Installation guide: Change "install from source" chapter so that it only provides extra detail in the same order as README.md

[mkoeppe]

(from #29784, #33088)

Depends on #33851

CC: @slel @egourgoulhon @nbruin

Component: documentation

Issue created by migration from https://trac.sagemath.org/ticket/33662

[mkoeppe]

Description changed:

--- 
+++ 
@@ -1 +1 @@
-(from #33088)
+(from #29784, #33088)

[mkoeppe]

Description changed:

--- 
+++ 
@@ -1 +1,3 @@
 (from #29784, #33088)
+
+

[mkoeppe]

Dependencies: #33851