκέψου γι' αυτά• και τα χοντρά μου λόγια +πλαστά δεν είναι αλλά σωστά ειπωμένα, γιατί ψέμμα +δεν ξέρει να μιλά το θείο στόμα• αλλ' όποιο λόγο +ειπή τον εκτελεί. Και γνοιάζου εσύ κ' έχε το νου σου +μη την τόλμη καλύτερη απ' τη γνώσι ποτέ παίρνης. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Σ' εμάς ο Ερμής φαίνεται όχι άκαιρα να λέη, +γιατί σε συμβουλεύει, αφήνοντας την τόλμη, +τη σοφή ν' αποζητήσης γνώσι. Στέρξε, +γιατί ντροπή είναι στο σοφό συχνά να σφάλλη. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Σε με που εγνώριζα τα μηνύματα τούτα +μου τα έφερε αυτός, κι' ουδ' αναπάντεχο είναι +να κακοπαθαίνη από εχθρούς ο εχθρός. +Όμως πάνω μου ας πέση του πυρός +η δίστομη πλεξίδα• κι' από βροντή ο αιθέρας +κι' άγρια ανεμοζάλη τάραμμα ας πάθη +και συθέμελα τη γη ας τραντάξη +ο αγέρας κι' ας ανακατέψη η μανία του το κύμα +του πόντου και τους δρόμους των ουρανίων άστρων +και της ανάγκης σίφουνες τρανοί +στα μαύρα Τάρταρα ας ρίξουν το κορμί μου. +Θάνατο βέβαια αυτό δεν θα μου δώση. + +ΕΡΜΗΣ + +Τέτοιους στοχασμούς και λόγια +μόνο απ' τους βλαμμένους γίνεται ν' ακούσης. +Κι' αλήθεια, τι λείπει στην κατάντια τούτου +ώστε να μη παραλογάη; και ποια μανία δεν έχει; +Αλλ' όμως σεις που τα βάσανά του συμπονείτε +παραμερίστε γρήγορα απ' τα μέρη τούτα +μην το μυαλό σας της βροντής ο άγριος ο βρόντος τ' αλαλιάση. + +ΧΟΡΟΣ + +Άλλο τίποτε πες μου• και μ' άλλο παρηγόρησέ με +που να μπορώ και να το στέρξω• γιατί αυτός σου ο λόγος +που είπες υποφερτός βέβαια δεν είναι. +Πώς μ' ορμηνεύεις ταπεινά να πράξω; +Μαζί μ' αυτόν ό,τι κι' αν μέλλη ας πάθω. +Γιατί να μισώ έχω μάθει τους προδότες, +και δεν είναι πάθος άλλο +που ν' αποστρέφομαι περσότερο από τούτο. + +ΕΡΜΗΣ + +Αλλ' όμως θυμηθήτε αυτά που σας προλέγω, +κι' ουδ' από βλάβη του μυαλού παρασυρμένες +στερνά κατηγοράτε σεις την τύχη και μην 'πήτε +ποτέ σας έπειτα πως σε αναπάντεχον ο Δίας +κακό σας έρριξε. Όχι βέβαια• τι μοναχές σας +τον εαυτό σας 'ρίξατε. Γιατί γνωρίζοντάς το +κι' όχι κρυφά ουδέ ξάφνου, +σε συμφοράς απέραντο ένα δίχτυ +από αμυαλιά δική σας θα μπλεχθήτε. + +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ + +Μ' έργατα πια κι' όχι με λόγια η γη τραντάζει• +κι' αχός βαρύς παραμουγκρίζει +της βροντής• και στριφτές λάμπουν +αστραψιές πύρινες• και σκόνη υψώνουν +στριφτά οι στρόβιλοι κι' ανασκιρτούνε +των αγέρηδων οι πνοές όλες, +ενάντια, ερχάμενοι κι' αντιφυσώντας• +και με το πέλαγο αναταράζετ' ο αιθήρ αντάμα. +Τέτοια, ριπή εναντίο μου ξεκινά απ' τον Δία +ζητώντας βέβαια να μου δώση φόβο. +Ω σεβάσμια μάννα δική μου, ω αιθέρα +που φως κοινό για όλους συ ξετυλίγεις, +θωρείς με πώς παράνομα υποφέρω. + + + +Τ Ε Λ Ο Σ + + + +ΕΚΔΟΤΙΚΟΣ ΟΙΚΟΣ ΓΕΩΡΓΙΟΥ Δ. ΦΕΞΗ — Ζητήσατε τιμολόγιον + +ΜΕΤΑΦΡΑΣΜΕΝΟΙ από όλους τους λογογράφους μας +ΟΛΟΙ ΟΙ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΙ ΕΛΛΗΝΕΣ ΣΥΓΓΡΑΦΕΙΣ +εις 120 τόμους δεμένους αξίας ΔΡΑΧΜΩΝ 315 με 10 ΔΡ. κατά μήνα + +Έκαστος τόμος δεμένος επί πλέον λεπ. 50 + +ΕΞΕΔΟΘΗΣΑΝ + + +ΑΡΙΣΤΟΦΑΝΟΥΣ + +ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑΖΟΥΣΑΙ. Μετάφρ. Πολ. Δημητρακοπούλου . ΔΡ.2. — +ΟΡΝΙΘΕΣ. Μετάφρ. Πολ. Δημητρακοπούλου . . . . . . 3. — +ΒΑΤΡΑΧΟΙ. Μετάφρ. Πολ. Δημητρακοπούλου . . . . . .3. — +ΛΥΣΙΣΤΡΑΤΗ. Μετάφρ. Πολ. Δημητρακοπούλου . . . . .2. — +ΝΕΦΕΛΑΙ. Μετάφρ. Πολ. Δημητρακοπούλου . . . . . . 2. — +ΑΧΑΡΝΗΣ. Μετάφρ. Μ. Αυγέρη . . . . . . . . . . . .2.50 +ΙΠΠΗΣ. Μετάφρ. Μ. Αυγέρη . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.50 +ΣΦΗΚΕΣ. Μετάφρ. Μ. Αυγέρη . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.50 +ΕΙΡΗΝΗ. Μετάφρ. Μ. Αυγέρη . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.50 +ΠΛΟΥΤΟΣ. Μετάφρ. Μ. Αυγέρη . . . . . . . . . . . .2.50 +ΘΕΣΜΟΦΟΡΙΑΖΟΥΣΑΙ. Μετάφρ. Μ. Αυγέρη . . . . . . . 2.50 + +Ολόκληρος ο Αριστοφάνης εις 11 τόμ. δεμένους ΔΡ. 33.50 + +ΞΕΝΟΦΩΝΤΟΣ + +ΑΠΟΜΝΗΜΟΝΕΥΜΑΤΑ. Μετάφρ. Κ. Βάρναλη . . . . . . . 2.50 +ΚΥΡΟΥ ΑΝΑΒΑΣΙΣ. Μετ. Δ. Αναστασοπούλου Αθηναίου, + τόμ. 2 . 5. — + +Και οι 3 τόμοι του Ξενοφώντος δεμένοι . . . . . . 9. — + +ΘΕΟΦΡΑΣΤΟΥ + +ΧΑΡΑΚΤΗΡΕΣ. Μετάφρ. Μαρίνου Σιγούρου. . . . . . . 1. — + +ΘΟΥΚΥΔΙΔΟΥ + +ΠΕΛΟΠΟΝΝΗΣΙΑΚΟΣ ΠΟΛΕΜΟΣ. Μετάφρ. Ιω. Ζερβού. +Τεύχος Α'. Βιβλία Α' και Β'. . . . . . . . . . . 2.50 +Τεύχος Β'. Βιβλία Γ' και Δ'. . . . . . . . . . . 2.50 +Τεύχος Γ'. Βιβλία Ε' και ΣΤ'. . . . . . . . . . . 2.50 +Τεύχος Δ'. Βιβλία Ζ' και Η'. . . . . . . . . . . 2.50 + +Ολόκληρος ο Θουκυδίδης εις 4 τόμ. δεμένους . . . 12. — + +ΛΟΥΚΙΑΝΟΥ + +ΑΠΑΝΤΑ. Μετάφρ. Ιω. Κονδυλάκη, τόμοι 6 . . . . . 