@@ -319,8 +319,7 @@ def _from_values_or_dtype(
319319 if dtype == "category" :
320320 dtype = CategoricalDtype (categories , ordered )
321321 else :
322- msg = "Unknown dtype {dtype!r}"
323- raise ValueError (msg .format (dtype = dtype ))
322+ raise ValueError (f"Unknown dtype { repr (dtype )} " )
324323 elif categories is not None or ordered is not None :
325324 raise ValueError (
326325 "Cannot specify `categories` or `ordered` together with `dtype`."
@@ -512,8 +511,9 @@ def validate_categories(categories, fastpath: bool = False):
512511 from pandas .core .indexes .base import Index
513512
514513 if not fastpath and not is_list_like (categories ):
515- msg = "Parameter 'categories' must be list-like, was {!r}"
516- raise TypeError (msg .format (categories ))
514+ raise TypeError (
515+ f"Parameter 'categories' must be list-like, was { repr (categories )} "
516+ )
517517 elif not isinstance (categories , ABCIndexClass ):
518518 categories = Index (categories , tupleize_cols = False )
519519
@@ -549,11 +549,10 @@ def update_dtype(
549549 # dtype='category' should not change anything
550550 return self
551551 elif not self .is_dtype (dtype ):
552- msg = (
553- "a CategoricalDtype must be passed to perform an update, "
554- "got {dtype!r}"
555- ).format (dtype = dtype )
556- raise ValueError (msg )
552+ raise ValueError (
553+ f"a CategoricalDtype must be passed to perform an update, "
554+ f"got { repr (dtype )} "
555+ )
557556 else :
558557 # from here on, dtype is a CategoricalDtype
559558 dtype = cast (CategoricalDtype , dtype )
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