diff --git a/Workflow/Sources/WorkflowNode.swift b/Workflow/Sources/WorkflowNode.swift
index 2a0c9fc88..36d47f551 100644
--- a/Workflow/Sources/WorkflowNode.swift
+++ b/Workflow/Sources/WorkflowNode.swift
@@ -84,7 +84,6 @@ final class WorkflowNode<WorkflowType: Workflow> {
             /// allowing the underlying conformance to be applied to the Workflow's State
             let outputEvent = openAndApply(
                 action,
-                to: &state,
                 isExternal: source == .external
             )
 
@@ -182,13 +181,10 @@ private extension WorkflowNode {
     /// Applies an appropriate `WorkflowAction` to advance the underlying Workflow `State`
     /// - Parameters:
     ///   - action: The `WorkflowAction` to apply
-    ///   - state: The `State` to which the action will be applied
-    ///   - observerInfo: Optional observation info to notify registered `WorkflowObserver`s
     ///   - isExternal: Whether the handled action came from the 'outside world' vs being bubbled up from a child node
     /// - Returns: An optional `Output` produced by the action application
     func openAndApply<A: WorkflowAction>(
         _ action: A,
-        to state: inout WorkflowType.State,
         isExternal: Bool
     ) -> WorkflowType.Output? where A.WorkflowType == WorkflowType {
         let output: WorkflowType.Output?
diff --git a/Workflow/Tests/WorkflowObserverTests.swift b/Workflow/Tests/WorkflowObserverTests.swift
index c9f1b9607..3bd620e84 100644
--- a/Workflow/Tests/WorkflowObserverTests.swift
+++ b/Workflow/Tests/WorkflowObserverTests.swift
@@ -163,6 +163,35 @@ final class WorkflowObserverTests: XCTestCase {
         XCTAssertEqual(actions, [.toggle])
     }
 
+    // added to exercise a simultaneous memory access bug when observing action
+    // application for some Workflow's where State == Void
+    func test_didReceiveActionCallbacks_voidState() {
+        var actions: [VoidStateWorkflow.Action] = []
+        observer.onDidReceiveAction = { action, workflow, session in
+            guard let action = action as? VoidStateWorkflow.Action else {
+                XCTFail("unexpected action. expecting \(VoidStateWorkflow.Action.self), got \(type(of: action))")
+                return
+            }
+
+            actions.append(action)
+        }
+
+        let node = WorkflowNode(
+            workflow: VoidStateWorkflow(),
+            parentSession: nil,
+            observer: observer
+        )
+
+        let rendering = node.render()
+        node.enableEvents()
+
+        XCTAssertEqual(actions, [])
+
+        rendering.onTapped()
+
+        XCTAssertEqual(actions, [.actionValue])
+    }
+
     func test_didReceiveActionCallbacks_onlyInvokedForExternalEvents() {
         var actionsReceived: [InjectableWorkflow.Action] = []
         observer.onDidReceiveAction = { action, workflow, session in
@@ -687,3 +716,32 @@ private struct DefaultObservers: ObserversInterceptor {
         observers + initialObservers
     }
 }
+
+// MARK: Void State Observation Crash Example
+
+/// Example that cause a memory exclusivity violation in prior observation code
+private struct VoidStateWorkflow: Workflow {
+    typealias State = Void
+    typealias Output = Never
+
+    enum Action: WorkflowAction {
+        typealias WorkflowType = VoidStateWorkflow
+
+        case actionValue
+
+        func apply(toState state: inout VoidStateWorkflow.State) -> VoidStateWorkflow.Output? {
+            return nil
+        }
+    }
+
+    struct Rendering {
+        var onTapped: () -> Void
+    }
+
+    func render(state: VoidStateWorkflow.State, context: RenderContext<VoidStateWorkflow>) -> Rendering {
+        let sink = context.makeSink(of: VoidStateWorkflow.Action.self)
+        return Rendering(
+            onTapped: { sink.send(.actionValue) }
+        )
+    }
+}