18. — + +ΤΟΜΟΣ Α'. Όνειρον ή βίος του Λουκιανού. — Προς εκείνον όστις +είπεν: είσαι Προμηθεύς εις τα έργα σου. — Πλοίον ή ευχαί. — +Περί πένθους. — Τίμων ή μισάνθρωπος• — Εγκώμιον μυίας. — Θεών +διάλογοι. — Κρίσεις θεών. — Προς Νιγρίνον επιστολή. — Δίκη +φωνηέντων, κλπ. + +ΤΟΜΟΣ Β'. — Διάλογοι θαλασσίων θεών. — Αλκυών ή περί +μεταμορφώσεως. — Προμηθεύς ή Καύκασος. — Νεκρικοί διάλογοι. — +Μένιππος ή νεκρομαντεία. — Φιλοψευδής κλπ. + +ΤΟΜΟΣ Γ'. Αληθής ιστορία. — Τυραννοκτόνος. — Αποκηρυττόμενος. — +Φάλαρις +λόγος. — Αλέξανδρος ή ψευδόμαντις. — Ο Ηρακλής — Ο Διόνυσος. — +Ψευδολογιστής . . κλπ. + +ΤΟΜΟΣ Δ'. Δις κατηγορούμενος ή δικαστήρια. — Περί παρασίτου. — +Ανάχαρσις. — Προς τον απαίδευτον και πολλά βιβλία αγοράζοντα. — +Ικαρομένιππος ή Υπερνέφελος. κλπ. + +ΤΟΜΟΣ Ε'. Ιππίας ή περί του λουτρού. — Μακρόβιοι. — Ο θάνατος +του Περεγρίνου. — Οι δραπέται. — Περί του ηλέκτρου ή των +κύκνων. — Περί του οίκου. — Πατρίδος εγκώμιον κλπ. + +ΤΟΜΟΣ ΣΤ'. Εικόνες. — Υπέρ των εικόνων. — Εταιρικοί διάλογοι. — +Όνειρος ή αλεκτρυών. — Συμπόσιον ή Λαπίθαι. — Θεών εκκλησία. — +Βίων Πράσις. — Ψευδοσοφιστής, κλπ. + +Ολόκληρος ο Λουκιανός εις 6 τόμ. δεμένους . . . . . . 21. — + +ΑΡΙΣΤΟΤΕΛΟΥΣ + +ΑΘΗΝΑΙΩΝ ΠΟΛΙΤΕΙΑ. Μετάφρ. Ιω. Ζερβού. . . . . . . . . 8. — + +  +ΗΘΙΚΑ ΝΙΚΟΜΑΧΕΙΑ. Μετάφρασις Κ. Ζάμπα. . . . . . . . . 5. — +ΠΕΡΙ ΨΥΧΗΣ. Μετάφρ. Π. Γρατσιάτου. . . . . . . . . . . 3. — +ΜΙΚΡΑ ΦΥΣΙΚΑ. Μετάφρ. Π. Γρατσιάτου . . . . . . . . . .8. — + +Και οι 4 τόμοι του Αριστοτέλους δεμένοι. . . . . . . .16. — + +ΔΗΜΟΣΘΕΝΟΥΣ + +ΟΙ ΤΡΕΙΣ ΟΛΥΝΘΙΑΚΟΙ. Μετάφρ. Ν. Γκινοπούλου . . . . . .1. — +Ο ΠΕΡΙ ΣΤΕΦΑΝΟΥ ΛΟΓΟΣ. Μετ. Ν. Γκινοπούλου . . . . . . 2. — +ΟΙ ΤΕΣΣΑΡΕΣ ΦΙΛΙΠΠΙΚΟΙ Μετ. Ν. Γκινοπούλου . . . . . . 1.60 + +Και οι τρεις τόμοι του Δημοσθένους δεμένοι . . . . . . 6. — + +ΠΛΑΤΩΝΟΣ + +ΕΥΘΥΦΡΩΝ ή περί ευσεβείας, Μετάφρ. Αλ. Μωραϊτίδου . . .1.20 +ΑΠΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΣΩΚΡΑΤΟΥΣ. Μετάφρ. Αλ. Μωραϊτίδου . . . . . . 1.50 +ΚΡΙΤΩΝ. Μετάφρ. Ν Γκινοπούλου. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.80 +ΦΑΙΔΩΝ ή περί ψυχής. Μετάφρ. Αρ. Χαροκόπου . . . . . . 2.50 +ΚΡΑΤΥΛΟΣ ή περί ορθότητος των ονομασιών. Μετ. Κ. Ζάμπα 2.50 +ΘΕΑΙΤΗΤΟΣ ή περί επιστήμης. Μετάφρ. Κ. Ζάμπα . . . . . 3. — +ΣΟΦΙΣΤΗΣ ή περί του όντος. Μετάφρ Κ. Ζάμπα . . . . . . 2.50 +ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΟΣ ή περί βασιλείας. Μετάφρ. Κ Ζάμπα . . . . . 2.50 +ΠΑΡΜΕΝΙΔΗΣ ή περί ιδεών. Μετάφρ. Σ. Μελά. . . . . . . .2. — +ΦΙΛΗΒΟΣ ή περί ηδονής. Μετάφρ. Κ. Ζάμπα . . . . . . . .2.50 +ΣΥΜΠΟΣΙΟΝ ή περί έρωτος. Μετάφρ. Ν. Κουντουριώτου . . .2.50 +ΦΑΙΔΡΟΣ ή περί καλόν. Μετάφρ. Κ. Γούναρη. . . . . . . .2. — +ΑΛΚΙΒΙΑΔΗΣ Α' και Β' ή περί ανθρώπου φύσεως. Μετ. +Καζαντζάκη . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.50 +ΙΠΠΑΡΧΟΣ — ΑΝΤΕΡΑΣΤΑΙ. Μετάφρ. Ε. Ραΐση . . . . . . . .0.80 +ΧΑΡΜΙΔΗΣ ή περί σωφροσύνης. Μετάφρ. Α. Καμπάνη . . . . 0.80 +ΛΑΧΗΣ ή περί ανδρείας. Μετάφρ. Α. Καμπάνη . . . . . . .1. — +ΛΥΣΙΣ ή περί φιλίας. Μετάφρ. Α. Καμπάνη. . . . . . . . 0.80 +ΕΥΘΥΔΗΜΟΣ ή εριστικός. Μετάφρ. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50 +ΠΡΩΤΑΓΟΡΑΣ ή σοφισταί. Μετάφρ. Α. Χαροκόπου . . . . . .2. — +ΓΟΡΓΙΑΣ ή περί ρητορικής. Μετάφρ. Αλ. Φιλαδελφέως . . .3. — +ΜΕΝΩΝ ή περί αρετής. Μετάφρ. Χ. Παπαντωνίου . . . . . .1.50 +ΙΠΠΙΑΣ μείζων και ελάσσων. Μετάφρ. Κ. Ζάμπα . . . . . .2.50 +ΜΕΝΕΞΕΝΟΣ ή επιτάφιος. Μετάφρ. Ιω. Ζερβού . . . . . . .1. — +ΠΟΛΙΤΕΙΑ ή περί δικαίου. Μετάφρ. Ιω. Γρυπάρη, τόμοι 2 .6. — +ΤΙΜΑΙΟΣ ή περί φύσεως. Μετάφρ. Π. Γρατσιάτου. . . . . .3. — +ΚΡΙΤΙΑΣ ή ηθικός. Μετάφρ. Α. Χαροκόπου. . . . . . . . .1. — +ΝΟΜΟΙ και ΕΠΙΝΟΜΙΣ. Μετάφρ. Κ. Ζάμπα, τόμοι 2 . . . . .8. — +ΑΛΚΥΩΝ — ΕΡΥΞΙΑΣ — ΑΞΙΟΧΟΣ. Μετάφρ. Κ. Μάνεση . . . . .1. — +ΔΗΜΟΔΟΚΟΣ — ΣΙΣΥΦΟΣ — ΚΛΕΙΤΟΦΩΝ — ΙΩΝ — ΜΙΝΩΣ . . . . .2. — +ΘΕΑΓΗΣ — ΠΕΡΙ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ — ΠΕΡΙ ΑΡΕΤΗΣ. Μετ. +Λιμπεροπούλου . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.80 +ΕΠΙΣΤΟΛΑΙ και ΟΡΟΙ. Μετάφρ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2. — + +Ολόκληρος ο Πλάτων εις 33 τόμους δεμένους . . . . . . 82.20 + +ΗΡΟΔΟΤΟΥ + +ΜΟΥΣΑΙ. Μετ. Α. Σκαλίδου, επιθεωρηθείσα υπό Ιωάννου Ζερβού. + Τόμος Α'. Κλειώ — Ευτέρπη . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3. — + Τόμος Β'. Θάλεια — Μελπομ. — Τερψ. . . . . . . . . .3. — + Τόμος Γ'. Ερατώ — Πολύμνια . . . . . . . . . . . . .3. — + Τόμος Δ'. Ουρανία — Καλλιόπη . . . . . . . . . . . 3. — + +Ολόκληρος ο Ηρόδοτος εις 4 τόμους δεμένους . . . . . 14. — + +ΠΛΟΥΤΑΡΧΟΥ + +ΒΙΟΙ ΠΑΡΑΛΛΗΛΟΙ. Μετάφρ. Αλ. Ραγκαβή. + Τόμ. Α'. Θησεύς — Ρωμύλος — Λυκούργος — Νουμάς . . .8.00 + + Τόμ. Β'. Σόλων — Ποπλικόλας — Θεμιστοκλής — Κάμιλλος — +Περικλής — Φάβιος Μάξιμος . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.00 + + Τόμ. Γ'. Αλκιβιάδης — Κοριολλανός — Τιμολέων — Αιμίλιος +Παύλος — Πελοπίδας — Μάρκελλος . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.00 + + Τόμ. Δ'. Αριστείδης — Μάρκος Κάτων — Φιλοποίμην — Φλαμινίνος +— Πύρρος — Μάριος . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.00 + + Τόμ. Ε'. Λύσανδρος — Σύλλας — Κίμων — Λούκουλλος — Νικίας — +Κράσσος . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.00 + + Τόμ. ΣΤ'. Σερτώριος — Ευμένης — Αγησίλαος — +Πομπήιος . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.00 + + Τόμ. Ζ'. Αλέξανδρος — Ιούλιος Καίσαρ — Φωκίων — Κάτων +. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.00 + + Τόμ. Η'. Άγις — Κλεομένης — Τ. Γράκχος, Γ. Γράκχος, +Δημοσθένης — Κικέρων . