Auto merge of #3475 - RalfJung:reduce-reuse-recycle, r=RalfJung

Address reuse improvements and fixes

- when an address gets reused, establish a happens-before link in the data race model
- do not reuse stack addresses, and make the reuse rate configurable

Fixes #3450

Author: bors

README.md

@@ -295,6 +295,11 @@ up the sysroot.  If you are using `miri` (the Miri driver) directly, see the
 Miri adds its own set of `-Z` flags, which are usually set via the `MIRIFLAGS`
 environment variable. We first document the most relevant and most commonly used flags:
 
+* `-Zmiri-address-reuse-rate=<rate>` changes the probability that a freed *non-stack* allocation
+  will be added to the pool for address reuse, and the probability that a new *non-stack* allocation
+  will be taken from the pool. Stack allocations never get added to or taken from the pool. The
+  default is `0.5`. Note that a very high reuse rate can mask concurrency bugs as address
+  reuse induces synchronization between threads.
 * `-Zmiri-compare-exchange-weak-failure-rate=<rate>` changes the failure rate of
   `compare_exchange_weak` operations. The default is `0.8` (so 4 out of 5 weak ops will fail).
   You can change it to any value between `0.0` and `1.0`, where `1.0` means it

src/alloc_addresses/mod.rs

@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ use rustc_span::Span;
 use rustc_target::abi::{Align, HasDataLayout, Size};
 
 use crate::*;
-use reuse_pool::ReusePool;
+
+use self::reuse_pool::ReusePool;
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum ProvenanceMode {
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ impl GlobalStateInner {
         GlobalStateInner {
             int_to_ptr_map: Vec::default(),
             base_addr: FxHashMap::default(),
-            reuse: ReusePool::new(),
+            reuse: ReusePool::new(config.address_reuse_rate),
             exposed: FxHashSet::default(),
             next_base_addr: stack_addr,
             provenance_mode: config.provenance_mode,
@@ -141,7 +142,11 @@ trait EvalContextExtPriv<'mir, 'tcx: 'mir>: crate::MiriInterpCxExt<'mir, 'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn addr_from_alloc_id(&self, alloc_id: AllocId, _kind: MemoryKind) -> InterpResult<'tcx, u64> {
+    fn addr_from_alloc_id(
+        &self,
+        alloc_id: AllocId,
+        memory_kind: MemoryKind,
+    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx, u64> {
         let ecx = self.eval_context_ref();
         let mut global_state = ecx.machine.alloc_addresses.borrow_mut();
         let global_state = &mut *global_state;
@@ -159,9 +164,12 @@ trait EvalContextExtPriv<'mir, 'tcx: 'mir>: crate::MiriInterpCxExt<'mir, 'tcx> {
                 assert!(!matches!(kind, AllocKind::Dead));
 
                 // This allocation does not have a base address yet, pick or reuse one.
-                let base_addr = if let Some(reuse_addr) =
-                    global_state.reuse.take_addr(&mut *rng, size, align)
+                let base_addr = if let Some((reuse_addr, clock)) =
+                    global_state.reuse.take_addr(&mut *rng, size, align, memory_kind)
                 {
+                    if let Some(data_race) = &ecx.machine.data_race {
+                        data_race.validate_lock_acquire(&clock, ecx.get_active_thread());
+                    }
                     reuse_addr
                 } else {
                     // We have to pick a fresh address.
@@ -329,14 +337,11 @@ pub trait EvalContextExt<'mir, 'tcx: 'mir>: crate::MiriInterpCxExt<'mir, 'tcx> {
     }
 }
 
