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Expand Up @@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ But to make a hard drive disk we don't only need the materials inside, we also n

There [are several ways to measure this energy](https://ourworldindata.org/energy-definitions). First, we can take a look at the primary energy: the energy found in nature, inside inputs that have not been processed by humans, with examples being the chemical energy inside wood, coal, or oil. But we can also look at the useful energy, which is put to the desired output of the application, such as the electricity that powers a lightbulb or the heat from wood burnt in a fireplace. Both of these can be used to calculate the (primary) energy intensity of a product of service: how many units of energy are required to power it per unit of output?

[w=1350 4](Figures/w%3D1350%204.avif)
![w=1350 4](Figures/w%3D1350%204.avif)
[Primary, secondary, final, and useful energy.](https://ourworldindata.org/energy-definitions)

### 4. Water intensity
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -270,4 +270,4 @@ Want to know more about the topics in this lecture? Here are some sources that d
## Digital sufficiency
- [Digital Reset](https://digitalization-for-sustainability.com/digital-reset/): a comprehensive report on the need and methods for implementation of digital sufficiency in the world economy.
- [Digital Sobriety](https://theshiftproject.org/en/publications/lean-ict/): a similar concept to digital sufficiency developed by the Shift Project in France.
- [Towards a sufficiency-driven business model](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2015.07.010): a more generalist paper conceptualizing the business models that would be required for a transition towards sufficiency.
- [Towards a sufficiency-driven business model](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2015.07.010): a more generalist paper conceptualizing the business models that would be required for a transition towards sufficiency.