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.00 + + Τόμ. Θ'. Αρταξέρξης — Δημήτριος — Αντώνιος . . . . 8.00 + + Τόμ. Ι'. Δίων — Βρούτος — Άρατος — Γάλβας — Όθων . .8.00 + +Ολόκληρος ο Πλούταρχος εις 10 τόμ. δεμένους . . . . .35. — + +ΕΠΙΚΤΗΤΟΥ + +ΕΓΧΕΙΡΙΔΙΟΝ. Μετάφρ. Α. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.80 + +ΑΙΣΧΥΛΟΥ + +ΠΕΡΣΑΙ. Μετάφρασις Ιω. Ζερβού . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.50 +ΑΓΑΜΕΜΝΩΝ. Μετάφρασις Ιω. Γρυπάρη . . . . . . . . . . .1.50 +ΕΥΜΕΝΙΔΕΣ. Μετάφρασις Ιω. Γρυπάρη . . . . . . . . . . .1.50 +ΧΟΗΦΟΡΟΙ. Μετάφρασις Ιω. Γρυπάρη . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50 +ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΣ ΔΕΣΜΩΤΗΣ. Μετάφρ. Ιω. Ζερβού . . . . . . . . 1.50 +ΕΠΤΑ ΕΠΙ ΘΗΒΑΣ. Μετάφρ. Ιω. Γρυπάρη . . . . . . . . . .1.50 +ΙΚΕΤΙΔΕΣ. Μετάφρ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50 + +Ολόκληρος ο Αισχύλος εις 7 τόμους δεμένους . . . . . 14. — + +ΣΟΦΟΚΛΕΟΥΣ + +ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΗ. Μετάφρ. Κ. Χρηστομάνου . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50 +ΤΡΑΧΙΝΙΑΙ. Μετάφρ. Α. Καμπάνη . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50 +ΟΙΔΙΠΟΥΣ ΤΥΡΑΝΝΟΣ. Μετάφρ. Α. Καμπάνη . . . . . . . . 1.50 +ΦΙΛΟΚΤΗΤΗΣ. Μετάφρ. Ζαχ. Παπαντωνίου . . . . . . . . .1.50 +ΑΙΑΣ. Μετάφρ. Κ. Βάρναλη . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50 +ΗΛΕΚΤΡΑ. Μετάφρ. Μ. Αυγέρη . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50 +ΟΙΔΙΠΟΥΣ ΕΠΙ ΚΟΛΩΝΩ. Μετάφρ. Η. Βουτιερίδου . . . . . .1.50 + +Ολόκληρος ο Σοφοκλής εις 7 τόμους δεμένους . . . . . 14. — + +ΕΥΡΙΠΙΔΟΥ + +ΙΦΙΓΕΝΕΙΑ Η ΕΝ ΤΑΥΡΟΙΣ. Μετ. Ν. Κυπαρίσση . . . . . . 1.50 +ΙΠΠΟΛΥΤΟΣ Ο ΣΤΕΦΑΝΗΦΟΡΟΣ. Μετ. Α. Τανάγρα . . . . . . .1.50 +ΦΟΙΝΙΣΣΑΙ. Μετάφρ. Ν. Ποριώτη . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.50 +ΑΛΚΗΣΤΙΣ. Μετάφρ. Γ. Τσοκοπούλου . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50 +ΒΑΚΧΑΙ. Μετάφρ. Κ. Βάρναλη . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50 +ΜΗΔΕΙΑ. Μετάφρ. Α. Τανάγρα . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50 +ΙΚΕΤΙΔΕΣ. Μετάφρ. Ν. Ποριώτη . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50 +ΚΥΚΛΩΨ. Μετάφρ. Γ. Τσοκοπούλου . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50 +ΙΩΝ. Μετ. Π. Δημητρακοπούλου . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50 +ΑΝΔΡΟΜΑΧΗ. Μετάφρ. Γ. Τσοκοπούλου. . . . . . . . . . . 1.50 +ΗΛΕΚΤΡΑ. Μετάφρ. Α. Τανάγρα. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50 +ΗΡΑΚΛΗΣ ΜΑΙΝΟΜΕΝΟΣ. Μετ. Κ. Βάρναλη. . . . . . . . . . 1.50 +ΙΦΙΓΕΝΕΙΑ Η ΕΝ ΑΥΛΙΔΙ. Μετ. Ιω. Φραγκιά. . . . . . . . 1.50 +ΗΡΑΚΛΕΙΔΑΙ. Μετάφρ. Κ. Βάρναλη. . . . . . . . . . . . .1.50 +ΡΗΣΟΣ. Μετάφρασις Α. Καμπάνη. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50 +ΕΛΕΝΗ. Μετάφρ. Α. Καμπάνη. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50 +ΟΡΕΣΤΗΣ. Μετάφρ. Ηλ. Βουτιερίδου. . . . . . . . . . . .1.50 +ΕΚΑΒΗ. Μετάφρ. Ν. Ποριώτη . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.50 +ΤΡΩΑΔΕΣ. Μετάφρ. Α. Καμπάνη. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50 + +Ολόκληρος ο Ευριπίδης εις 19 τόμ. δεμένους . . . . . .38. — + +ΘΕΟΚΡΙΤΟΥ + +ΕΙΔΥΛΛΙΑ. Μετάφρ. Ιω. Πολέμη. . . . . . . . . . . . . .2. — +. . . +ΟΜΗΡΟΥ + +ΙΛΙΑΣ. Μετάφρασις έμμετρος Ιωάννου Ζερβού +Τόμος Α'. Ραψωδία Α-Ζ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.50 +Τόμος Γ'. Ραψωδία Ν-Σ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.50 +Τόμος Β'. Ραψωδία Η-Μ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.50 +Τόμος Δ'. Ραψωδία Τ-Ω . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.50 + +ΟΔΥΣΣΕΙΑ. Μετάφρασις έμμετρος Ιακώβου Πολυλά. +Τόμος Α'. Ραψωδία Α-Ζ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.50 +Τόμος Β'. Ραψωδία Η-Μ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.50 +Τόμος Γ'. Ραψωδία Ν-Σ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.50 +Τόμος Δ'. Ραψωδία Τ-Ω . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.50 + +Ολόκληρος ο Όμηρος εις 8 τόμ. δεμένους . . . . . . . .10. — + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Prometheus Bound, by Aeschylus + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PROMETHEUS BOUND *** + +***** This file should be named 39251-0.txt or 39251-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/2/5/39251/ + +Produced by Sophia Canoni + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Utf8String/Perf.Utf8String.