-impl GlobalStateInner {
-    pub fn free_alloc_id(
-        &mut self,
-        rng: &mut impl Rng,
-        dead_id: AllocId,
-        size: Size,
-        align: Align,
-    ) {
+impl<'mir, 'tcx> MiriMachine<'mir, 'tcx> {
+    pub fn free_alloc_id(&mut self, dead_id: AllocId, size: Size, align: Align, kind: MemoryKind) {
+        let global_state = self.alloc_addresses.get_mut();
+        let rng = self.rng.get_mut();
+
         // We can *not* remove this from `base_addr`, since the interpreter design requires that we
         // be able to retrieve an AllocId + offset for any memory access *before* we check if the
         // access is valid. Specifically, `ptr_get_alloc` is called on each attempt at a memory
@@ -349,15 +354,26 @@ impl GlobalStateInner {
         // returns a dead allocation.
         // To avoid a linear scan we first look up the address in `base_addr`, and then find it in
         // `int_to_ptr_map`.
-        let addr = *self.base_addr.get(&dead_id).unwrap();
-        let pos = self.int_to_ptr_map.binary_search_by_key(&addr, |(addr, _)| *addr).unwrap();
-        let removed = self.int_to_ptr_map.remove(pos);
+        let addr = *global_state.base_addr.get(&dead_id).unwrap();
+        let pos =
+            global_state.int_to_ptr_map.binary_search_by_key(&addr, |(addr, _)| *addr).unwrap();
+        let removed = global_state.int_to_ptr_map.remove(pos);
         assert_eq!(removed, (addr, dead_id)); // double-check that we removed the right thing
         // We can also remove it from `exposed`, since this allocation can anyway not be returned by
         // `alloc_id_from_addr` any more.
-        self.exposed.remove(&dead_id);
+        global_state.exposed.remove(&dead_id);
         // Also remember this address for future reuse.
-        self.reuse.add_addr(rng, addr, size, align)
+        global_state.reuse.add_addr(rng, addr, size, align, kind, || {
+            let mut clock = concurrency::VClock::default();
+            if let Some(data_race) = &self.data_race {
+                data_race.validate_lock_release(
+                    &mut clock,
+                    self.threads.get_active_thread_id(),
+                    self.threads.active_thread_ref().current_span(),
+                );
+            }
+            clock
+        })
     }
 }
 

src/alloc_addresses/reuse_pool.rs

@@ -4,70 +4,89 @@ use rand::Rng;
 
 use rustc_target::abi::{Align, Size};
 
-const MAX_POOL_SIZE: usize = 64;
+use crate::{concurrency::VClock, MemoryKind};
 
-// Just use fair coins, until we have evidence that other numbers are better.
-const ADDR_REMEMBER_CHANCE: f64 = 0.5;
-const ADDR_TAKE_CHANCE: f64 = 0.5;
+const MAX_POOL_SIZE: usize = 64;
 
 /// The pool strikes a balance between exploring more possible executions and making it more likely
 /// to find bugs. The hypothesis is that bugs are more likely to occur when reuse happens for
 /// allocations with the same layout, since that can trigger e.g. ABA issues in a concurrent data
 /// structure. Therefore we only reuse allocations when size and alignment match exactly.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct ReusePool {
+    address_reuse_rate: f64,
     /// The i-th element in `pool` stores allocations of alignment `2^i`. We store these reusable
     /// allocations as address-size pairs, the list must be sorted by the size.
     ///
     /// Each of these maps has at most MAX_POOL_SIZE elements, and since alignment is limited to
     /// less than 64 different possible value, that bounds the overall size of the pool.
-    pool: Vec<Vec<(u64, Size)>>,
+    ///
+    /// We also store the clock from the thread that donated this pool element,
+    /// to ensure synchronization with the thread that picks up this address.
+    pool: Vec<Vec<(u64, Size, VClock)>>,
 }
 
 impl ReusePool {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        ReusePool { pool: vec![] }
+    pub fn new(address_reuse_rate: f64) -> Self {
+        ReusePool { address_reuse_rate, pool: vec![] }
     }
 
-    fn subpool(&mut self, align: Align) -> &mut Vec<(u64, Size)> {
+    fn subpool(&mut self, align: Align) -> &mut Vec<(u64, Size, VClock)> {
         let pool_idx: usize = align.bytes().trailing_zeros().try_into().unwrap();
         if self.pool.len() <= pool_idx {
             self.pool.resize(pool_idx + 1, Vec::new());
         }
         &mut self.pool[pool_idx]
     }
 
