[beta] Remove strip = "off" (and undocumented strip = "n"/strip = "no")
          #10377
        
          
      
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Beta backport of #10376
The
stripoption allows the string"off", whichrustcdoesn'thave, and maps it to
"none". Remove that equivalent, and just keep"none".Simplify and clarify the documentation for
stripaccordingly.stripreused theis_offfunction fromlto, which also had the neteffect of allowing
"n"and"no", which weren't documented assupported. This change drops those as well.