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Utf8String/Perf.Utf8String.cs new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c30ee0c86bd --- /dev/null +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/libraries/System.Utf8String/Perf.Utf8String.cs @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements. +// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license. +// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information. + +using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes; +using MicroBenchmarks; +using System.IO; + +namespace System.Text +{ + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Libraries, Categories.Runtime)] + public class Perf_Utf8String + { + // the benchmark uses text files from Project Gutenberg + public enum InputFile + { + EnglishAllAscii, // English, all-ASCII, should stay entirely within fast paths + EnglishMostlyAscii, // English, mostly ASCII with some rare non-ASCII chars, exercises that the occasional non-ASCII char doesn't kill our fast paths + Chinese, // Chinese, exercises 3-byte scalar processing paths typical of East Asian languages + Cyrillic, // Cyrillic, exercises a combination of ASCII and 2-byte scalar processing paths + Greek, // Greek, similar to the Cyrillic case but with a different distribution of ASCII and non-ASCII chars + } + + [ParamsAllValues] // BDN uses all values of given enum + public InputFile Input { get; set; } + + private Utf8String _utf8; + private Memory _destination; + + [GlobalSetup] + public void Setup() + { + string unicode = File.ReadAllText(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "libraries", "System.Utf8String", $"{Input}.txt")); + _utf8 = new Utf8String(unicode); + _destination = new char[unicode.Length]; + } + + [Benchmark] + public int ToChars() => new Utf8Span(_utf8).ToChars(_destination.Span); + + [Benchmark] + public bool IsAscii() => new Utf8Span(_utf8).IsAscii(); + + [Benchmark] + public bool IsNormalized() => new Utf8Span(_utf8).IsNormalized(); + + [Benchmark] + public char[] ToCharArray() => new Utf8Span(_utf8).ToCharArray(); + } +} diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/THIRD-PARTY-NOTICES.TXT b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/THIRD-PARTY-NOTICES.TXT new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..eb0240fed4e --- /dev/null +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/THIRD-PARTY-NOTICES.TXT @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +.NET Runtime uses third-party libraries or other resources that may be +distributed under licenses different than the .NET Runtime software. + +In the event that we accidentally failed to list a required notice, please +bring it to our attention. Post an issue or email us: + + dotnet@microsoft.com + +The attached notices are provided for information only. + + +License notice for The Computer Language Benchmarks Game +-------------------------------------------------------- + +Revised BSD license +This is a specific instance of the Open Source Initiative (OSI) BSD license template. + +Copyright (c) 2004-2008 Brent Fulgham, 2005-2020 Isaac Gouy + +All rights reserved. + +Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: + +Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. + +Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. + +Neither the name "The Computer Language Benchmarks Game" nor the name "The Benchmarks Game" nor the name "The Computer Language Shootout Benchmarks" nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. + +THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/binarytrees-5.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/binarytrees-5.cs index 9baab4662ca..fa3c57cf591 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/binarytrees-5.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/binarytrees-5.cs @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ minor improvements by Alex Yakunin namespace BenchmarksGame { [MaxIterationCount(40)] // the default 20 is not enough, the benchmark has multimodal distribution and needs more runs - [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Runtime, Categories.BenchmarksGame, Categories.JIT)] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Runtime, Categories.BenchmarksGame, Categories.JIT, Categories.NoWASM)] public class BinaryTrees_5 { public const int MinDepth = 4; diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/binarytrees-6.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/binarytrees-6.cs new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..323042eb602 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/binarytrees-6.cs @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements. +// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license. +// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information. + +// Adapted from binary-trees C# .NET Core #6 program +// https://salsa.debian.org/benchmarksgame-team/benchmarksgame/-/blob/master/public/download/benchmarksgame-sourcecode.zip +// Best-scoring C# .NET Core version as of 2020-08-12 + +// The Computer Language Benchmarks Game +// https://salsa.debian.org/benchmarksgame-team/benchmarksgame/ +// +// contributed by Marek Safar +// concurrency added by Peperud +// fixed long-lived tree by Anthony Lloyd +// ported from