-    pub fn add_addr(&mut self, rng: &mut impl Rng, addr: u64, size: Size, align: Align) {
+    pub fn add_addr(
+        &mut self,
+        rng: &mut impl Rng,
+        addr: u64,
+        size: Size,
+        align: Align,
+        kind: MemoryKind,
+        clock: impl FnOnce() -> VClock,
+    ) {
         // Let's see if we even want to remember this address.
-        if !rng.gen_bool(ADDR_REMEMBER_CHANCE) {
+        // We don't remember stack addresses: there's a lot of them (so the perf impact is big),
+        // and we only want to reuse stack slots within the same thread or else we'll add a lot of
+        // undesired synchronization.
+        if kind == MemoryKind::Stack || !rng.gen_bool(self.address_reuse_rate) {
             return;
         }
         // Determine the pool to add this to, and where in the pool to put it.
         let subpool = self.subpool(align);
-        let pos = subpool.partition_point(|(_addr, other_size)| *other_size < size);
+        let pos = subpool.partition_point(|(_addr, other_size, _)| *other_size < size);
         // Make sure the pool does not grow too big.
         if subpool.len() >= MAX_POOL_SIZE {
             // Pool full. Replace existing element, or last one if this would be even bigger.
             let clamped_pos = pos.min(subpool.len() - 1);
-            subpool[clamped_pos] = (addr, size);
+            subpool[clamped_pos] = (addr, size, clock());
             return;
         }
         // Add address to pool, at the right position.
-        subpool.insert(pos, (addr, size));
+        subpool.insert(pos, (addr, size, clock()));
     }
 
-    pub fn take_addr(&mut self, rng: &mut impl Rng, size: Size, align: Align) -> Option<u64> {
-        // Determine whether we'll even attempt a reuse.
-        if !rng.gen_bool(ADDR_TAKE_CHANCE) {
+    pub fn take_addr(
+        &mut self,
+        rng: &mut impl Rng,
+        size: Size,
+        align: Align,
+        kind: MemoryKind,
+    ) -> Option<(u64, VClock)> {
+        // Determine whether we'll even attempt a reuse. As above, we don't do reuse for stack addresses.
+        if kind == MemoryKind::Stack || !rng.gen_bool(self.address_reuse_rate) {
             return None;
         }
         // Determine the pool to take this from.
         let subpool = self.subpool(align);
         // Let's see if we can find something of the right size. We want to find the full range of
         // such items, beginning with the first, so we can't use `binary_search_by_key`.
-        let begin = subpool.partition_point(|(_addr, other_size)| *other_size < size);
+        let begin = subpool.partition_point(|(_addr, other_size, _)| *other_size < size);
         let mut end = begin;
-        while let Some((_addr, other_size)) = subpool.get(end) {
+        while let Some((_addr, other_size, _)) = subpool.get(end) {
             if *other_size != size {
                 break;
             }
@@ -80,8 +99,8 @@ impl ReusePool {
         // Pick a random element with the desired size.
         let idx = rng.gen_range(begin..end);
         // Remove it from the pool and return.
-        let (chosen_addr, chosen_size) = subpool.remove(idx);
+        let (chosen_addr, chosen_size, clock) = subpool.remove(idx);
         debug_assert!(chosen_size >= size && chosen_addr % align.bytes() == 0);
-        Some(chosen_addr)
+        Some((chosen_addr, clock))
     }
 }

src/bin/miri.rs

@@ -542,6 +542,20 @@ fn main() {
             miri_config.tracked_alloc_ids.extend(ids);
         } else if arg == "-Zmiri-track-alloc-accesses" {
             miri_config.track_alloc_accesses = true;
+        } else if let Some(param) = arg.strip_prefix("-Zmiri-address-reuse-rate=") {
+            let rate = match param.parse::<f64>() {
+                Ok(rate) if rate >= 0.0 && rate <= 1.0 => rate,
+                Ok(_) =>
+                    show_error!(
+                        "-Zmiri-compare-exchange-weak-failure-rate must be between `0.0` and `1.0`"
+                    ),
+                Err(err) =>
+                    show_error!(
+                        "-Zmiri-compare-exchange-weak-failure-rate requires a `f64` between `0.0` and `1.0`: {}",
+                        err
+                    ),
+            };
+            miri_config.address_reuse_rate = rate;
         } else if let Some(param) = arg.strip_prefix("-Zmiri-compare-exchange-weak-failure-rate=") {
             let rate = match param.parse::<f64>() {
                 Ok(rate) if rate >= 0.0 && rate <= 1.0 => rate,