F# version by Anthony Lloyd + +using System; +using System.Runtime.CompilerServices; +using System.Threading.Tasks; +using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes; +using MicroBenchmarks; + +namespace BenchmarksGame +{ + [MaxIterationCount(40)] // the default 20 is not enough, the benchmark has multimodal distribution and needs more runs + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Runtime, Categories.BenchmarksGame, Categories.JIT)] + public class BinaryTrees_6 + { + const int MinDepth = 4; + const int NoTasks = 4; + + // 16 is about 80ms + // 18 is about 500ms + // 20 is about 3.9s + // 21 is used in official numbers; about 7.8s + const int N = 18; + + [Benchmark(Description = nameof(BinaryTrees_6))] + public int RunBench() => Bench(N, verbose: false); + + static int Bench(int param, bool verbose) + { + int maxDepth = Math.Max(MinDepth + 2, param); + + var stretchTreeCheck = Task.Run(() => + { + int stretchDepth = maxDepth + 1; + return "stretch tree of depth " + stretchDepth + "\t check: " + + TreeNode.Create(stretchDepth).Check(); + }); + + var longLivedTree = TreeNode.Create(maxDepth); + var longLivedText = Task.Run(() => + { + return "long lived tree of depth " + maxDepth + + "\t check: " + longLivedTree.Check(); + }); + + var results = new string[(maxDepth - MinDepth) / 2 + 1]; + + for (int i = 0; i < results.Length; i++) + { + int depth = i * 2 + MinDepth; + int n = (1 << maxDepth - depth + MinDepth) / NoTasks; + var tasks = new Task[NoTasks]; + for (int t = 0; t < tasks.Length; t++) + { + tasks[t] = Task.Run(() => + { + var check2 = 0; + for (int i2 = n; i2 > 0; i2--) + check2 += TreeNode.Create(depth).Check(); + return check2; + }); + } + var check = tasks[0].Result; + for (int t = 1; t < tasks.Length; t++) + check += tasks[t].Result; + results[i] = (n * NoTasks) + "\t trees of depth " + depth + + "\t check: " + check; + } + + if (verbose) + { + Console.WriteLine(stretchTreeCheck.Result); + + for (int i = 0; i < results.Length; i++) + Console.WriteLine(results[i]); + + Console.WriteLine(longLivedText.Result); + } + + return 0; + } + + struct TreeNode + { + class Next { public TreeNode left, right; } + readonly Next next; + + TreeNode(TreeNode left, TreeNode right) => + next = new Next { left = left, right = right }; + + internal static TreeNode Create(int d) + { + return d == 1 ? new TreeNode(new TreeNode(), new TreeNode()) + : new TreeNode(Create(d - 1), Create(d - 1)); + } + + internal int Check() + { + int c = 1; + var current = next; + while (current != null) + { + c += current.right.Check() + 1; + current = current.left.next; + } + return c; + } + } + } +} diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/fannkuch-redux-9.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/fannkuch-redux-9.cs new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..2ab6e6c3459 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/fannkuch-redux-9.cs @@ -0,0 +1,185 @@ +// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements. +// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license. +// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information. + +// Adapted from fannkuch-redux C# .NET Core #9 program +// https://benchmarksgame-team.pages.debian.net/benchmarksgame/program/fannkuchredux-csharpcore-9.html +// Best-scoring single-threaded C# .NET Core version as of 2020-08-13 + +// The Computer Language Benchmarks Game +// https://benchmarksgame-team.pages.debian.net/benchmarksgame/ +// +// contributed by Flim Nik +// small optimisations by Anthony Lloyd + +using System; +using System.Linq; +using System.Runtime.CompilerServices; +using System.Threading; +using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes; +using MicroBenchmarks; + +namespace BenchmarksGame +{ + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Runtime, Categories.BenchmarksGame, Categories.JIT)] + public unsafe class FannkuchRedux_9 + { + static int taskCount; + static int[] fact, chkSums, maxFlips; + + [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)] + static void FirstPermutation(short* p, short* pp, int* count, int n, int idx) + { + for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) p[i] = (byte)i; + for (int i = n - 1; i > 0; --i) + { + int d = idx / fact[i]; + count[i] = d; + if (d > 0) + { + idx %= fact[i]; + for (int j = i; j >= 0; --j) pp[j] = p[j]; + for (int j = 0; j <= i; ++j) p[j] = pp[(j + d) % (i + 1)]; + } + } + } + + [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)] + static void NextPermutation(short* p, int* count) + { + var first = p[1]; + p[1] = p[0]; + p[0] = first; + int i = 1; + while (++count[i] > i) + { + count[i++] = 0; + var next = p[1]; + p[0] = next; + for (int j = 1; j < i;) p[j] = p[++j]; + p[i] = first; + first = next; + } + } + + [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)] + static void Copy(short* p, short* pp, int n) + { + var startL = (long*)p; + var stateL = (long*)pp; + var lengthL = n / 4; + int i = 0; + for (; i < lengthL; i++) + { + stateL[i] = startL[i]; + } + for (i = lengthL * 4; i < n; i++) + { + pp[i] = p[i]; + } + } + + [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)] + static int CountFlips(short* p, short* pp, int n) + { + int flips = 1; + int first = *p; + short temp; + if (p[first] != 0) + { + Copy(p, pp, n); + do + { + ++flips; + if (first > 2) + { + short* lo = pp + 1, hi = pp + first - 1; + do + { + temp = *lo; + *lo = *hi; + *hi = temp; + } while (++lo < --hi); + } + temp = pp[first]; + pp[first] = (short)first; + first = temp; + } while (pp[first] != 0); + } + return flips; + } + + static void Run(int n, int taskSize) + { + int* count = stackalloc int[n]; + int taskId, chksum = 0, maxflips = 0; + short* p = stackalloc short[n]; + short* pp = stackalloc short[n]; + while ((taskId = Interlocked.Decrement(ref taskCount)) >= 0) + { + FirstPermutation(p, pp, count, n, taskId * taskSize); + if (*p != 0) + { + var flips = CountFlips(p, pp, n); + chksum += flips; + if (flips > maxflips) maxflips = flips; + } + for (int i = 1; i < taskSize; i++) + { + NextPermutation(p, count); + if (*p != 0) + { + var flips = CountFlips(p, pp, n); + chksum += (1 - (i & 1) * 2) * flips; + if (flips > maxflips) maxflips = flips; + } + } + } + chkSums[-taskId - 1] = chksum; + maxFlips[-taskId - 1] = maxflips; + } + + // Official runs use [Arguments(12, 3968050)] which takes ~4.2 sec vs ~330ms for 11 + [Benchmark(Description = nameof(FannkuchRedux_9))] + [Arguments(11, 556355)] + public int RunBench(int n, int expectedSum) + { + int chkSum = Bench(n, false); + if (chkSum != expectedSum) + throw new Exception($"Expected {expectedSum} actual {chkSum}"); + return chkSum; + } + + public static int Bench(int n, bool verbose) + { + fact = new int[n + 1]; + fact[0] = 1; + + for (int i = 1; i < fact.Length; i++) + { + fact[i] = fact[i - 1] * i; + } + + var PC = Environment.ProcessorCount; + taskCount = n > 11 ? fact[n] / (9 * 8 * 7 * 6 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2) : PC; + int taskSize = fact[n] / taskCount; + chkSums = new int[PC]; + maxFlips = new int[PC]; + var threads = new Thread[PC]; + for (int i = 1; i < PC; i++) + { + (threads[i] = new Thread(() => Run(n, taskSize))).Start(); + } + Run(n, taskSize); + + for (int i = 1; i < threads.Length; i++) + { + threads[i].Join(); + } + int chkSum = chkSums.Sum(); + if (verbose) Console.WriteLine(chkSum + "\nPfannkuchen(" + n + ") = " + maxFlips.Max()); + + return chkSum; + } + } +} diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/reverse-complement-1.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/reverse-complement-1.cs index 8804c78cf6f..f6f9041a32f 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/reverse-complement-1.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/reverse-complement-1.cs @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ contributed by Robert F. Tobler to process large blocks of byte arrays namespace BenchmarksGame { - [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Runtime, Categories.BenchmarksGame, Categories.JIT)] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Runtime, Categories.BenchmarksGame, Categories.JIT, Categories.NoWASM)] public class ReverseComplement_1 { struct Block diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/reverse-complement-6.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/reverse-complement-6.cs index 51606f3b9d1..2408e807cc7 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/reverse-complement-6.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/reverse-complement-6.cs @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class RevCompSequence public Thread ReverseThread; } - [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Runtime, Categories.BenchmarksGame, Categories.JIT)] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Runtime, Categories.BenchmarksGame, Categories.JIT, Categories.NoWASM)] public class ReverseComplement_6 { const int READER_BUFFER_SIZE = 1024 * 1024; diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/spectralnorm-3.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/spectralnorm-3.cs index c74bb1fb6f4..e801c37d174 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/spectralnorm-3.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/BenchmarksGame/spectralnorm-3.cs @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ contributed by Isaac Gouy namespace BenchmarksGame { [MaxIterationCount(40)] // the default 20 is not enough, the benchmark has multimodal distribution and needs more runs - [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Runtime, Categories.BenchmarksGame, Categories.JIT)] + [BenchmarkCategory(Categories.Runtime, Categories.BenchmarksGame, Categories.JIT, Categories.NoWASM)] public class SpectralNorm_3 { [Benchmark(Description = nameof(SpectralNorm_3))] diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/Bisect.