src/concurrency/mod.rs

@@ -6,3 +6,5 @@ pub mod init_once;
 pub mod thread;
 mod vector_clock;
 pub mod weak_memory;
+
+pub use vector_clock::VClock;

src/concurrency/thread.rs

@@ -223,6 +223,12 @@ impl<'mir, 'tcx> Thread<'mir, 'tcx> {
         // empty stacks.
         self.top_user_relevant_frame.or_else(|| self.stack.len().checked_sub(1))
     }
+
+    pub fn current_span(&self) -> Span {
+        self.top_user_relevant_frame()
+            .map(|frame_idx| self.stack[frame_idx].current_span())
+            .unwrap_or(rustc_span::DUMMY_SP)
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'mir, 'tcx> std::fmt::Debug for Thread<'mir, 'tcx> {

src/eval.rs

@@ -150,6 +150,8 @@ pub struct MiriConfig {
     pub page_size: Option<u64>,
     /// Whether to collect a backtrace when each allocation is created, just in case it leaks.
     pub collect_leak_backtraces: bool,
+    /// Probability for address reuse.
+    pub address_reuse_rate: f64,
 }
 
 impl Default for MiriConfig {
@@ -186,6 +188,7 @@ impl Default for MiriConfig {
             num_cpus: 1,
             page_size: None,
             collect_leak_backtraces: true,
+            address_reuse_rate: 0.5,
         }
     }
 }

src/helpers.rs

@@ -1280,9 +1280,7 @@ impl<'mir, 'tcx> MiriMachine<'mir, 'tcx> {
     /// This function is backed by a cache, and can be assumed to be very fast.
     /// It will work even when the stack is empty.
     pub fn current_span(&self) -> Span {
-        self.top_user_relevant_frame()
-            .map(|frame_idx| self.stack()[frame_idx].current_span())
-            .unwrap_or(rustc_span::DUMMY_SP)
+        self.threads.active_thread_ref().current_span()
     }
 
     /// Returns the span of the *caller* of the current operation, again
@@ -1294,7 +1292,7 @@ impl<'mir, 'tcx> MiriMachine<'mir, 'tcx> {
         // We need to go down at least to the caller (len - 2), or however
         // far we have to go to find a frame in a local crate which is also not #[track_caller].
         let frame_idx = self.top_user_relevant_frame().unwrap();
-        let frame_idx = cmp::min(frame_idx, self.stack().len().checked_sub(2).unwrap());
+        let frame_idx = cmp::min(frame_idx, self.stack().len().saturating_sub(2));
         self.stack()[frame_idx].current_span()
     }
 

src/machine.rs

@@ -1282,7 +1282,7 @@ impl<'mir, 'tcx> Machine<'mir, 'tcx> for MiriMachine<'mir, 'tcx> {
         (alloc_id, prove_extra): (AllocId, Self::ProvenanceExtra),
         size: Size,
         align: Align,
-        _kind: MemoryKind,
+        kind: MemoryKind,
     ) -> InterpResult<'tcx> {
         if machine.tracked_alloc_ids.contains(&alloc_id) {
             machine.emit_diagnostic(NonHaltingDiagnostic::FreedAlloc(alloc_id));
@@ -1303,12 +1303,7 @@ impl<'mir, 'tcx> Machine<'mir, 'tcx> for MiriMachine<'mir, 'tcx> {
         {
             *deallocated_at = Some(machine.current_span());
         }
-        machine.alloc_addresses.get_mut().free_alloc_id(
-            machine.rng.get_mut(),
-            alloc_id,
-            size,
-            align,
-        );
+        machine.free_alloc_id(alloc_id, size, align, kind);
         Ok(())
     }
 

tests/fail/weak_memory/racing_mixed_size.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 // We want to control preemption here.
-//@compile-flags: -Zmiri-preemption-rate=0
+// Avoid accidental synchronization via address reuse.
+//@compile-flags: -Zmiri-preemption-rate=0 -Zmiri-address-reuse-rate=0
 
 #![feature(core_intrinsics)]