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/Bisect.cs index 65a53b53a50..9d26c29ce03 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/Bisect.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/Bisect.cs @@ -15,13 +15,8 @@ public class Bisect { public const int Iterations = 400000; - public static volatile object VolatileObject; - [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)] - private static void Escape(object obj) - { - VolatileObject = obj; - } + private static void Escape(object _) { } [Benchmark(Description = nameof(Bisect))] public bool Test() diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/DMath.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/DMath.cs index 8a0264c502f..3c419baa9d7 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/DMath.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/DMath.cs @@ -16,12 +16,9 @@ public class DMath public const int Iterations = 100000; private const double Deg2Rad = 57.29577951; - private static volatile object s_volatileObject; - private static void Escape(object obj) - { - s_volatileObject = obj; - } + [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)] + private static void Escape(object _) { } private static double Fact(double n) { diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/FFT.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/FFT.cs index 676951b3b90..5bae739eb31 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/FFT.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/FFT.cs @@ -17,13 +17,9 @@ public class FFT public const int Iterations = 300000; private static readonly int s_points = 16; - public static volatile object VolatileObject; [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)] - private static void Escape(object obj) - { - VolatileObject = obj; - } + private static void Escape(object _) { } [Benchmark(Description = nameof(FFT))] public bool Test() diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/LLoops.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/LLoops.cs index 9fc2bc6b957..cc5f7138231 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/LLoops.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/LLoops.cs @@ -104,13 +104,8 @@ public class LLoops 0.171449024000e+06, -0.510829560800e+07 }; - public static volatile object VolatileObject; - [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)] - private static void Escape(object obj) - { - VolatileObject = obj; - } + private static void Escape(object _) { } private static T[][] AllocArray(int n1, int n2) { diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/NewtR.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/NewtR.cs index 22b7629d680..b8097421154 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/NewtR.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/NewtR.cs @@ -15,13 +15,8 @@ public class NewtR { public const int Iterations = 80000000; - public static volatile object VolatileObject; - [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)] - private static void Escape(object obj) - { - VolatileObject = obj; - } + private static void Escape(object _) { } [Benchmark(Description = nameof(NewtR))] public bool Test() diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/Regula.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/Regula.cs index aff8ea937c6..e5079e71049 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/Regula.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/Regula.cs @@ -15,13 +15,8 @@ public class Regula { public const int Iterations = 4000000; - public static volatile object VolatileObject; - [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)] - private static void Escape(object obj) - { - VolatileObject = obj; - } + private static void Escape(object _) { } [Benchmark(Description = nameof(Regula))] public bool Test() diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/Secant.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/Secant.cs index 88e42aade8e..e8bc33926a4 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/Secant.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/Secant.cs @@ -15,13 +15,8 @@ public class Secant { public const int Iterations = 3000000; - public static volatile object VolatileObject; - [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)] - private static void Escape(object obj) - { - VolatileObject = obj; - } + private static void Escape(object _) { } [Benchmark(Description = nameof(Secant))] public bool Test() diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/Whetsto.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/Whetsto.cs index a13c0793ad6..eff8d4eff12 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/Whetsto.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchF/Whetsto.cs @@ -17,21 +17,8 @@ public class Whetsto private static int s_j, s_k, s_l; private static double s_t, s_t2; - public static volatile int Volatile_out; - - private static void Escape(int n, int j, int k, double x1, double x2, double x3, double x4) - { - Volatile_out = n; - Volatile_out = j; - Volatile_out = k; - Volatile_out = (int)x1; - Volatile_out = (int)x2; - Volatile_out = (int)x3; - Volatile_out = (int)x4; - } - [Benchmark(Description = nameof(Whetsto))] - public bool Test() + public double Test() { double[] e1 = new double[4]; double x1, x2, x3, x4, x, y, z, t1; @@ -60,7 +47,6 @@ public bool Test() x3 = (x1 - x2 + x3 + x4) * s_t; x4 = (-x1 + x2 + x3 + x4) * s_t; } - Escape(n1, n1, n1, x1, x2, x3, x4); /* MODULE 2: array elements */ e1[0] = 1.0; @@ -72,14 +58,12 @@ public bool Test() e1[2] = (e1[0] - e1[1] + e1[2] + e1[3]) * s_t; e1[3] = (-e1[0] + e1[1] + e1[2] + e1[3]) * s_t; } - Escape(n2, n3, n2, e1[0], e1[1], e1[2], e1[3]); /* MODULE 3: array as parameter */ for (i = 1; i <= n3; i += 1) { PA(e1); } - Escape(n3, n2, n2, e1[0], e1[1], e1[2], e1[3]); /* MODULE 4: conditional jumps */ s_j = 1; @@ -110,7 +94,6 @@ public bool Test() s_j = 0; } } - Escape(n4, s_j, s_j, x1, x2, x3, x4); /* MODULE 5: omitted */ /* MODULE 6: integer Math */ @@ -125,7 +108,6 @@ public bool Test() e1[s_l - 2] = s_j + s_k + s_l; e1[s_k - 2] = s_j * s_k * s_l; } - Escape(n6, s_j, s_k, e1[0], e1[1], e1[2], e1[3]); /* MODULE 7: trig. functions */ x = y = 0.5; @@ -134,7 +116,6 @@ public bool Test() x = s_t * System.Math.Atan(s_t2 * System.Math.Sin(x) * System.Math.Cos(x) / (System.Math.Cos(x + y) + System.Math.Cos(x - y) - 1.0)); y = s_t * System.Math.Atan(s_t2 * System.Math.Sin(y) * System.Math.Cos(y) / (System.Math.Cos(x + y) + System.Math.Cos(x - y) - 1.0)); } - Escape(n7, s_j, s_k, x, x, y, y); /* MODULE 8: procedure calls */ x = y = z = 1.0; @@ -142,7 +123,6 @@ public bool Test() { P3(x, y, out z); } - Escape(n8, s_j, s_k, x, y, z, z); /* MODULE9: array references */ s_j = 1; @@ -155,7 +135,6 @@ public bool Test() { P0(e1); } - Escape(n9, s_j, s_k, e1[0], e1[1], e1[2], e1[3]); /* MODULE10: integer System.Math */ s_j = 2; @@ -167,7 +146,6 @@ public bool Test() s_j = s_k - s_j; s_k = s_k - s_j - s_j; } - Escape(n10, s_j, s_k, x1, x2, x3, x4); /* MODULE11: standard functions */ x = 0.75; @@ -175,9 +153,12 @@ public bool Test() { x = System.Math.Sqrt(System.Math.Exp(System.Math.Log(x) / t1)); } - Escape(n11, s_j, s_k, x, x, x, x); - return true; + return n1 + n2 + n3 + n4 + n6 + n7 +n8 + n9 + n10 + n11 + + x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + + x + y + z + + e1[0] + e1[1] + e1[2] + e1[3] + + s_j + s_k; } private static void PA(double[] e) diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchI/AddArray.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchI/AddArray.cs index 269b4412a1c..79a1c9a7c93 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchI/AddArray.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Benchstones/BenchI/AddArray.cs @@ -14,12 +14,8 @@ public class AddArray { const int Size = 6000; - public static volatile object VolatileObject; - [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)] - static void Escape(object obj) { - VolatileObject = obj; - } + static void Escape(object _) { } [Benchmark(Description = nameof(AddArray))] public bool Test() { diff --git a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Linq/Linq.cs b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Linq/Linq.cs index 95211127cfd..bf8ce879d96 100644 --- a/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Linq/Linq.cs +++ b/src/benchmarks/micro/runtime/Linq/Linq.cs @@ -119,13 +119,6 @@ public class LinqBenchmarks public const int IterationsCount00 = 1000000; public const int IterationsOrder00 = 25000; - private static volatile object s_volatileObject; - - private static void Escape(object obj) - { - s_volatileObject = obj; - } - #region Where00 [Benchmark] @@ -327,7 +320,6 @@ public bool Order00LinqQueryX() var productsInPriceOrder = from prod in products orderby prod.UnitPrice descending select prod; int count = productsInPriceOrder.Count(); medianPricedProduct = productsInPriceOrder.ElementAt(count / 2); - Escape(medianPricedProduct); } return (medianPricedProduct.ProductID == 57); @@ -343,7 +335,6 @@ public bool Order00LinqMethodX() var productsInPriceOrder = products.OrderByDescending(p => p.UnitPrice); int count = productsInPriceOrder.Count(); medianPricedProduct = productsInPriceOrder.ElementAt(count / 2); - Escape(medianPricedProduct); } return (medianPricedProduct.ProductID == 57); @@ -360,7 +351,6 @@ public bool Order00ManualX() Array.Sort(productsInPriceOrder, delegate (Product x, Product y) { return -x.UnitPrice.CompareTo(y.UnitPrice); }); int count = productsInPriceOrder.Count(); medianPricedProduct = productsInPriceOrder[count / 2]; - Escape(medianPricedProduct); } return (medianPricedProduct.ProductID == 57);